Footnotes
Recommendations
[1]
See para 65–9.
Chapter one - Introduction
[1] Participating
members have all the rights of members except the right to vote. In addition,
participating members cannot be used to form a quorum.
Chapter two - India and Pakistan: The new dominions
[1] Mohammed
Ali Jinnah, Governor-General designate of Pakistan. Quote taken from Keesing’s
Contemporary Archives, 16–23 August 1947, p. 8772.
[2] Following
a referendum in July 1947, the province was incorporated into Pakistan.
[3] Keesing’s
Contemporary Archives, 16–23 August 1947, p. 8772.
[4] Sumit
Ganguly, ‘Wars Without End: The Indo-Pakistani Conflict’, Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 541, September 1995,
p. 169.
[5] Robin
Jeffrey, What’s Happening to India? Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, and the Test
for Federalism (Second edition), Macmillan, London, 1994, p. xxxv.
[6] Hugh
Tinker, South Asia: A Short History (Second edition), Macmillan, London,
1989, p. 272.
[7] CRS
(Congressional Research Service) Issue Brief, ‘93097: India–U.S.
Relations’, December 1996, p. 6. Internet site:
http://www.fas.org/man/crs/93-097.htm
[8] ‘Moslem
Scholars Killed in Pakistan’, World: South Asia, BBC News 3 November
1997 Internet site: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english
[9] Pakistan’s
three military presidents were General Ayub Khan, 1958–69; General Yahya Khan,
1969–71; and General Zia ul-Haq, 1977–88. For almost half of its history
Pakistan has been under a military ruler.
[10] CRS
Issue Brief, ‘93097: India–U.S. Relations’, p. 4.
[11] Letter
dated 1 January 1948, from the Representative of India to the President of the
Security Council (S/628) and Resolution adopted at the meeting of the UN
Commission for India and Pakistan on 5 January 1949, Document no. S/1196, para
1S, dated 10 January 1949.
[12] Keesing’s
Contemporary Archives, 8–15 November 1947, pp. 8930–31.
[13] Letter
dated 1 January 1948, from the Representative of India to the President of the
Security Council (S/628).
[14] Keesing’s
Contemporary Archives, 4–11 December 1947, p. 9661.
[15] Resolution
adopted by the UN Commission for India and Pakistan on 13 August 1948, Document
no. S/1100, para 75, dated 9 November 1948.
[16] Robert W.
Bradcock, India’s Foreign Policy Since 1971, Royal Institute of
International Affairs, Pinter Publishers, London, 1990, p. 28.
[17] Statement
of the President of the Security Council made on 18 May 1964, at the Eleventh
Hundred and Seventeenth Meeting of the Security Council, Document, no. S/PV.
1117, dated 18 May 1964.
[18] Resolution
209 (1965) adopted by the Security Council at its 1237th meeting on
4 September 1965.
[19] Resolutions
211 (1965) adopted by the Security Council at its 1242nd meeting, 20 September
1965.
[20] Keesing’s
Contemporary Archives, 4–11 December 1965, p. 21103.
[21] The
Tashkent Declaration, 10 February 1966.
[22] ibid.
[23]
Hamza Alavi, ‘Pakistan and Islam: Ethnicity and Ideology’, in State
and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan, F. Halliday and H. Alavi
(eds), London, 1988.
Internet site:
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/sangat/pakisltt.htm
[24] ibid.
[25] Abbas
Rashid and Farida Shaheed, ‘Pakistan: Ethno-Politics and Contending Elites’,
UNRISD (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development) Discussion
Paper no. 45, June 1993.
[26] Shimla
Agreement on Bilateral Relations between India and Pakistan signed by Prime
Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi, and President of Pakistan, Mr Z.A. Bhutto, in
Shimla on July 3, 1972.
[27] The LOC
replaced the earlier cease-fire line. See Robert G. Wirsing, ‘The Kashmir
Conflict’, Current History, vol. 95 (600), April 1996, p. 172.
[28] ibid.
[29] ibid., p.
173.
[30]
As of 30 November 1998.
See United Nations Internet
site: http://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/unmogip.htm
[31] Mohan J.
Malik, ‘The Kashmir Dispute: India and Pakistan in Conflict’, Current
Affairs Bulletin, vol. 67(6), November 1990, p. 15.
[32] ibid.
[33] Robert G.
Wirsing, ‘The Kashmir Conflict’, p. 175–76.
[34] Robert W.
Stern, ‘Kashmir, Resolution or Dissolution’, Current Affairs Bulletin,
vol. 74, no. 1, June/July 1997, p 12.
[35] Robert G.
Wirsing, ‘The Kashmir Conflict’, p. 174.
[36] Robert W.
Stern, ‘Kashmir, Resolution or Dissolution’, p. 14.
[37] Lieutenant
Colonel Naeem Salik and Major Maroof Razon, ‘A Minimum Deterrence Regime for
South Asia’, Bulletin, vol. 6, no. 5, 9 June 1995, Atlantic Council of
the United States and Devin T. Hagerty, ‘Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: The
1990 Indo-Pakistani Crisis’, International Security, vol. 20, no. 3,
Winter 1995. Internet site: http://www.mytholoke.edu/acad/intrel/sasianuk.htm
[38] Facts
on File, Yearbook 1985, pp. 795, 947; Yearbook, 1988, p. 964; Yearbook
1990, p. 962.
[39] Address
by the Prime Minister of India at the XII NAM (Non Aligned Movement) Summit at
Durban, 3 September 1998. Internet site: http://www.nam.gov.za/nam.html
[40] ‘Evolution
of India's Nuclear Policy’, paper laid on the Table of the House, 27 May 1998;
G.N. Srivastrava, ‘Why India went Nuclear’, National Herald, 16 June
1998.
[41] Keesing’s
Contemporary Archives, 8–15 December 1962, p. 19121.
[42] Dr Mohan
Malik, Submission no. 24, passim; Dr Kenneth McPherson, Submission no. 5, vol.
1, pp.24-25, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the Australian Defence
Organisation and the Australian Safeguards Office, Submission no. 33, vol. 3,
p. 9.
[43] Dr
Malik., Submission no. 24, vol. 2, p. 4.
[44] Robert G.
Wirsing, ‘The Kashmir Conflict’, p. 172.
[45] CRS
Issue Brief, ‘93097: India–U.S. Relations’, p. 3, and ‘94041:
Pakistan–U.S. Relations’, November 1996, p. 8. Internet site:
http://www.fas.org/man/crs/94-041.htm
[46] DFAT/Defence
Submission, ibid.
[47] CRS
Issue Brief, ‘93097 India–U.S. Relations’, p. 4.
[48] CRS
Issue Brief, ‘94041 Pakistan–U.S. Relations, p. 4.
[49] Nando
Times, 15 May 1998. Internet site:
http://wedge.nando.net/newsroom/ntn/world/051598/ worldt_29109_body (4 August
1998)
[50] DFAT/Defence,
Submission no. 33, vol. 3, p. 9; Dr Mohan Malik, Submission no. 24, vol. 2, p.
6.
Chapter three - Nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles on the subcontinent
[1] Prime
Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee quoted in Praful Bidwai and Achin Vanaik, ‘A Very
Political Bomb’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July/August 1998.
Internet site: http:// www. bullatomsci.org/issues/yearindex.htm. Dr Peter Friedlander
provides an analysis of media reports on this statement, see Submission, no.
44, vol. 3, p. 205.
[2] See Mr
Christopher Snedden, Submission no. 19, vol. 1, pp. 189–90 for more details.
[3]
‘India and Pakistan’, Chapter 10 in 1997 Strategic Assessment:
Flashpoints and Force Structure, National Defence University, November
1996.
Internet site: http://www.ndu/edu/ndu/inss/sa97/sa97pre.html (25 August
1998)
[4] ibid.
[5] See K.
Subrahmanyam, ‘Dimensions of National Security’, Frontline, vol. 14, no.
16, 9–22 August 1997. Internet site:
http://www.the-hindu.committee/fline/index.htm; Dr Debesh Bhattacharya, Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 4.
[6] K.
Subrahmanyam, ‘India Nuclear Policy—1964–98’, Nuclear India, Jasjit
Singh (ed.), Knowledge World, New Delhi, 1998, p. 50; Dr Mohan Malik, Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, pp. 46–50.
[7] See
comments by Dr Mohan Malik, Committee Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 59.
[8] David
Albright and Mark Hibbs, ‘India’s Silent Bomb’, Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists, September 1992; D. Sampathkumar, ‘The Force of Sanctions’,
Cover Story, Frontline, vol. 15, no. 11, 23 May–5 June 1998.
[9] Quote
taken from Dawn, 21 November 1965 cited in Prithvi Ram Mudiam,
‘Indo-Pakistan Nuclear Rivalry: Need for a Modus Vivendi’, Strategic
Analysis, A Monthly Journal of the IDSA (Institute for Defence Studies and
Analysis, New Delhi), vol. 20, no. 3, June 1997. Internet site:
http://www.idsa-india.org/an-jun-9.html.
[10] Interview
with Pakistan nuclear scientist, A.Q.Khan, ‘We Can Do a Fusion Blast’, Frontline,
vol. 15, no. 12, 6–19 June 1998.
[11] C. Raja
Mohan, ‘Nuclear Balance in Asia’, The Hindu, 11 June 1998. Cited Indian
Media Responses to India's N-tests, Government of India, Department of
External Affairs, Discover India Internet site: http://www.meadev.gov.in/govt/nuclear/hin11.jun.htm
(11 September 1998).
[12] Zia Mian
and A.H. Nayyar, ‘A Time of Testing’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,
July/August 1996, vol. 52, no. 4; CRS Issue Brief, ‘94041: Pakistan–US
Relations’, 7 November 1996; Vipin Gupta and Frank Pabian, Investigating the
Allegations of Indian Nuclear Test Preparation in the Rajasthan Desert: A CTB
Verification Exercise Using Commercial Satellite Imagery, CMC Paper, July
1996. Internet site: http://www.ca.sandia.gov/casite/gupta/intro.html (28 October 1998). K. Subrahmanyam, ‘India Nuclear Policy’,
Nuclear India, J. Singh (ed.), Knowledge World, New Delhi, 1998, p. 50.
[13]
Brahma Chellaney, ‘Why India, Pushed Against the Wall, Could Go Overtly
Nuclear’, 20 September 1996, Pacific News Service.
Internet site:
http://www.pacificnews.org/pacficnews/jinn/stories/2.20/960920-india.html
[14] Jasjit
Singh, ‘The Challenges of Strategic Defence’, Frontline, vol. 15, no. 8,
11–24 April 1998.
[15] ibid.
[16]
Andrew Koch and Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu, ‘Subcontinental Missiles’, Bulletin
of the Atomic Scientists, July/August 1998, vol. 54, no. 4.
[17] ‘India
Plans Further Prithvi Missile Tests’, News and Views, CDISS (Centre for
Defence and International Security Studies, UK), September 1996. Internet site:
http://www.cdiss.org/mdnews.htm.
[18] ‘India
Test Prithvi SRBM [February 24]’, News and Views, CDISS, February 1997.
[19] Sandeep
Unnithan, ‘India Has Not Deployed Prithvi: PM’, Indian Express, 12 June
1997. Internet site: http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970612/main.htm.
[20][20] ‘Asia’s
Accelerating Missile Race’, News and Views, CDISS, August, 1997.
[21] ‘Agni
“Could be Deployed within Three Months” ’, News and Views, CDISS,
December 1996.
[22] News
and Views, CDISS, September, December 1996 and June 1997.
[23] Lora
Lumpe, ‘Zero Ballistic Missiles and the Third World’, Arms Control Today,
vol. 14, no. 1, 1 April 1994; Jane’s Defence Weekly, 20 May 1998, p. 5; News
and Views, CDISS, September 1996, March 1997; August 1997.
[24] News
and Views, CDISS, March, August 1997.
[25] ‘Pakistan
Set to Unveil “Ghauri” MRBM in March’, Current Missile News, News and Views,
CDISS, February 1998.
[26]
‘A Silent Partner’, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 15 May 1998.
Internet site:
http://www.janes.com/mainset.html.
[27] Ben
Sheppard, ‘Too Close for Comfort: Ballistic Ambitions in South Asia’, Jane's
Defence Weekly, January 1998, vol. 10, no. 1.
[28]
Lora Lumpe, ‘Zero Ballistic Missiles and the Third World’, Arms
Control Today, cites Federal Register, 17 July 1991; Robert Shuey and
Shirley A. Kan, ‘Chinese Missile and Nuclear Proliferation: Issues for Congress’,
CRS Issue Brief, IB92056, 2 February 1995.
[29] Lora
Lumpe, ibid., cites R. Jeffrey Smith, ‘China Said to Sell Arms to Pakistan, Washington
Post, 4 December 1991, p. A10.
[30] Congressional Record, Senate, 2 March 1996 p. S2657; see also Congressional Record, 12 June 1996, p. S6139.
[31] ‘Asia’s
Accelerating Missile Race’, News and Views, CDISS, August 1997.
[32] Aabha
Dixit, ‘Missile Race in South Asia: Linear Progression Required to Cap Race?’, Security
Analysis, IDSA, September 1997.
[33] See Amit
Baruah, ‘The South Asian Nuclear Mess’, Cover Story, Frontline, vol. 15,
no. 12, 6–19 June 1998.
[34] Address
on ‘Arms Control and Disarmament’ by the Permanent Representative of Pakistan
to the United Nations at the Chemical and Biological Weapons Institute in
Washington, 20 November 1997.
[35] ‘Indian
Hindu Opposition Warns of War with Pakistan’, Reuters, 31 August 1994
and 8 April 1996; Zia Mian and A.H. Nayyar, ‘A Time of Testing?’, Bulletin
of the Atomic Scientists, idid.
[36]
'National Security', Bharatiya Janata Party—Manifesto 1998.
Internet site: http://www.indiagov.org/elec98/manift/bjp.htm (2 September
1998).
[37] Dr
Krishna M. Bhatta and Dr Mahesh Mehta, 'Nuclear Issue', BJP Homepage (Policy
on Major Issues). Internet site: http://www.bjp.org/major/nuclrkb-1.html (2 September 1998).
[38] Press
Briefing by Foreign Office Spokesman, Government of Pakistan, 4 May 1998.
[39] ‘Pakistan
Test Fire Ghauri Missile: A Landmark in Country's Defence History’, Pakistan
Government Homepage, Internet site: http://www.pak.gov.pk/govt/ghauri.htm
(18 September 1998)
[40] ‘Pakistan
set to Unveil “Ghauri” MRBM in March’, News and Views, CDISS, February
1998 and ‘Update on the Ghauri: the Evidence to Date’, News Analysis, News
and Views, CDISS, May 1998; Jane's Defence Weekly, 16 April 1998 and
15 May 1998: see paras 24–5.
[41] Andrew
Koch and Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu, ‘Subcontinental Missiles', Bulletin of
the Atomic Scientists, ibid.
[42] ‘Ignore
Pressure, Develop More Missiles: Tarar’, Hindustan Times, 20 April 1998;
Internet site: http://www.hindustantimes.com/nonfram/250699.archive.asp
See also News and Views, CDISS, February 1998.
[43] David C.
Wright, ‘An Analysis of the Pakistani Ghauri Missile Test of 6 April 1998’.
Security Studies Program, MIT, 12 May 1998. Internet site:
http://www.fas.org/news/pakistan/1998/05/980512-ghauri.htm (17 August 1998).
[44] Jane’s
Weekly Defence, 15 May 1998; Hindustan Times, 20 April 1998.
[45] Hindustan Times, 8 April 1998.
[46] The Hindu,
‘Fernandes Sees No Threat From The Ghauri’, 10 April 1998, Internet site:
http://www.hinduonline.com/thehindu/archives.htm; Praveen Swami, ‘A Hawkish
Line On China’, Frontline, vol. 15, no. 11, 23 May–5 June 1998.
[47] Missile
Resources, CDISS, Hindustan Times, 15 April 1998.
[48] ‘India
Ready to Face Any Challenge, Says PM’, The Hindu, 18 April 1998, p. 11.
[49] Arjuna
Ranawana, ‘A New Threat to Stability: How Will India Answer Pakistan's Missile
Test?’, AsiaWeek, 1 May 1998. Internet site:
http://www.pathfinder.com/asiaweek/constant/archive.html; Jane’s Defence
Weekly, 24 April 1998.
[50] ‘China is
Threat No. 1, says Fernandes’, Hindustan Times, 4 May 1998.
[51] Hindustan
Times, ibid.; Ajay Singh, ‘Playing with Fire’, AsiaWeek, 29 July
1998.
[52] Hindustan
Times, ibid.
Chapter four - India's tests—Operation Shakti
[1]
In his article ‘Showcase of Technological Leap by Indian Nuclear
Establishment’, Mavendra Singh refers back to the message conveyed to Indira
Ghandi on the occasion of the first nuclear test carried out at Pokhran on
18 May 1974. See The Indian Express, 12 May 1998.
Internet site: http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980512/13250814.html
(15 January).
[2] Public
Diplomacy Query, Early Report 5/12, ‘India Crosses Nuclear Rubicorn’, 12 May
1998.
[3] Jane’s
Defence Weekly, 26 May 1998; Weekly Defense Monitor, Center for
Defense Information, 21 May 1998.
[4] Jane’s
Defence Weekly, ibid.
[5] Joint
Statement by Department of Atomic Energy and Defence Research and Development
Organisation, New Delhi, 17 May 1998. Internet site:
http://www.meadev.gov.in/govt/drdo.htm.
[6] Jane’s
Defence Weekly, ibid.
[7] T.S.
Subramanian, ‘Technological, Scientific Success’, Frontline, vol. 15,
no. 11, 23 May–5 June 1998.
[8] Interview
with BARC Director, Dr Anil Kakodkar, ‘We Have Got Everything We Wanted’, Frontline,
vol. 15, no. 12, 6–19 June 1998.
[9] William
J. Broad, ‘Big Claims, Small Evidence’, Frontline, vol. 15, no. 12, 6
June–19 1998; Andrew Koch, ‘India: Building the Bomb’, Weekly Defense
Monitor, 21 May 1998; Terry C. Wallace, ‘The May 1998 India and Pakistan
Nuclear Tests’, SRL Publications, September 1998.
Internet
site: http://www.geo.arizona.edu/geophysics/faculty/wallace/ind.pak/index.html.
[10] Cover
Story, Frontline, vol. 15, no. 11, 23 May–5 June 1998.
[11] ‘India
and Pakistan: News Analysis’, Missile Resources, CDISS, May 1998.
[12]
Brahma Chellaney, ‘Why India, Pushed Against the Wall, Could Go Overtly
Nuclear’, 20 September 1996, Pacific News Service.
Internet site: http://www.pacificnews.org/pacificnews/jinn/stories/2.20/960920-india.html (16 July 1998).
[13] India’s
letter to President Bill Clinton on Nuclear Testing, New York Times
(Late edition), Wednesday 3 May 1998, p. 14.
[14] Submission
no. 24, vol. 2, pp. 4, 6.
[15] Submission
no. 24, vol. 2, p. 7.
[16] Submission
no. 24, vol. 2, pp. 7–8.
[17] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 49; Submission no. 24, vol. 2, p.10.
[18] Submission
no. 24, vol. 2, p. 9.
[19] Submission
no. 24, vol. 2, p. 12.
[20] Submission
no. 24, vol. 2, p. 10. See also Dr Jim Masselos: ‘Pakistan’s perceived links
with China fuel Indian unease as does the apparent closeness of US ties with
China. The net of interlinked relationships is seen as being fundamentally
hostile to India and its objectives. Until these fears can be allayed...then the
situation of the subcontinent will continue to impose problems’. Submission no.
31, vol. 2, p. 149 and in Committee Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 24.
[21] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 4. Professor McPherson also drew attention to
evidence of covert missile build-up in Pakistan aided by the transfer of
missiles from North Korea and China, Chinese aggression and military build-up
in Tibet and Chinese assistance to the Pakistanis to develop their nuclear
program. See Submission no. 5, vol. 1, pp. 22–5; and also The Australian
Greens, Submission no. 15, vol. 1, p. 158; Medical Association for Prevention
of War (WA Branch), Submission no. 21, vol. 1, p. 208; and the Hon. Jim
Kennan, Submission no. 43, vol. 3, pp. 197–98.
[22] Submission
no. 44, vol. 3, p. 206.
[23] Committee
Hansard, 7 August 1998, p. 340.
[24] ‘Sign of
Self-Confidence, Say Experts’, Hindustan Times, 12 May 1998.
[25] Suo Motu
Statement by Prime Minister Shri Atal Behari Vajpayee in Parliament, 27 May
1998. Internet site: http://www.fas.org/news/india/1998/05/980527-india-pm.htm
[26] Official
Press Statements, Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi, 13 May 1998. There
are numerous similar official statements, for example in response to the United
Nations Security Council presidential statement of 14 May, the Indian Government
again made clear that the tests were not directed against any country but were
conducted because ‘of the continuing threat posed to India by the deployment,
overtly and covertly, of nuclear weapons in the lands and seas adjoining us
that we have been forced to carry out these tests, so that we can retain a
credible option to develop these weapons, should they be needed for the
security of India’s people, who constitute one-fifth of the world’s
population’. New Delhi, 15 May 1998.
[27] Raju
G.C.Thomas, ‘The South Asian Standoff’, Foreign Service Journal,
February 1998.
[28] See
Major. Gen. Dipankar Banerjee (retd), ‘India-China Relations and Southeast
Asia’, Asian Defence Journal, no. 6, June 1998, p. 7.
[29] Eric
Arnett, Project Leader on Military Technology at the Stockholm International
Peace Research Institute, Sweden, ‘What Threat?’, Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists, March/April 1997, vol. 53, no. 2. Without hesitation he
asserted that ‘in 1997, there is no China nuclear threat to India, and no plan to
create one.’ See also Praful Bidwai and Achin Vanaik, ‘A Very Political Bomb’, Bulletin
of the Atomic Scientists, ibid.; and Dr Samina Yasmeen, Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 173.
[30] Praful
Bidwai, ‘Seeking a Paradigm Shift’, Frontline, vol. 15, no. 8, 11–24
April 1998.
[31] Submission
no. 33, vol. 3, p. 9.
[32] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 79.
[33] Submission
no. 30, vol. 2, p. 137.
[34] ibid.
[35] Rashme
Sehgal, ‘Abdul Kalam Hits Out at Anti-Nuclear Zealots’, Times of India,
8 August 1998.
[36] Refer to
Steven A. Hoffmann, ‘The International Politics of Southern Asia’, Journal
of Asia and African Studies, vol. 33, no. 1 February 1998.
[37] Tim
Healy, ‘A Nuclear Test Makes Good Domestic Politics but Lousy Foreign Policy’, AsiaWeek,
22 May 1998; Jane’s Defence Weekly, 19 May 1998.
[38] Refer to
Dr Jim Masselos, Submission no. 31, vol. 2, who gives a comprehensive
description of the reaction to the Indian tests in India.
[39] See Dr
Masselos, Committee Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 19.
[40] Interview
with Georges Fernandes, ‘Action Will Follow a Review’, Cover Story, Frontline,
vol. 15, no. 8, 11–24 April 1998.
[41] See
comments by Associate Professor Ian Copland, Submission no. 4, vol. 1, p. 17
and Dr Masselos, Submission no. 31, p. 91.
[42] Dr Mohan
Malik, Submission no. 24, vol. 2, p. 11.
[43] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, pp. 95.
[44] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 46; see also p. 57.
[45] For
example, see Jim Kennan, Submission no. 43, vol. 3, p. 198.
[46] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 21 and Submission no. 31, vol. 2, p. 147. See
also Dr Malik, Committee Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 57 and Submission no.
24, vol. 2, p. 4.
[47] Submission
no. 5, vol. 1, p. 20.
[48]
Professor Stephen P. Cohen, ‘An Overview of India's Nuclear Tests’.
Internet site: http://acdisweb.acdis.uiuc.edu/homepage_docs/resource_docs/test_docs/CohenHAsia.html
[49] N. Ram,
‘The Perils of Nuclear Adventurism’, Frontline, vol. 15, no. 11, 23
May–5 June 1998.
[50] T.S.
Subramanian, ‘Key Players in Pokhran’, ibid.
[51] ‘Moment
of Pride’, Editorial, Hindustan Times, 12 May 1998.
[52] Associate
Professor Ian Copland, Submission no. 4, vol. 1, p. 17. See also Sanaka
Weeraratna, Submission no. 8, vol. 1, pp. 45–6; The Australian Greens,
Submission no. 15, vol. 1, pp. 158–59 and statement by Dr Samina Yasmeen, Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 174.
[53] Submission
no. 10, vol. 1, p. 57.
[54] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 80. See also evidence by Dr Roderic Pitty, Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, pp. 262–64.
[55] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 80. pp.79, 80.
[56] Submission
no. 9, vol. 1, p.51.
[57] Richard
Leaver, Submission no. 12, vol. 1, p. 119.
[58] Praful
Bidwai and Achin Vanaik, ‘A Very Political Bomb’, Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists, ibid.
[59] M.V.
Kamath, ‘Give Us This Day Our Sense of Mission’, BJP, April 1996, BJP
Homepage, ibid.
[60] ‘Nuclear
Issue’, Policy on Major Issues, BJP, ibid.
[61] Submission
no. 33, vol. 3, p. 9.
[62] Submission
no. 4, vol. 1, p. 18. See also Harun Rashid, Submission no. 10, vol. 1, p. 57.
[63] Submission
no. 30, vol. 2, p. 138.
[64] Submission
no. 5, vol. 1, p. 24.
[65] ibid.
[66] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 218.
[67] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 219; Submission no. 5, vol. 1, p. 24.
[68] The Hindu,
‘BJP Denies Political Angle to Tests’, 14 May 1998, p. 11.
[69] Anand
Parthasarathy, ‘For A Weapons Delivery System’, Frontline, vol. 15, no.
12, 6–19 June 1998.
[70] Interview
with A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Frontline, vol. 15, no. 19, 12–25 September
1998.
[71] Statement
by the Foreign Minister of Pakistan in the Senate of Pakistan, 11 May 1998 and
Opening Remarks made on 12 May 1998 by the Foreign Minister in the Senate of
Pakistan on India's nuclear test.
[72] The text
of this letter was reproduced in Dawn, 17 May 1998.
[73] A
Statement by Ambassador Munir Akram in the UN Conference on Disarmament, 14 May
1998 underscored this message. On 14 May he told the UN Conference on
Disarmament that the series of nuclear tests conducted by India had
significantly altered the strategic and security equation in the region and
that they presented a ‘direct and most serious challenge to Pakistan’s
security’. Although noting that Pakistan had consistently acted as a
responsible member of the international community and never resorted to
adventurism and provocation, he insisted that Pakistan alone would decide on
and take the measures required to guarantee its security.
[74] Prime
Minister Nawaz Sharif’s statement on the Indian nuclear tests, Press
Conference, 23 May 1998.
[75] Letter
dated 14 May from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America
to the Conference on Disarmament transmitting remarks by President Clinton at a
Press conference on 12 May concerning Indian nuclear testing, CD/1505, 14 May
1998.
[76] Public
Diplomacy Query, Text: Clinton's order to impose sanctions on India is issued
13 May 1998.
[77] Letter
dated 14 May from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America
to the Conference on Disarmament transmitting...the text of a statement by the
White House Press Secretary on 13 May concerning India sanctions, CD/1505, 14
May 1998.
[78] ibid.
[79] Transcript:
State Department Noon Briefing, State Department Spokesman James Rubin, 13 May
1998.
[80] ibid.
[81] Press
Conference by the Press Secretary, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 15
May 1998.
[82] Comments by the Chief Cabinet Secretary on Measures in Response to the Second Nuclear Testing conducted by India; and Comments by the Chief Secretary on the Nuclear Testing conducted by Pakistan, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 14 May and 28 May 1998; Press Conference by the Press Secretary, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 15 May 1998 and 19 May 1998.
[83] Letter
dated 15 May 1998 from the Permanent Representative of China to the Conference
on Disarmament ...transmitting the text of the statement issued on 14 May 1998 by
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China concerning India's nuclear tests,
CD/1508.
[84]
Indian Nuclear Tests, Foreign & Commonwealth Office News, 14
May 1998.
Internet site: http://www.fco.gov.UK/news/newstext.asp?883.
[85]
Dr Scott Parrish, ‘Russia Reaction to the Indian Nuclear Tests’, 13 May
1998, Centre for
Non Proliferation Studies.
Internet site: http://cns.miis.edu/russia.html (7
September 1998)
[86]
Notes for a Statement by the Honourable Lloyd Axworthy, Minister of
Foreign Affairs to the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International
Trade, ‘India’s Nuclear Testing: Implications for Nuclear Disarmament and the
Nuclear Non-proliferation Regime', 26 May 1998. Department of Foreign
Affairs and International Trade (Canada) Internet site:
http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/english/news/statements/98%5Fstate/98%5F040e.htm (14 August 1998)
[87]
Address by the Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mrs Lena
Hjelm-Wallen, at the seminar, 'Nuclear Arms - Phased Out or Back Again’,
Stockholm, 12 May 1998.
Internet site: http://www.ud.se/english/press/speformi/980512-0.htm
(14 August 1998)
[88] The Hindu,
‘PM Writes to Western Leaders on Nuclear Tests’, 13 May 1998, p. 1.
[89] Statement
by Minister for Foreign Affairs, Ali Alatas, at the Ministerial Meeting of the
Non Aligned Movement on India’s Recent Nuclear Tests, Coordinating Bureau,
Cartagena, 19 May 1998. Internet site:
http//www.dfa-deplu.go.id/english2/Nuklir-India.htm (14 August 1998)
[90] Council
of Ministers Meeting, SPA:18 May 1998. Internet site:
http:www.saudi.net/press-release/98-spo/98-05-3html
(4 September 1998)
[91] Sri Lanka News Update, 15 May 1998. Internet site: http://lanka.net/lankaupdate/15_may-98.html
(4 September 1998)
[92] ibid.
[93] Press
Release SG/SM/6555. FAS (Federation of American Scientists) News. Internet
site: http://www.fas.org/news/india/1998/03/19980311-sgsm6333.html
[94] Press
Release SC6517, 14 May 1998, FAS News. (3 September 1998)
[95] Text: G-8
Statement on Indian Nuclear Tests, 17 May 1998, USIS Washington file. FAS
News (3 September 1998)
[96] See
Thomas Abraham, ‘A Divided G-8, Cover Story, Frontline, vol.15, no.11,
23May–5 June 1998.
Chapter five - The Pakistani nuclear tests
[1] See
statement by Nawaz Sharif reported in Worldbeat, 28 May 1998, Internet
site: http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/28/pakistan.nuclear.4/ (30 July 1998), and also
Rebecca Johnson, ‘International Implications of the India–Pakistan tests’, Disarmament
Diplomacy, no. 28, July 1998.
[2] Transcript,
US Department of State Daily Press Briefing, Wednesday 27 May 1998.
[3] The Hindustan
Times, 31 May 1998; Jane’s Weekly Defence, 10 June 1998, p. 3; 'The
South Asian Nuclear Mess', Frontline, vol. 15, no. 12, 6–19 June 1998;
William J. Broad, ‘A Small Event’, Frontline, vol. 15, no. 12, 6–19 June
1998; Terry C. Wallace, ‘The May 1998 India and Pakistan Nuclear Tests’.
Internet site: http://www.geo.arizona.edu/geophysics/faculty/wallace/ind.pak/index.html.
[4]
Umer Farooq, ‘Pakistan Needs up to 70 Nuclear Warheads’, Jane's
Weekly Defence, 9 June 1998; Terry C. Wallace, ‘The May 1998 India and
Pakistan Nuclear Tests’.
[5] Interview
with Pakistan nuclear scientist A.Q. Khan, ‘We Can Do a Fusion Blast’, Frontline,
vol. 15, no. 12, 6–19 June 1998.
[6] Amit
Baruah, ‘Pakistan’s Dilemma’, Frontline, vol. 15, no. 11, 23 May–5 June
1998.
[7] 'Pakistan
Warns India against Attack on N-installations', The Independent,
29 May 1998; ‘ Tim McGirk, ‘Nuclear Madness’, Time Asia, 8 June 1998,
vol. 151, no. 22.
Internet site: http://www.
pathfinder.com/time/asia/magazine/1998/980608/pakistan_nukes.html (30 July
1998)
[8] Official
Press Release, New Delhi, 28 May 1998; see also ‘India Was Going to Attack
Pakistan on the Night of May 27’, Pakistan News Service, 1 June 1998;
and Press Release, Ministry of External Affairs, External Publicity Division,
New Delhi, 28 May 1998.
[9] Text
of Prime Minister Muhammad Nawaz Sharif’s Statement at a Press Conference on
Pakistan Nuclear Tests, Islamabad, 29 May 1998.
Internet site: http://www. fas.org/news/pakistan/1998/05/980528-gop-pm.htm
(17 August 1998)
[10] PPI,
excerpts from PM's speech, 18 May 1998.
Internet site: http://www.
kashmir.org/main8may-28b.html (31 July 1998)
[11]
PPI, ‘Business Leaders Hail Nuclear Tests’, 28 May 1998.
Internet site: http://www.kashmir.org/main9may-28b.html
(31 July 1998)
[12]
Statement by Ambassador Munir Akram at the Special Session of the
Conference on Disarmament, 2 June 1998.
Internet site:
http://www.fas.org/news/pakistan/1998/06/980602-pak-ed.htm (17 August 1998)
[13] Statement
by Ambassador Munir Akram, ibid.
[14] ‘Pakistan
Completes the Current Series of Nuclear Tests...’ Foreign Secretary, Mr Shamshad
Ahmed’s statement at the Press Conference in Islamabad on 30 May 1998. Internet
site: http://www.hindustantimes.com/ht/nonfram/310598/detfro01.htm
(31 July 1998); Statement by Ambassador Munir Akram at the Special Session of
the Conference on Disarmament, 2 June 1998, ibid.
[15] Submission
no. 30, vol. 2, p. 138.
[16]
Statement issued by the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the UN
in Response to the Security Council Resolution 1172, 6 June 1998.
Internet site: http://www.undp.org/missions/pakistan/08980606.htm
(31 July 1998)
[17] Zaffar
Abbas, ‘The Hardest Choice’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,
July/August 1998, vol. 54, no. 4.
[18]
National Agenda for Self-Reliance, Change, Reconstruction and
Development, Address to the Nation by Prime Minister Mohammed Nawaz Sharif, 11
June 1998.
Internet site: http://www.pak.gov.pk/govt/pmspeech/pmaddress-11-06-1998.htm
(17 August 1998)
[19] PPI,
‘Pakistan Becomes First Islamic Country to Have Nuclear Device’, 28 May 1998;,
AAP, ‘Dr Qadeer Khan is Pride of Nation’, Pakistan News Service, 3 June
1998.
[20] Text of
Prime Minister Muhammad Nawaz Sharif’s statement at a Press Conference on
Pakistan Nuclear Tests, Islamabad, 29 May 1998, ibid.
[21]
‘An Interview with Nawaz Sharif: “Madam, I Was Hurt Very Much” ’, Time:
Asia, 8 June 1998, vol. 151, no. 22.
Internet site: http://www.pathfinder.com/time/asia/magazine/1998/980608/pakistan_interview.html
(30 July 1998)
[22] Submission
no. 30, vol. 3, p. 138.
[23]
Official Press Release, Ministry of External Affairs, External
Publicity Division, New Delhi, 28 May 1998. Internet site: http://www.fas.org/news/india/1998/05/980528-goi.htm
(3 September 1998)
[24] Official
Press Release, Ministry of External Affairs, External Publicity Division, New
Delhi, 30 May 1998. Internet site: http://w3.meadev.gov.in/govt/nuclear/official-8.htm
(19 January 1999)
[25] Text:
Statement by Ambassador Robert Grey, US Representative to the Conference on
Disarmament, Geneva, 2 June 1998.
[26] Text:
Presidential Determination on Sanctions Against Pakistan, 1 June 1998, ibid.
[27] Bruce
Odessey, ‘Administration Grappling with India, Pakistan Sanctions’, 3 June
1998.
[28] Statement
by Ambassador Robert Grey, ibid.
[29] Text:
Inderfurth, Details of US Policy toward India, Pakistan at Senate, 3 June 1998.
[30] Bruce
Odessey, USIA Staff Writer, 'Administration Grappling with India', Pakistan
Sanctions, 3 June 1998.
[31] Text:
Inderfurth, ibid..
[32] ‘Pakistan
Welcomes Clinton’s Mediation Offer’, Pakistan News Service, 5 June 1998.
[33] Comments
by the Chief Cabinet Secretary on Measures in Response to Nuclear Testing
Conducted by Pakistan, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 29 May 1998.
[34]
Press Conference by the Press Secretary, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
of Japan, 29 May 1998.
Internet site:
http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/press/index.html.
[35] ‘Kashmir
Dispute: Japanese Mediation Welcomed’, Pakistan News Service, 5 June
1998; Press Conference by the Press Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Japan, 5 June 1998.
[36] Press
Conference by the Press Secretary, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 9
June 1998.
[37] Press
Conference by the Press Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 5 June
1998.
[38] Press
Conference by the Press Secretary, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 9
June 1998 and 3 July 1998.
[39]
Press Statements issued by the Prime Minister Jenny Shipley: ‘Prime
Minister Condemns Nuclear Tests by Pakistan’, New Zealand High Commission,
Canada, 1 June 1998.
Internet site: http://www.nzhcottawa.org/publications/statements_980601.html
(18 January 1999).
[40]
‘Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman on South Asia Post-Nuclear Test
Situation’, Chinese Embassy, Washington, 2 June 1998.
Internet site: http://www.china-embassy.org/cgi-bin/press.pl?posttest
(14 August 1998)
[41]
‘China Urges India, Pakistan to Abandon Nuclear Weapons Development Programs’,
Press Release, Chinese Embassy, Washington, 6 June 1998.
Internet site: http://www.
china-embassy.org/cgi-bin/press.pl?abandon (14 August 1998).
[42] Press
Release, Chinese Embassy, Washington, 2 June 1998.
[43] ‘Pakistan
Nuclear Tests’, Foreign Secretary Statement, 29 May 1998, Foreign
Commonwealth Office News. Internet site: http://www.fco.gov.uk/news/newstext.asap?1045 (23 November 1998).
[44] ibid.
[45] India/Pakistan:
Nuclear Exports, 10 July 1998.
[46] Press
Release, ‘Axworthy Condemns Pakistan’'s Nuclear Weapons Tests and Announces
Sanctions’, 28 May 1988, no. 136.
[47] Press
Release, ‘Canada to Support Peacebuilding Efforts in South Asia’, 27 July 1998,
no. 181.
[48] Press
Release, Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden), 28 May 1998. See also paras
1.34, 1.64–68.
[49] Press
Release, Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden), 6 June 1998.
[50] ‘Sri
Lanka Expresses Deep Concern Regarding Further Nuclear Tests in the South Asian
Region’, Sri Lanka News Update, 5 June 1998. Internet site: http://www.lanka.net/lankaupdate/5_june_1998.html
(4 September 1998).
[51] Council
of Ministers Meeting, 1 June 1998.
[52] Press
Release GA/SM/42, 28 May 1998.
[53] SG/SM/6575.
[54] Conference
on Disarmament, Press Release DCF/336, 3 June 1998.
[55] ibid.
[56] Conference
on Disarmament, Press Release DCF/337, 3 June 1998.
[57] Conference
on Disarmament, Press Release DCF/336, 3 June 1998.
[58] Public
Diplomacy Query, Early Report ‘Nuclear Tests by India, Pakistan: Two Steps
Backward?’, 19980602.
[59] UN
Security Council, Press Release, SC/6527, 5 June 1998.
[60] Text: UN
Security Council on Pakistani Tests.
[61] United
Nations, S/RES/1172 (1998), 6 June 1998.
[62]
United Nations S/RES/1172 (1998), 6 June 1998.
Internet site: http://www.UN.org/plweb-cgi/idoc2.pl?281+unix+_free_user_+www.UN.org.80-UN-UN+scres+scres++199721/08/1998there%3c19.
[63] Prime
Minister’s Statement in Rajya Sabha regarding U.N. Security Council Resolution
on 8 June 1998.
[64] Pakistan
Mission to the United Nations, New York, Statement by the Permanent
Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations in the Security Council's
debate on 6 June 1998, on the nuclear tests conducted by India and Pakistan,
ibid.
[65] ibid.
[66] Statement
by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr David Andrews, on the occasion of the
launching in Dublin of a Joint Ministerial Declaration ‘A Nuclear Weapons Free
World: the Need for a New Agenda’.
[67] Joint
Ministerial Declaration by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Brazil, Egypt,
Ireland Mexico, New Zealand, Slovenia, South Africa and Sweden, 9 June
1998.
[68] ibid.
[69] ibid.
[70] 'Towards
a Nuclear-Weapon-Free World: The Need for a New Agenda', article by the Swedish
Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mrs Lena Hjelm-Wallen, and the Irish Foreign
Minister, Mr David Andrews, published in Herald Tribune, 22 June 1998;
and also Statement New Zealand High Commission, Canberra, 9 June 1998.
[71] G-8
Foreign Ministers Communique on Indian and Pakistani Nuclear Tests, London, 12
June 1998.
[72] Resolution
adopted by the European Parliament on the Nuclear Tests by India and Pakistan,
19 June 1998.
[73] Address
by H.E. Mr Tang Jiaxuan, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic
of China at the 5th ARF Ministerial Meeting, 27 July 1998, Manila.
[74] Statement
by Mr Yevgeny M. Primakov, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, at the 5th
Session of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 27 July 1998, Manila.
[75] Statement
by Secretary of State, Madeleine K. Albright at the ASEAN Regional Forum
Plenary, 27 July 1998.
[76] Closing
Statement, H.E. Domingo L. Siazon, ASEAN Regional Forum, Manila, 27 July 1998.
[77] Chairman’s
Statement, the Fifth Meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum, 27 July 1998, Manila.
Chapter six - Australia's response to nuclear tests in South Asia
[1] Commonwealth
of Australia, In the National Interest: Australia's Foreign and Trade
Policy, White Paper, Canberra, 1997.
[2] Press
Release (Prime Minister), ‘Indian Nuclear Tests’, 12 May 1998; Media Release,
Minister for Foreign Affairs, Alexander Downer, FA 59, 14 May 1998.
[3] Press
Release (Prime Minister), ‘Indian Nuclear Tests’, 12 May 1998; Media Release,
Minister for Foreign Affairs, Alexander Downer, FA 58, 13 May 1998.
[4] Press
Release (Prime Minister), 12 May 1998.
[5] Press
Release (Minister for Foreign Affairs), FA 59, 14 May 1998.
[6] Press
Release (Minister for Foreign Affairs), AA42, 27 May 1998.
[7] Submission
no. 33, vol. 3, p. 18.
[8] Media
Release, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Alexander Downer, FA 67, 28 May 1998;
Press Release (Minister for Foreign Affairs), FA68, 29 May 1998.
[9] The
Pakistani Foreign Minister described this action as ‘undiplomatic’. See PPI,
‘Pakistan's Sixth Nuclear Test’, 31 May 1998.
[10] Press
Release (Minister for Foreign Affairs), FA 68, 29 May 1998.
[11] ibid.
[12] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 86.
[13] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 86.
[14] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 88.
[15] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 89.
[16] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 89.
[17] ibid, p.
122.
[18] Committee
Hansard, 7 August 1998, p. 363.
[19] ibid, p.
280.
[20] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 117.
[21] For
example, see the Australian, p. 1, the Sydney Morning Herald, p.
8 and the West Australian, p. 4, all dated 15 May 1998. The SMH
and West Australian used the phrase ‘short-term domestic political
game.’
[22] For
example see the Courier Mail, p. 17 and the Weekend Australian,
p. 12, both dated 30 May 1998.
[23] 'Australia,
New Zealand for UN disarmament’, the Hindustan Times, 30 May 1998.
[24] Submission
no. 44, vol. 3, p. 205.
[25] Submission
no. 4, vol. 1, p. 18.
[26] Submission
no. 28; vol. 2, p. 62. Also see comments by Dr Battacharya, Committee Hansard,
20 July 1998, p. 3.
[27] Submission
no. 28, vol. 2, p. 60. The reference about nuclear bastardry was contained in a
press release from the Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs. The statement came
after India's second set of nuclear tests and read ‘Coming on top of India’s
three tests on Monday, this is an outrageous act of nuclear bastardry’. Laurie
Brereton, News Release, 21/98, 13 May 1998.
[28] Submission
no. 28, vol. 2, pp. 56–7.
[29] Submission
no. 28, vol. 2, pp. 58, 62. See also Dr Jim Masselos, Submission no. 31, vol.
2, p. 147.
[30] Submission
no. 32, vol. 2, p. 153.
[31] ibid. p.
154.
[32] ibid.
[33] Submission
no. 35, vol. 3, p. 153.
[34] ibid., p.
148.
[35] Committee
Hansard, 7 August 1998, p. 363; Alan Oxley, Committee Hansard,
7 August 1998, p. 354.
[36] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 133.
[37] See
People for Nuclear Disarmament, Submission no. 9, vol. 1, p. 52; Mr Paddie
Cowburn, Submission no. 13, vol. 1, p. 154; Medical Association for Prevention
of War, (WA Branch), vol. I, p. 213; Mr Denis Doherty, Submission no. 23, vol.
1, p. 238; Mr Hamish McDonald, Submission no. 37, vol. 3, p. 158; Mr Senaka
Weeraratna, Submission no. 8, p. 46 and The Australian Greens, Submission no.
15, p. 160.
[38] Submission
no. 43, vol. 3, p. 200.
[39] Submission
no. 28. vol. 2, p. 58.
[40] ibid., p.
59.
[41] ibid.
[42] Submission
no. 21, vol. 1, p. 213.
[43] Submission
no. 35, vol. 3, p. 153.
[44] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 31.
[45] ibid, p.
32.
[46] Submission
no. 5, vol. 1, p. 28.
[47] Submission
no. 33, vol. 2, p. 15.
[48] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 114
[49] Committee
Hansard, 7 August 1998, p. 359.
[50] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 63.
[51] Submission
no. 20, vol. 1, p. 196.
[52] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 67.
[53] John
Burroughs and Jacqueline Cabasso, ‘Nukes on Trial’, Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists, March/April 1996.
[54] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 75.
[55] Submission
no. 37, vol. 3, p. 158.
[56] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 204.
[57] Submission
no. 43, vol. 3, p. 199.
[58] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 163.
[59] Committee
Hansard, 4 December 1998, p. 376.
[60] Submission
no. 32, vol. 2, p. 154.
[61] Submission
no. 28, vol. 2, p. 55.
[62] ibid., p.
62.
[63] Submission
no. 35, vol. 3, p. 153; and Committee Hansard, 20 July 1998, pp. 3–4.
[64] Submission
no. 5, vol. 1, p. 24; Committee Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 216.
[65] Submission
no. 5, vol. 1, p. 29; Committee Hansard, 22 July 1998, pp. 214–15.
[66] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, pp. 212, 215.
[67] ibid, p.
216.
[68] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 165
[69] ibid, p.
159.
[70] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 74.
[71] Seminar,
Coombs Building, ANU, Canberra, 1998.
[72] Submission
no. 28. vol. 2, pp. 62–3.
[73] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, pp. 98–9.
[74] Australia
India Relations - Trade and Security, Senate Standing Committee on Foreign
Affairs, Defence and Trade, Canberra, July 1990, p. 10.
[75] Australia's
Trade Relationship with India, Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs,
Defence and Trade, Canberra, June 1998, pp. 163–64; also see recommendations 6,
7, 14, 32, 33 and 34.
[76] Committee
Hansard, 7 August 1998, p. 369.
[77] Committee
Hansard, 7 August 1998, p. 367.
[78] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 187.
[79] Submission
no. 28, vol. 2, pp. 55, 61.
[80] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 89.
[81] Committee
Hansard, 4 December 1998, p. 377.
[82] Commonwealth
of Australia, In the National Interest: Australia's Foreign and Trade
Policy, White Paper, Canberra, 1997, pp. 13, 39–40.
[83] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, pp. 120, 124.
[84] Submission
no. 7, vol. 1, pp. 34–5.
[85] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 122.
[86] Rashme
Sehgal, ‘Abdul Kalam Hits Out at Anti-Nuclear Zealots’, Times of India,
8 August 1998.
Chapter seven - Regional and global security
[1] Press
Release: ‘Nine Minutes to Midnight’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,
11 June 1998.
[2] ‘Tracking
Nuclear Proliferation’, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Internet site: http://ceip.org/programs/npp/ (21 January 1999); see
table in The Bulletin with Newsweek, vol. 117, 26 May 1998, p. 32 which
estimates India has a capability for 74 operational warheads and Pakistan a
capability for 10+. Time suggests India had an arsenal of about 65
warheads and Pakistan 15 to 25 warheads.
[3] Dr Devin
Hagerty, ‘South Asia’s Big Bangs’, Australian Journal of International
Affairs, vol. 53, no. 1, April 1999, referring to the ‘India–Pakistan
Nuclear Crisis’, FAS News, 1998.
[4] Desmond
Ball and Mohan Malik, Part I: ‘The Indian and Pakistani Nuclear Programmes’, The
Nuclear Crisis in Asia: the Indian and Pakistani Nuclear Programmes, Working
Paper No. 325, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, ANU, Canberra, August
1998.
[5] Submission
no. 33, vol. 3, p. 10.
[6] Submission
no. 36, vol. 3, p. 156.
[7] Submission
no. 42, vol. 3, p. 190.
[8] Desmond
Ball and Mohan Malik, Part I: ‘The Indian and Pakistani Nuclear Programmes’, The
Nuclear Crisis in Asia: the Indian and Pakistani Nuclear Programmes, ibid.
[9] Dr Hu is
Associate Professor of International Relations, Department of Politics and
Public Administration, University of Hong Kong. See Richard W. Hu, ‘Beyond the
N-Test: Managing the Nuclear Arms Race in South Asia’, Disarmament Diplomacy,
no. 27, June 1998. Internet site: http://www.gn.apc.org/acronym/27manag.htm (21
September 1998)
[10] Interview
with A.Q. Khan, Frontline, vol. 15, no. 12, 6–19 June 1998.
[11] Colin S.
Gray, Comparative Strategy, vol. 2, Taylor & Francis Hemisphere
Publishing Corporation, Washington DC, pp. 247–67.
[12]
Ibid. See also Devin Hagerty, ‘Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: the
1990 Indo-Pakistani Crisis’, International Security, vol. 20, no. 2,
Winter 1995; Tim Healy and Arjuna Ranawana, ‘Upping the Ante: Pakistan's
Nuclear Tests: Think the Unthinkable’, Asiaweek, 12 June 1998; Avery
Goldstein, ‘Scared Senseless? The South Asian Nuclear Tests’ at Internet site:
http:www.indianembassy.org/pic/usmedia/goldstein.htm.
[13] Barry
Nalebuff, ‘Minimal Nuclear Deterrence’, Journal of Conflict Resolution,
vol. 32, no. 3, September, 1988, pp. 412–13.
[14] Dr Brahma
Chellaney, India’s Nuclear Planning, Australian Journal of International
Affairs, vol. 53, no. 1, April 1999, pp. 65-6.
[15] Committee
Hansard, 4 December 1998, p. 375.
[16] DFAT to
the Committee, letter dated 9 February 1999.
[17] Professor
Paul Dibb and Mr Peter Prince, Submission no. 42; vol. 3, pp. 189-90; Dr
Hanson, Committee Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 68; Dr William Maley, Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 156; DFAT, Committee Hansard, 21 July
1998, p. 96; see also statement by Mr Harun Rashid, Committee Hansard, 21 July
1998, p. 143.
[18] Submission
no. 33 vol. 3, p. 10.
[19] Dr Devin
Hagerty, ‘South Asia’s Big Bangs’, Australian Journal of
International Affairs, vol. 53, no. 1, April 1999, p. 25.
[20] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 150.
[21] Richard
W, Hu, ‘Beyond the N-Tests: Managing the Nuclear Arms Race in South Asia’, Disarmanent
Diplomacy, ibid.
[22] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 184.
[23] Submission
no. 30, vol. 2, p. 140. See also Committee Hansard, 22 July 1998, pp.
174–75.
[24] Submission,
no. 20, vol. 1, p. 202; see also Committee Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 66.
[25] Submission
no. 42, vol. 3, p. 90.
[26] Submission
no. 4, vol. 1, p. 19.
[27] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 55.
[28] Submission
no. 42, vol. 3, p. 192.
[29] Press
Statement, Shiv S. Mukherjee, Minister (Press, Information & Culture),
Embassy of India, 11 May 1998.
[30] Text of
Prime Minister Muhammad Nawaz Sharif’s Statement at a Press Conference on
Pakistan Nuclear Tests, Islamabad, 29 May 1998, Government of Pakistan
Homepage (17 August 1998)
[31] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998.
[32] Submission
no. 5, vol. 1, p. 27.
[33] ibid
[34] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 221.
[35] ibid., p.
185.
[36] Submission
no. 32, vol. 2, p. 152.
[37] See
evidence presented before the Committee by Raspal Khosa, Committee Hansard,
21 July 1998, p. 168.
[38] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 160.
[39] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 162.
[40] Committee
Hansard, 7 August 1998, p. 350.
[41] Submission
no. 45, p. 209.
[42] Committee
Hansard, 7 August 1998, p. 350.
[43] Submission
no. 45, p. 211.
[44] Government
of Pakistan Homepage Internet site: http://www.pak.gov.pk/govt/fp13.htm
[45] ‘Beyond
the Nuclear Tests’, Government of Pakistan Homepage.
[46] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 86.
[47] Submission
no. 42, vol. 3, p. 191.
[48] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 46.
[49] Committee
Hansard, 7 August 1998, p. 357.
[50] DFAT/Defence,
Submission no. 33, vol.3, p. 11.
[51] See Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p.48.
[52] Committee
Hansard, 4 December 1998, p. 375.
[53] DFAT,
letter dated 9 February 1999 to the Committee.
[54] Ramesh
Thakur, ‘Australia’s Regional Engagement’, Contemporary Southeast Asia,
vol. 20, no. 1, April 1998.
[55] See
Medical Association for Prevention of War (WA Branch), Submision no. 21, vol.
1, p. 210.
[56] H.
Rashid, Submission no. 10, vol. 1, p. 58; The Australian Greens, Submission
no.15, vol. 1, p. 159; Dr Samina Yasmeen, Submission no. 30, vol. 2, p. 139 and
Committee Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 175; Professor Amin Saikal, Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 146.
[57] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 147.
[58] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 63.
[59] Submission
no. 33, vol. 3, p. 12.
[60] Submission
no. 42, vol. 3, pp. 190–91.
[61] Submission
no. 42, vol. 3, p. 189. See also Dr Samina Yasmeen, Submission no. 30, vol. 2,
p. 139.
[62] Submission
no. 24, vol. 2, pp. 17–18.
[63] Submission
no. 20, vol. 1, p. 196.
[64] Submission
no. 20, vol. 1, p. 198.
[65] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 86.
[66] Press
Release: ‘Nine Minutes to Midnight’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,
11 June 1998.
[67] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 61.
[68] ibid., p.
70.
[69] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 267.
[70] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 114.
[71] Committee
Hansard, 4 December 1998, pp. 382, 406.
[72] Colonel
Daniel M. Smith, ‘Sowing - and Reaping - the Whirlwind’, Weekly Defense
Monitor, vol. 2, no. 22, 4 June 1998.
Chapter eight - The way ahead
[1] DFAT/Department
of Defence, Submission no. 33, vol. 3, p. 14.
[2] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 95.
[3] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 262.
[4] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 81.
[5] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 198.
[6] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 97.
[7] USIA
Department of State Daily Briefing, 20 July 1998.
[8]
Richard N. Haass and Morton H. Halperin, Co-Chairs, Report of the
Independent Task Force, co-sponsored by the Brookings Institution and the
Council on Foreign Relations, After the Tests: U.S. Policy Toward India and
Pakistan, 1998, p. 9.
Internet site: http://www.foreignrelations.org/studies/transcripts/after.html
(22 October 1998)
[9] Submission
no.19, vol. 1, p.191 and Committee Hansard, 7 August 1998, p.300.
10
Submission no. 22, vol. 1, p. 219.
[11] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p.97
[12] Gareth
Evans, QC MP, Submission no. 46.
[13] Committee
Hansard (Dr Maley), 21 July 1998, p. 166; and see also Committee Hansard
(Dr Yasmeen), 22 July 1998, p. 192.
[14] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 72.
[15] DFAT/
Defence, Submission no. 33, vol. 3, pp. 11-12.
[16] Submission
no. 24, vol. 2, p. 18.
[17] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 45, see also p. 55.
[18] The Hon
Gareth Evans, QC MP, Submission no. 46.
[19] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, pp. 212, 215.
[20] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 127.
[21] ACCI,
Submission no. 7, vol. 1, pp. 35-6.
[22] DFAT to
Committee, letter dated 9 February 1999.
[23] Submission
no. 28, vol. 2, pp. 62–3.
[24] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 237.
[25] DFAT,
letter dated 9 February 1999 to Committee.
[26] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 175 and 7 August 1998, p. 305.
[27] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 175.
[28] ibid, pp.
175–76, 190.
[29] Press
Release: ‘Nine Minutes to Midnight’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,
11 June 1998.
[30] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 76.
[31] ibid., p.
35.
[32] ibid.,
p.61.
[33] ibid., p.
70.
[34] Submission
no. 33, vol. 3, p. 14.
[35]
Arms Control Today, March 1999.
Internet site:
http://www.armscontrol.org/ACT/march99/famr99.htm (16 June 1999)
[36] The Hon
Gareth Evans, QC MP, Submission no. 46.
[37] Legislation
Committee Hansard (proof), 9 June 1999, p. 361.
[38] ibid.
[39] The Hon
Gareth Evans QC MP, Submission no. 46.
[40] Submission
no. 20, vol. 1, p. 197.
[41] Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 202.
[42] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 63; see also comments by Dr Yasmeen, Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, p. 191; comments by Dr Samuel Makinda, Committee
Hansard, 22 July 1998, pp. 197–98; Dr Roderic Pitty, Committee Hansard,
22 July 1998, p. 264.
[43] Submission
no. 20, vol. 1, p. 201.
[44] Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 64.
[45] Submission
no. 20, vol. 1, p. 202.
[46] Dr
Bhattacharya, Committee Hansard, 20 July 1998, p. 12.
[47] Submission
no. 22, vol. 1, p. 219.
[48] Committee
Hansard, 21 July 1998, p. 87.
[49] ibid., p.
88; see also p. 111.
[50] ibid., p.
111.
[51] ibid.,
pp. 90–91.
[52] ibid., p.
91.
[53] ibid., p.
87.