Footnotes
Chapter 1 - Introduction
[1]
Journals of the Senate, 28 October 2014, p. 1629.
[2]
Lynn Davis et al, 'Armed and Dangerous?: UAVs and US Security', RAND
Corporation Report, 2014; CASA, 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems', Information
paper, 2015.
[3]
Department of Defence, Defence White Paper 2013, p. 19.
[4]
Department of Defence, '2015 Defence White Paper', available at http://www.defence.gov.au/Whitepaper/default.asp
(accessed 6 April 2015).
[5]
Department of Defence, Defence Capability Plan 2012, p. 1.
[6]
Submission 23, pp 10-11.
[7]
Standing Committee on Social Policy and Legal Affairs, Eyes in the sky,
July 2014.
[8]
The Hon Kevin Andrews MP, Minister for Defence, 'First Principles Review
of Defence', Media release, 1 April 2015.
Chapter 2 - Background
[1]
Extracted from Alberto Cuadra and Criag Whitlock, 'How drones are
controlled', The Washington Post, 20 June 2014.
[2]
For example, Brendan Gogarty and Isabel Robinson, 'Unmanned vehicles: A
(rebooted) history, background and current state of the art, Journal of Law,
Information and Science, Volume 21(2), 2011/12, p. 3.
[3]
Submission 23, p. 7.
[4]
For example, Mr Brian Weston, Submission 4, p. 1.
[5]
For example, Chris Woods, 'The Story of America's Very First Drone
Strike', The Atlantic, 30 May 2015.
[6]
Submission 22, p. 3.
[7]
White House, 'Remarks by the President at the National Defense
University', Speeches and Remarks, 23 May 2013, available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/23/remarks-president-national-defense-university
(accessed 10 April 2015).
[8]
For example, Jessica Schulberg 'Why is the US so stingy with its drones.
It's costing us', New Republic, 2 July 2014.
[9]
US Department of State, 'US Export Policy for Military Unmanned Aerial
Systems', Fact sheet, 17 February 2015.
[10]
US Department of State, 'US Export Policy for Military Unmanned Aerial
Systems', Fact sheet, 17 February 2015.
[11]
Micah Zenko and Sarah Kreps, Council of Foreign Relations, Limiting
Armed Drone Proliferation, Council Special Report No. 69, June 2014,
p. 5.
[12]
Submission 12, p. 2.
[13]
Micah Zenko and Sarah Kreps, Council of Foreign Relations, Limiting Armed
Drone Proliferation, Council Special Report No. 69, June 2014, p. 7.
[14]
Tom Kingston and Pierre Tran, 'European Ministers to study MALE UAV
program', Defence News, 19 May 2015.
[15]
US Department of Defence, Annual report to Congress: Military and
Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China, May 2015,
p. 36.
[16]
BAE Systems, 'About Taranis', available at http://www.baesystems.com/enhancedarticle/BAES_157659/taranis-unmanned
(accessed 23 June 2015).
[17]
Marina Malenic, 'Surveillance or Strike?', IHS Jane's Defence Weekly,
Issue 22, Vol 52, 3 June 2015, p. 31.
[18]
US Department of Defence, Annual report to Congress: Military and
Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China, May 2015,
p. 36.
[19]
From Matthew Grimson and Mark Corcoran, 'Taranis drone: Britain's $336m
supersonic unmanned aircraft launched over Woomera', ABC News, 7
February 2014.
[20]
US Central Command, 'March 18: Military Airstrikes Continue Against ISIL
in Syria and Iraq', Operation Inherent Resolve News Release, 18 March
2015.
[21]
Lynn Davis et al, 'Armed and Dangerous?: UAVs and US Security', RAND Corporation
Report, 2014, p. 4.
[22]
Sir Richard Williams Foundation, 'Protecting Australia with UAS', Special
Report, February 2014, p. 9.
[23]
Matthew Peach, ' US Navy ship-mounted 30kW laser weapon tested in Persian
Gulf', Optics, 10 December 2014, available at http://optics.org/news/5/12/18
(accessed 10 April 2014).
[24]
Joshua Stewart, 'Modified UAVs raise concerns for infantry', Marine
Corps Times, 2 August 2014.
[25]
US Department of Army, Request for Information: Counter Unmanned Aerial
System Capability, 20 February 2014, available at https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=94d4624458cac9978a69abc1ff6ccbd3&tab=core&_cview=0
(accessed 19 March 2015).
[26]
Submission 1, Gary Martinic,
'Unmanned Maritime Surveillance and Weapons Systems', Journal of the
Australian Naval Institute, p. 88.
[27]
From G-Nius Unmanned Ground Systems, 'Guardium MK 1', available at http://g-nius.co.il/unmanned-ground-systems/index.php
(accessed 23 June 2015).
[28]
Submission 23, p. 9.
[29]
Submission 23, p. 10.
[30]
Submission 23, p. 9.
[31]
Submission 23, p. 10.
[32]
Submission 23, p. 9.
[33]
From DSTO, 'Mine Countermeasures and Hydrographic Operations', available
at 23 June 2015, http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/projects/mine-countermeasures-and-hydrographic-operations
(accessed 23 June 2015).
[34]
Philip Smart, 'ADF trains on Wasp small UAS', Australian Defence
Magazine, 22 June 2015.
[35]
Submission 23, p. 9.
[36]
From Tom Muir, 'The ADF's love affairs with tactical UAVs', Australian
Defence Magazine, 19 March 2015.
[37]
Submission 23, p. 8.
[38]
From Mark Corcoran, 'The kill chain: Australia's drone war', ABC News,
27 June 2012, available at http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-06-08/australias-drone-war-in-afghanistan/4058058
(accessed 23 June 2015).
[39]
Submission 23, p. 9.
[40]
Submission 23, p. 10.
[41]
From Australian Army, 'Shadow 200', available at http://www.army.gov.au/Our-future/Projects/Aviation-projects/Shadow-200
(accessed 23 June 2015).
[42]
The Hon Tony Abbott MP, Prime Minister, 'Triton Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
to Boost Maritime Surveillance Capabilities', Media Release, 13 March
2014.
[43]
Submission 23, p. 10.
[44]
Submission 23, p. 10.
[45]
The Hon Darren Chester MP, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for
Defence, 'Air Force commences unmanned aerial system training in the United
States', Media Release, 23 February 2015.
[46]
Air Vice-Marshal Gavin Davies, Defence, Committee Hansard, 14 April
2015, p. 48.
[47]
From US Air Force, 'MQ-9 Reaper', available at http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104470/mq-9-reaper.aspx
(accessed 23 June 2015).
Chapter 3 - Effectiveness
[1]
Submission 23, pp. 5-6.
[2]
Submission 12, p. 2.
[3]
Submission 23, p. 12.
[4]
Submission 4, p. 3.
[5]
Committee Hansard, 4 May 2015, p. 2.
[6]
Submission 23, p. 12.
[7]
Submission 23, p. 12.
[8]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 42.
[9]
Submission 12, p. 7.
[10]
Submission 12, p. 5.
[11]
Submission 4, p. 9.
[12]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 26.
[13]
Submission 12, p. 7.
[14]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 47.
[15]
Submission 2, Clinton Fernades, 'Welcome to the future: the use of
drones in war', Dissent, Summer 2012/2013, p. 50.
[16]
For example, United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia, Report of
UNOMIG on the incident of 20 April involving the downing of a Georgian unmanned
aerial vehicle over the zone of conflict, 12 May 2008.
[17]
For example, Greg Jaffe and Thomas Erbrink, 'Iran says it downed US
stealth drone; Pentagon acknowledges aircraft downing', Washington Post,
4 December 2011.
[18]
AAP, 'UN: Russian jet shot down Georgian drone', CBS News, 26 May
2008, available at: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/un-russian-jet-shot-down-georgian-drone/
(accessed 23 June 2015).
[19]
Submission 13, 'ADF and armed drones', p. 1.
[20]
Submission 1, Gary Martinic, 'Drones' or 'Smart' Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles', Australian Defence Force Journal, Issue 189, 2012, pp 47-48.
[21]
For example, Dr Derek Rogers, Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p.
20.
[22]
For example, Kim Hartmann and Christoph Steup, 'The Vulnerability of UAVs
to Cyber Attacks – An Approach to the Risk Assessment', 5th
International Conference on Cyber Conflict, 2013.
[23]
Submission 2, Clinton Fernades, 'Welcome to the future: the use of
drones in war', Dissent, Summer 2012/2013, p. 50.
[24]
Submission 23, p. 14.
[25]
Dr Ken Anderson, DSTO, Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 44.
[26]
Submission 14, p. 4.
[27]
Submission 1, Gary Martinic, 'Drones' or 'Smart' Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles', Australian Defence Force Journal, Issue 189, 2012, p. 51.
[28]
Submission 4, p. 3.
[29]
Submission 12, p. 5.
[30]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 18.
[31]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 18.
[32]
Submission 9, p. 8.
[33]
Submission 22, p. 2.
[34]
Submission 18, p 2.
[35]
Craig Whitlock, 'When drones fall from the sky', Washington Post,
20 June 2014.
[36]
Ian McPhedran,'Defence in spy plane cover-up', Daily Telegraph, 10
September 2010.
[37]
Department of Defence, 'Heron Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Return to Flight
Status after Temporary suspension of flying', Media Release, 3 November
2010.
[38]
Submission 23, p. 14.
[39]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 45.
Chapter 4 - Defence policy issues
[1]
Department of Defence, Defence Issues Paper 2014, p. 6.
[2]
Submission 12, p. 6.
[3]
Rosalyn Turner, 'The unmanned underwater future', The Strategist,
9 April 2014.
[4]
Submission 12, p. 3.
[5]
Submission 19, p. 2.
[6]
Submission 2, p. 4.
[7]
Submission 19, p. 3.
[8]
Submission 5, p. 5.
[9]
Submission 13, 'Lessons for the ADF from Britain's armed drone
program', p. 1.
[10]
Submission 22, p. 6.
[11]
Submission 9, p. 2.
[12]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 9.
[13]
Department of Defence, 'Operation Queensland Flood Assist', Media
release, 5 February 2011.
[14]
NT Government, Submission 9, p. 5.
[15]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 17.
[16]
Submission 4, p. 13.
[17]
Senator the Hon David Johnston, Minister for Defence, 'Heron to be
retained to keep Australia's unmanned aerial capability', Media release,
28 October 2014.
[18]
Submission 23, p. 3.
[19]
Submission 23, p. 13.
[20]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 45.
[21]
Australian Red Cross, responses to questions on notice, p. 6.
[22]
Australian Red Cross, responses to questions on notice, p. 8.
[23]
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles in Humanitarian Response, Occasional Policy Paper, June 2014, p.
12.
[24]
Submission 10, p. 2.
[25]
Submission 14, p. 3.
[26]
For example, Australian Association for Unmanned Systems, Submission 17,
p. 3.
[27]
Submission 13, 'ADF and armed drones', p. 1.
[28]
Submission 13, 'ADF and armed drones', p. 2.
[29]
Submission 13, 'Lessons for the ADF from Britain's armed drone
program', pp. 1-2.
[30]
Submission 16, p. 9.
[31]
Submission 23, pp 13-14.
[32]
Department of Defence, response to questions on notice no. 3, p. 1.
[33]
Committee Hansard, 4 May 2015, p. 2.
[34]
Royal Australian Air Force, 'Heron: looking to the future', Air Force,
29 January 2015, p. 5.
[35]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 42.
[36]
Submission 23, p. 13.
[37]
Submission 23, p. 14.
[38]
Submission 13, 'Lessons for the ADF from Britain's armed drone
program', pp 1-2.
[39]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 25.
[40]
Submission 23, p. 10
[41]
Department of Defence, response to question on notice 3, p. 1.
[42]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 48.
[43]
Submission 13, 'The ADF and armed drones', p. 1.
[44]
Submission 24, p. 2.
[45]
Submission 20, p. 3.
[46]
Ben Fitzgerald, 'Apply Australian values to drone warfare', The
Interpreter, 3 March 2015, available at http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2015/03/03/Applying-Australian-values-to-drone-warfare.aspx
(accessed 31 May 2015).
[47]
Submission 16, pp. 5.
Chapter 5 - Legal issues
[1]
Submission 22, p. 1. Also see Dr Ian Henderson, Submission 20,
p. 1.
[2]
Submission 22, p. 4.
[3]
Submission 3, p. 1.
[4]
Submission 16, p. 2.
[5]
Submission 16, pp 2-3 [emphasis in original].
[6]
Submission 16, p. 4.
[7]
Intelligence Services Act 2001, subsection 6(4).
[8]
Submission 13, 'The ADF and armed drones', p. 2.
[9]
Submission 12, p. 8.
[10]
Submission 20, p. 2.
[11]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 33.
[12]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 38.
[13]
Submission 20, p. 3.
[14]
Submission 23, p. 7.
[15]
Submission 23, p. 7.
[16]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 42.
[17]
Submission 6, pp 5-6.
[18]
Submission 6, p. 11.
[19]
Submission 15, p. 2; Dr Phoebe Wynn-Pope, Australian Red Cross, Committee
Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 28.
[20]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 41.
[21]
Submission 15, p. 2.
[22]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 28.
[23]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, pp 43-44.
[24]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 27.
[25]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 27.
[26]
Submission 6, p. 5.
[27]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 33.
[28]
Submission 6, p. 11.
[29]
Submission 22, p. 5.
[30]
Submission 15, p. 2.
[31]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 14.
[32]
For example, David de Bruijn, 'Israel's Iron Dome, Tank Edition: The
Trophy System', The National Interest, 30 July 2014.
[33]
Submission 25, p. 2.
[34]
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 'Establishing the CODE for
unmanned aircraft to fly as collaborative teams', Media release, 16
January 2015.
[35]
Submission 18, p. 3.
[36]
Submission 25, pp 2-3.
[37]
Submission 5, pp 6-7.
[38]
European Parliament, Resolution on the use of armed drones, (2014/2567)
[39]
Australian Red Cross, responses to questions on notice no. 1, p. 4.
[40]
Gary Martinic, 'Drones' or 'Smart' Unmanned Aerial Vehicles', Australian
Defence Force Journal, Issue 189, 2012, pp 47-48.
[41]
Australian Red Cross, responses to questions on notice no. 1, p. 2.
[42]
HE Mr Peter Woolcott, Australian statement, General debate, CCW Informal
Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS), 13 May 2014.
[43]
For example, Austria, 'The concept of "meaningful human
control"', Working Paper, Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems; Expert
Meeting, Geneva, 13-17 April 2015; Australian Red Cross, responses to
questions on notice no. 1, p. 4.
[44]
UK, Possible challenges to IHL due to increasing degrees of autonomy,
Statement to the informal meeting of experts on lethal autonomous weapons
systems, 13-17 April 2015, p. 3.
[45]
US Department of Defence, Autonomy in Weapons Systems, Directive
3000.09, 21 November 2012.
[46]
Michael Meier, US Delegation Opening Statement, Convention on Certain
Conventional Weapons (CCW) Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous
Weapons Systems, 13 April 2015, p. 2.
[47]
Submission 23, p. 6.
[48]
Submission 23, p. 6.
[49]
Committee Hansard, 14 April
2015, p. 41.
[50]
For example, Dr Brendan Gogarty, Submission 18, pp 3-5.
Chapter 6 - Research, industry and procurement
[1]
Submission 23, p. 14.
[2]
Matthew Grimson and Mark Corcoran, 'Taranis drone: Britains's $336m
supersonic unmanned aircraft launched over Woomera', ABC News, 7
February 2014.
[3]
Submission 23, p. 14.
[4]
Submission 23, p. 14.
[5]
Submission 24, p. 3.
[6]
For example, Dr Derek Rogers, Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015,
pp 20-21.
[7]
Submission 11, p. 35.
[8]
Submission 17, p. 3.
[9]
Submission 21, p. 3.
[10]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 25.
[11]
Mr Ken Crowe, Northrop Grumman, Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015,
p. 16.
[12]
Mr Ken Crowe, Northrop Grumman, Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015,
p. 17.
[13]
The Hon Kevin Andrews MP, Minister for Defence, Speech to Australian
Member Committee of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific,
22 May 2015.
[14]
Department of Defence, Defence Issues Paper, 2014, p. 23.
[15]
Submission 23, p. 14.
[16]
Submission 11, p. 11.
[17]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 7.
[18]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 1.
[19]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, pp 4-5.
[20]
Submission 24, p. 7.
[21]
Committee Hansard, 4 May 2015, p. 6.
[22]
Submission 12, p. 8; Also see Mr Ken Crowe, Northrop Grumman, Committee
Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 15.
[23]
Submission 14, p. 5.
[24]
Submission 11, pp 1-2.
[25]
CEA Technologies, Submission 38, pp 1-4 to the Joint Standing
Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade inquiry into Australian defence
industry exports.
[26]
Submission 4, p. 4.
[27]
Submission 14, p. 4.
[28]
Submission 11, pp 8-10.
[29]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 4.
[30]
Submission 17, p. 2.
[31]
Submission 11, p. 8.
[32]
Submission 11, p. 10.
[33]
Submission 17, p. 2.
[34]
Submission 19, p. 2.
Chapter 7 - Airspace regulation
[1]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 27.
[2]
CASA, 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems', Information Paper,
2015, p. 4.
[3]
CASA, 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems', Information Paper,
2015, p. 5.
[4]
CASA, 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems', Information Paper,
2015, p. 2.
[5]
CASA, 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems', Information Paper,
2015, p. 3.
[6]
Committee Hansard, 13 May 2015, p. 4.
[7]
Defence, response to questions on notice no. 2, p. 2.
[8]
Defence, response to questions on notice no. 2, p. 3.
[9]
CASA, 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems', Information Paper,
2015, p. 5.
[10]
Mr Peter Boyd, CASA, Committee Hansard, 13 May 2015, p. 3.
[11]
JARUS, 'Terms of reference', 1 August 2012, p. 1.
[12]
Mr Anthony Patterson, Cobham Aviation, Committee Hansard, 4 May
2015, p. 6.
[13]
Department of Defence, response to questions on notice no. 2. p. 5.
[14]
Submission 11, p. 2.
[15]
For example, Northrop Grumman, Submission 12, p. 9.
[16]
Submission 23, p. 16.
[17]
Department of Defence, responses to question on notice no. 2, p. 4.
[18]
Submission 21, p. 4.
[19]
Committee Hansard, 4 May 2015, p. 6.
[20]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 45.
[21]
Royal Australian Air Force, 'Airservices Australia and the Royal
Australian Air Force strengthen collaboration on unmanned aircraft systems', Media
release, 29 May 2015.
[22]
Submission 17, pp 3-4.
[23]
Royal Australian Air Force, 'Airservices Australia and the Royal
Australian Air Force strengthen collaboration on unmanned aircraft systems', Media
release, 29 May 2015.
[24]
Mr Peter Cromarty, CASA, Committee Hansard, 13 May 2015, p. 4.
[25]
Committee Hansard, 13 May 2015, p. 5.
Chapter 8 - Conclusion
[1]
CSIRO, Our future world: Global megatrends that will change the way
we live, 2012, p. 2.
[2]
The Hon Kevin Andrews MP, Minister for Defence, Speech to Australian
Member Committee of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific,
22 May 2015.
[3]
For example, Jean Otto and Bryant Webber, 'Mental Health Diagnoses and Counselling
Among Pilots of Remotely Piloted Aircraft', MSMR, March 2013, pp 3-8;
Wayne Chappelle, Tanya Goodman, Laura Reardon and William Thompson, 'An
Analysis of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in United States Air Force Drone
Operators', Journal of Anxiety Disorders, June 2014.
[4]
Dr Phoebe Wynn-Pope, Australian Red Cross, Committee Hansard, 14
April 2015, p. 31.
[5]
Department of Defence, 'New advanced Air Force capability demonstrated
in Canberra', Media release, 20 May 2015.
[6]
Submission 11, p. 12.
[7]
The Hon Tony Abbott MP, Prime Minister, 'Joint Remarks at RAAF Base
Edinburgh', Transcript, 13 March 2014.
[8]
Australian Government, Our North, Our Future: White Paper on Developing
Northern Australia, June 2015, p. 2.
[9]
Department of Defence, Defence Force Posture Review, 30 March
2012, p. 43.
[10]
US Department of Defence, Autonomy in Weapons Systems, Directive 3000.09,
21 November 2012, p. 3.
[11]
CASA, responses to question on notice to questions on notice, p. 1.
[12]
Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 50.
[13]
Senator the Hon David Johnston, Minister for Defence, 'Heron to be
retained to keep Australia's unmanned aerial capability', Media release,
28 October 2014.