Footnotes

[1]        Journals of the Senate, 12 November 2015, p. 3377.

[2]        Drs Nicola Henry, Asher Flynn and Anastasia Powell, Submission 9, p. 3.

[3]        Attorney-General's Department (AGD), Submission 28, p. 4.

[4]        Safe Steps, Submission 29, p. 3.

[5]        Drs Henry, Flynn and Powell, Submission 9, p. 3.

[6]        Drs Henry, Flynn and Powell, Submission 9, p. 3.

[7]        Assistant Professor Terry Goldsworthy and Senior Teaching Fellow Matthew Raj, Submission 31, p. 1.

[8]        Ms Victoria Laughton, Research and Advocacy Officer, Victim Support Service (VSS), Committee Hansard, p. 7.

[9]        A. Powell and N. Henry, Digital Harassment and Abuse of Adult Australians: A Summary Report, RMIT University, Melbourne, 2015. See also Dr Nicola Henry, Senior Lecturer, La Trobe University, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 30.

[10]      Dr Henry, La Trobe University, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 31.

[11]      Northern Territory Commissioner of Police, Submission 25, p. 2.

[12]      Ms Elizabeth Snell, Law Reform and Policy Coordinator, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 27. 

[13]      Law Council of Australia (LCA), Submission 10, p. 2.

[14]      The Economist, 'Misery merchants', 5 July 2014, available: http://www.economist.com/news/international/21606307-how-should-online-publication-explicit-images-without-their-subjects-consent-be (accessed 21 February 2016). 

[15]      The Economist, 'Misery merchants', 5 July 2014.

[16]      LCA, Submission 10, p. 2.

[17]      S. Wardill, 'Sexting MP Peter Dowling sent explicit images to secret mistress', Courier Mail,

6 August 2013.

[18]      Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth) ss 5.6(2), 5.2, 5.4.

[19]      Explanatory Memorandum (EM), Crimes Legislation Amendment (Telecommunications Offences and Other Measures) Bill (No. 2) 2004, p. 34.

[20]      Criminal Code Amendment (Private Sexual Material) Bill 2015 Exposure Draft, Discussion Paper, September 2015, p. 1.

[21]      Summary Offences (Filming Offences) Amendment Act 2013 (SA), s 26C(1).

[22]      Summary Offences (Filming Offences) Amendment Act 2013 (SA), s 26A.

[23]      Crimes Amendment (Sexual Offences and Other Matters) Act 2014 (Vic), ss 41DA and 41DB.

[24]      Crimes Amendment (Sexual Offences and Other Matters) Act 2014 (Vic), s 40.

[25]      Crimes Amendment (Sexual Offences and Other Matters) Act 2014 (Vic), s 40.

[26]      Office of the Privacy Commissioner (New Zealand), Harmful Digital Communications Act FAQs, available: https://opcwebsite.cwp.govt.nz/news-and-publications/guidance-resources/hdca-faqs/#amendment-section-56 (accessed 21 February 2016). 

[27]      Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015 (NZ).

[28]      Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015 (NZ), s 41.

[29]      Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015 (NZ), s 4.

[30]      Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015 (NZ), s 19.

[31]      Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015 (NZ), s 21. 

[32]      Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015 (NZ), s 22.

[33]      Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015 (NZ), ss 23 and 24. 

[34]      Attorney-General's Department (AGD), Submission 28, p. 14.

[35]      Protecting Canadians from Online Crime Act 2014 (Canada).

[36]      AGD, Submission 28, p. 16.

[37]      Protecting Canadians from Online Crime Act 2014 (Canada), summary. 

[38]      AGD, Submission 28, p. 16.

[39]      AGD, Submission 28, p. 16.

[40]      AGD, Submission 28, p. 16.

[41]      AGD, Submission 28, p. 14. 

[42]      AGD, Submission 28, p. 13. 

[43]      AGD, Submission 28, p. 15.

[44]      YWCA Adelaide, Submission 8, p. 5.

[45]      The Penal Code of California, s 647. 

[46]      AGD, Submission 28, p. 15.

[1]        Top End Women's Legal Service (TEWLS), Submission 1, p. 2.

[2]        TEWLS, Submission 1, p. 2.

[3]        Ms Alexis Martin, Policy/Research Officer, Sexual Assault Support Service Inc. (SASS), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 1. 

[4]        Women's Legal Services New South Wales, Submission 2, p. 2. See also Ms Stephanie Milione, Convenor, Victorian Women Lawyers (VWL), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 23. 

[5]        Ms Milione, VWL, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 23.

[6]        Australian Women Against Violence Alliance (AWAVA), Submission 19, pp 1–2.

[7]        Project Respect, Submission 21, p. 4.

[8]        Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions (CDPP), Submission 3, p. 4.

[9]        Ms Victoria Laughton, Research and Advocacy Officer, Victim Support Service (VSS), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 2.

[10]      Ms Martin, SASS, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 1.

[11]      Ms Martin, SASS, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 5.

[12]      Ms Laughton, VSS, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 5.

[13]      Ms Andree Wright, Executive Manager, Office of the Children's eSafety Commissioner (OCeSC), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 14.

[14]      Ms Janet Loughman, Principal Solicitor, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 22. 

[15]      Ms Milione, VWL, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 23.

[16]      Ms Pauline Wright, Member, National Criminal Law Committee, Law Council of Australia (LCA), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 35.

[17]      Mr Shane Budden, Senior Policy Adviser, Queensland Law Society (QLS), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 38.

[18]      Ms Loughman, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 25. 

[19]      Ms Loughman, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 28.

[20]      Mr Budden, QLS, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 39. 

[21]      Ms Alexis Davis, Submission 12, p. 6.

[22]      See for example YWCA Adelaide, Submission 8, p. 5; Safe Steps, Submission 29, p. 2; Ms Loughman, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 26. 

[23]      Drs Henry, Flynn and Powell, Submission 9, p. 7.

[24]      SASS, Submission 11, p. 3.

[25]      Ms Laughton, VSS, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 3.

[26]      Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (ODPP) NSW, Submission 24, p. 2.

[27]      EFA, Submission 27, p. 2.

[28]      Dr Henry, La Trobe University, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 33.

[29]      Ms Laughton, VSS, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 4.

[30]      Ms Priyanka Saha, Expert Adviser, OCeSC, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 9. 

[31]      Ms Laughton, VSS, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 2.

[32]      Ms Loughman, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 25.

[33]      Ms Elizabeth Snell, Law Reform and Policy Coordinator, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 25.

[34]      Mr Shane Connelly, Assistant Commissioner/National Manager, Crime Operations, Australian Federal Police (AFP), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 42.

[35]      Mr Connelly, AFP, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 45.

[36]      Mr Alastair MacGibbon, Commissioner, OCeSC, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 14.

[37]      Mr Connelly, AFP, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 42.

[38]      Northern Territory Commissioner of Police, Submission 25, p. 3.

[39]      Mr Connelly, AFP, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 44.

[40]      Mr Connelly, AFP, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 52.

[41]      Mr Connelly, AFP, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 45.

[42]      Mr Connelly, AFP, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 51.

[43]      Northern Territory Commissioner of Police, Submission 25, p. 2.

[44]      Drs Henry, Flynn and Powell, Submission 9, p. 6.

[45]      Drs Henry, Flynn and Powell, Submission 9, p. 6.

[46]      Ms Laughton, VSS, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 4.

[47]      Mr Connelly, AFP, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 42.

[48]      The Women's Information and Referral Exchange (WIRE), Submission 17, p. 3.

[49]      VWL, Submission 13, p. 4.

[50]      Digital Industry Group (DIG), Submission 14, p. 2.

[1]        See, Australian Women Against Violence Alliance (AWAVA), Submission 19, p. 1.

[2]        Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions (CDPP), Submission 24, p. 5.

[3]        Ms Pauline Wright, National Criminal Law Committee Member, Law Council of Australia (LCA), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 35.

[4]        Top End Women's Legal Service (TEWLS), Submission 1, p. 4.

[5]        Mr Shane Budden, Senior Policy Adviser, Queensland Law Society (QLS), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 40.

[6]        Ms Katherine McLachlan, Quality and Research Manager, Victim Support Service, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 4; Mr David Adsett, Deputy Director, CDPP, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 53.

[7]        Domestic Violence Victoria (DVV), Submission 4, p. 2.

[8]        Drs Henry, Flynn and Powell, Submission 9, p. 8.

[9]        Mr Shane Connelly, Assistant Commissioner, Australian Federal Police (AFP), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 50.

[10]      (CDPP, Submission 3, p. 3.

[11]      CDPP, Submission 3, p. 3.

[12]      Mr David Adsett, Deputy Director, CDPP, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 43.  

[13]      Mr Adsett, CDPP, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 50.

[14]      Sections 51 and 52 of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1901 (Cth) describe the scope of Commonwealth powers.

[15]      Attorney-General's Department (AGD), Submission 28, p. 5.

[16]      CDPP, Submission 3, p. 5.

[17]      CDPP, Submission 3, p. 5.

[18]      Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) Tasmania, Submission 26, p. 2.

[19]      Ms Janet Loughman, Principal Solicitor, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 22.

[20]      LCA, Submission 10, p. 4.

[21]      Ms Loughman, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 22.

[22]      Sexual Assault Support Service (SASS), Submission 11, p. 2.

[23]      Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic) section 40, cited in: Drs Henry, Flynn and Powell, Submission 9, p. 5.

[24]      Drs Henry, Flynn and Powell, Submission 9, pp 5–6.

[25]      CDPP, Submission 3, p. 4.

[26]      AGD, Submission 28, p. 4.

[27]      Drs Henry, Flynn and Powell, Submission 9, pp 5–6. 

[28]      Drs Henry, Flynn and Powell, Submission 9, pp 5–6.

[29]      Assistant Professor Terry Goldsworthy and Senior Teaching Fellow Matthew Raj, Submission 31, p. 5.

[30]      Assistant Professor Terry Goldsworthy and Senior Teaching Fellow Matthew Raj, Submission 31, p. 6.

[31]      Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (ODPP NSW), Submission 24, p. 4.

[32]      ODPP NSW, Submission 24, pp 4–5.

[33]      Mr Budden, QLS, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 36.

[34]      Ms Pauline Wright, Member, National Criminal Law Committee, LCA, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 39.

[35]      ODPP NSW, Submission 24, p. 4.

[36]      Ms Loughman, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 22.

[37]      Ms Loughman, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 22.

[38]      Ms Wright, LCA, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 38.

[39]      Drs Henry, Flynn and Powell, Submission 9, p. 7.

[40]      Ms Amy Johnstone, Law Reform Committee Co-chair, Victorian Women Lawyers (VWL), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 24.

[41]      Ms Martin, Policy/Research Officer, Sexual Assault Support Service (SASS), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 4.

[42]      ODPP NSW, Submission 24, p. 5.

[43]      CDPP, Submission 3, p. 5.

[44]      Mr Adsett, CDPP, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 50.

[45]      Electronic Frontiers Australia (EFA), Submission 27, p. 4.

[46]      Ms Loughman, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 28.

[47]      Ms Snell, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 28.

[48]      Ms Loughman, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 22.

[49]      Ms Loughman, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 22.

[50]      CDPP, Submission 3, p. 2. 

[51]      YWCA Adelaide, Submission, p. 5.

[52]      LCA, Submission 10, p. 3.

[53]      NT Commissioner of Police, Submission 25, p. 2.

[54]      Mr Greg Williams, Practice Group Coordinator, CDPP, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 53.

[55]      OCeSC, Submission 22, p. 7.

[56]      ACT Attorney-General, Submission 7, p. 4.

[57]      EFA, Submission 27, p. 3.

[58]      CDPP, Submission 3, p. 2.

[1]        Assistant Professor Terry Goldsworthy, Submission 31, p. 5.

[2]        Mr Alastair MacGibbon, Commissioner, Office of the Children's eSafety Commissioner (OCeSC), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 9.

[3]        Mr MacGibbon, OCeSC, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 10.

[4]        Mr MacGibbon, OCeSC, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 10.

[5]        Mr MacGibbon, OCeSC, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 13.

[6]        Mr MacGibbon, OCeSC, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 11.

[7]        Mr MacGibbon, OCeSC, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 13.

[8]        Mr MacGibbon, OCeSC, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 13.

[9]        Mr MacGibbon, OCeSC, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 11.

[10]      Ms Priyanka Saha, OCeSC, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 19. 

[11]      Mr MacGibbon, OCeSC, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 10.

[12]      Mr MacGibbon, OCeSC, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 20.

[13]      Wilson v Ferguson [2015] WASC 15. 

[14]      Giller v Procopets [2008] VSCA 236.   

[15]      Law Council of Australia (LCA), Submission 10, p. 4.

[16]      LCA, Submission 10, p. 4.

[17]      LCA, Submission 10, p. 4.

[18]      Electronic Frontiers Australia (EFA), Submission 27, p. 3.

[19]      Ms Elizabeth Snell, Law Reform and Policy Coordinator, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 24

[20]      Ms Alexis Martin, Policy/Research Officer, SASS, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 3. 

[21]      Dr Natasha Molt, Senior Policy Lawyer, LCA, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 37.

[22]      ALRC, Serious Invasions of Privacy in the Digital Era, 2014.  

[23]      Attorney Generals Department (AGD), Submission 28, p. 10.

[24]      Mr Shane Connelly, Assistant Commissioner/National Manager, Crime Operations, Australian Federal Police (AFP), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 53.

[25]      Mr David Adsett, Deputy Director, Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions (CDPP), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 53.

[26]      OCeSC, Submission 21, p. 9.

[27]      Dr Nicola Henry, Senior Lecturer, Latrobe University, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 34.

[28]      Ms Brooke Hartigan, Assistant Secretary, AGD, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 41.

[29]      Ms Victoria Laughton, Victim Support Service (VSS), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 4.

[30]      Drs Henry, Flynn and Powell, Submission 9, p. 9.

[31]      AGD, Submission 28, p. 11.

[32]      OCeSC, Submission 22, p. 5.

[33]      Ms Sophie Brown, Victorian Women Lawyers (VWL), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 24.

[34]      Professors Krone, Urbas, and Boer, Submission 18, p. 18.

[35]      Ms Victoria Laughton, Research and Advocacy Officer, VSS, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 2, p. 7.

[36]      AGD, Submission 28, p. 12.

[37]      Ms Brooke Hartigan, Acting Assistant Secretary, AGD, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 46.

[38]      AGD, Submission 28, p. 12.

[39]      Ms Alexis Martin, Policy/Research Officer, Sexual Assault Support Service (SASS), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 8.

[40]      Mr MacGibbon, OCeSC, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 9.

[41]      Dr Henry, Latrobe University, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 33.

[42]      Ms Janet Loughman, Principal Solicitor, Women's Legal Services NSW, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 24.

[43]      Women's Legal Services New South Wales, Submission 2, p. 2.

[44]      OCeSC, Submission 22, p. 5.

[45]      Mr Connelly, AFP, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 48.

Chapter 5

[1]        Mr Shane Connelly, Assistant Commissioner / National Manager, Crime Operations, Australian Federal Police (AFP), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 42. 

[2]        Mr Alastair MacGibbon, Children's eSafety Commissioner, OCeSC, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 18.

[3]        Ms Brooke Hartigan, Acting Assistant Secretary, Crime and Justice Policy Branch, Attorney-General's Department (AGD), Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 41. 

[4]        AGD, Submission  28, pp 11–12.

[5]        Mr Connelly, AFP, Committee Hansard, 18 February 2016, p. 51. 

[6]        ALRC, ALRC Report 123: Serious Invasions of Privacy in the Digital Era, June 2014.