Footnotes
Chapter 1 - Introduction
[1]
Mr Mark Plunkett, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, pp.
516-7.
[2]
Toni Pfanner, head of the International Committee of the Red Cross,
Jakarta, 19 September 1999.
[3] Mark
Riley, Mark Dodd and agencies, ‘They’re free to go home, Alatas vows’ The
Sydney Morning Herald, 29 September 1999.
[4] Budget
forecasts of the net cost of sending Australian troops to East Timor were:
1999-00 - $897 million; 2000-01 - $898 million; 2001-02 - $721 million; 2002-03
- $679 million; 2003-04 - $686 million; United Nations total reimbursement -
$372 million. Total net cost to Australia $2,984 million. Budget papers,
9 May 2000, reported by AAP.
[5]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 991.
[6]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 991.
[7]
UNTAET briefing, 11 April 2000.
[8]
Barry Wain, ‘Will Justice be served in East Timor?’, The Asian
Wall Street Journal, 17 April 2000.
[9]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 992.
Chapter 2 - Economic and social development
[1]
This section, unless otherwise indicated, is drawn from the
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and AusAID submission, no. 52, pp.
25-31. A similar presentation on the economy of East Timor was made by João
Mariano Saldanha, Executive Director, and Helder da Costa, Director, Economy
and Technology, East Timor Study Group, submission no. 70.
[2]
DFAT, submission no. 52, p. 25.
[3]
DFAT, submission no. 52, p. 26.
[4]
Jill Joliffe and Louise Williams, ‘Old colonist Portugal throws
financial lifeline to E Timor’, Sydney Morning Herald,
http://www.smh.com.au/news9902/25/text/pageone12.html (18 June 1999)
[5]
DFAT, submission no. 52, p. 26.
[6]
DFAT, submission no. 52, p. 27.
[7]
Professor Hugo, Committee Hansard, 19 July 1999, p. 62.
[8] DFAT,
submission no. 52, p. 27.
[9]
Shawn Donnan, ‘Coffee is the key’, The Financial Times, 5
April 2000.
[10]
Wilson da Silva, ‘Timor Ire at Coffee Tax’, Australian Financial
Review, 29 February 2000.
[11]
Mr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 997.
[12]
Mark Dodd, ‘Fine coffee offers sweet smell of trading success’, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 28 February 2000.
[13]
UNTAET press briefing, ‘UN establishes East Timor’s first tax system’,
14 March 2000; Eduardo Lachica, ‘East Timor creates a financial system’, The
Wall Street Journal, 16 March 2000.
[14]
Wilson da Silva, ‘Timor Ire at Coffee Tax’, Australian Financial
Review, 29 February 2000; Shawn Donnan, ‘Coffee is the key’, The
Financial Times, 5 April 2000.
[15]
DFAT, submission no. 52, p. 29.
[16]
UNTAET Daily Briefing, 14 August 2000.
[17]
Ian Timberlake, ‘Portuguese bank opens first operations in ruined East
Timor’, Agence France-Presse, 29 November 1999.
[18]
UNTAET Publication Information Office press briefing, 24 January 2000.
[19]
‘Australian company starts Darwin-Dili commercial air service’, Dow
Jones Newswires, 19 January 2000.
[20]
‘Qantas to fly to Timor four times a week’, AAP, 14 April 2000;
‘Qantas flies into East Timor’, Associated Press, 4 May 2000.
[21]
UNTAET Daily Briefing, 1 May 2000; Mark Dodd, ‘Post office’s
stamp of success’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 4 May 2000.
[22]
Arnold Zeitlin, ‘East Timor Press Struggles to Emerge’, The Freedom
Forum Online, 21 February 2000.
[23]
UNTAET Daily Briefing, 14 August 2000.
[24] Dr
Murfet, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 524.
[25]
‘UNTAET wants to restore Timor land records’, Malaysian National News
Agency, 28 April 2000.
[26]
David Nason, ‘Barrister to rule on who owns Timor’s land’, The
Australian, 23 May 2000.
[27]
Mr Guterres, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, p. 936.
[28]
Lindsay Murdoch, ‘Soeharto family to Timor lands’, The Age, 30
March 1999.
[29] ‘Gusmao
Calls on Indonesians to Invest in East Timor’, Asia Pulse, 1 May 2000.
[30] Professor
Hugo, Committee Hansard, 19 July 1999, p. 55.
[31] Professor
Hugo, Committee Hansard, 19 July 1999, p. 56.
[32]
Professor Hugo, Committee Hansard, 19 July 1999, p. 60.
[33]
AusAid, submission no. 52, p. 17.
[34]
Mercy Hospital for Women, submission no. 65, p. 5.
[35]
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and AusAID, submission no. 52,
p. 23.
[36]
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and AusAID, submission no. 52,
p. 23.
[37]
AusAid, submission no. 52, p. 17.
[38]
UNTAET Daily Briefing, 24 March 2000
[39]
Professor Hugo, Committee Hansard, 19 July 1999, p. 59.
[40]
Professor Hugo, Committee Hansard, 19 July 1999, p. 60.
[41]
Professor Hugo, Committee Hansard, 19 July 1999, p. 61.
[42]
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and AusAID, submission no. 52,
p. 21.
[43]
Ms Tate, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 635.
[44]
AusAID, submission no. 52, p. 18.
[45]
AusAID, submission no. 52, p. 18.
[46]
AusAID, submission no. 52, p. 18.
[47]
AusAID, submission no. 52, p. 18.
[48]
AusAID, submission no. 52, p.18.
[49]
APHEDA, submission no. 67, p. 1.
[50]
Mary MacKillop Institute for East Timorese Studies, submission no. 59,
p. 12.
[51]
Sister Connelly, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 686.
[52]
Sister Connelly, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 686.
[53]
Sister Connelly, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 686.
[54]
Ms Tate, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 634.
[55]
Ms Tate, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 647.
[56]
UNTAET Daily Briefing, 23 March 2000.
[57]
Mark Dodd, ‘Rebuilding Timor’s education system’, The Age, 27
April 2000.
[58]
Ms Tate, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 634.
[59]
Ms Tate, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 644.
[60]
Ms Tate, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 635.
[61]
Ms Tate, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 639; East
Timor Strategic Development Planning Conference Results, Melbourne, April
1999, pp. 38-9.
[62]
Ms Tate, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 639.
[63] Ms
Tate, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 647.
[64] Emma
Macdonald, ‘Australian pledge to repair schools’, The Canberra Times, 4
April 2000
[65] ‘Victorian
Government helps to kickstart education in East Timor’, Government of Victoria
Media Release, 11 August 2000.
[66]
Mark Dodd, ‘Australian teachers may help in Timor’, The Age, 15
August 2000.
[67]
Dr Shoesmith, Committee Hansard, 9 September 1999, p. 442.
[68]
Dr Shoesmith, Committee Hansard, 9 September 1999, p. 441.
[69]
Dr Shoesmith, Committee Hansard, 9 September 1999, p. 442.
[70] Lt.
Gen. Sanderson, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 520.
[71]
Lt. Gen Sanderson, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 532.
[72] Mr
Plunkett, submission no. 92; Committee Hansard, 15 September
1999, p. 515.
[73]
Ms Downie, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, p. 959.
[74]
Ms Downie, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, p. 960.
[75] Jeff
Shaw, ‘Establishing rule of law in Dili’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 17
April 2000. UNTAET Regulation No. 1999/1 ‘On the Authority of the Transitional
Administration in East Timor’, 27 November 1999.
[76]
Ambassador Justo da Silva, Committee Hansard, 13 August 1999,
p. 269.
[77]
‘East Timor chooses Portuguese as official language’, Associated
Press, 14 February 2000. On 12 April
2000, in Dili, a contribution agreement for $US 50 million over four years to
the Trust Fund for East Timor (TFET) was signed by Luis Amado, Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Republic of Portugal, and
Jemal-ud-din Kassum, World Bank Vice President for East Asia and the Pacific
Region (‘Portugal gives $50 million’, World Bank, 12 April 2000).
[78]
‘Portugal to Spend Euros 225 Million over next 3 Years, says FM Gama’, Lusa,
13 December 1999.
[79]
‘Portugal to double East Timor aid’, ABC News Online, 14 June
2000.
[80]
Xanana Gusmão and José Ramos Horta, ‘New nation has passed the test’, The
Australian, 30 August 2000.
[81]
Ian Timberlake, ‘Portuguese bank opens first operations in ruined East
Timor’, Agence France-Presse, 29 November 1999; Hubert Laverne,
‘Portugal moves back into East Timor’, Agence France-Presse,
3 December 1999; ‘Escudo shunned as East Timor demands US dollars’, The
News Weekly (Lisbon), 29 January 2000.
[82]
Heather Paterson, ‘Portuguese premier pledges continued support for E
Timor’, AP, 26 April 2000; ‘Portuguese PM concerned over future of East
Timor’, Agence France-Presse, 26 April 2000.
[83]
‘Guterres pledges aid to guerillas’, The News Weekly (Lisbon),
29 April 2000.
[84]
‘Timor gets 10 million euros and Portuguese training’, The News
Weekly (Lisbon), 17 June 2000.
[85]
‘East Timor: Gusmao presents CNRT Accounts for First Time’, Lusa,
21 August 2000.
[86]
‘CNRT de Lisboa recebeu mais de 300 contos este ano’, Lusa, 22
Agosto 2000.
[87]
‘Portuguese to be East Timor’s official language: Gusmao’, Agence
France-Presse, 11 February 2000; ‘East Timor chooses Portuguese as official
language’, Associated Press, 14 February 2000. Mr Whitlam made a similar
point, referring to the Papal Bulls Inter caetera and the Treaty of
Tordesillas: ‘There is no question that, but for the arrangement made by
Alexander VI and approved by Julius II, each side of 1500, that the island
would have been united. It is a pure accident of history that it was separated’
(Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 986).
[88]
UNTAET briefing, 16 February 2000.
[89]
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and AusAID, submission no. 52,
p. 21.
[90]
Arnold Zeitlin, ‘East Timor Press Struggles to Emerge’, The Freedom
Forum Online, 21 February 2000.
[91]
‘Geoffrey Hull on why Portuguese is the right choice as the official
language in East Timor’, Lingua Franca, 24 March 2000.
[92]
UNTAET briefing, 13 February 2000.
[93]
‘Brazil Bishops offer aid’, Folha de São Paulo, 7 April 2000.
[94]
‘Português será lingua oficial, confirma Xanana Gusmão’, Lusa,
18 Julho 2000; ‘East Timor to join the community of the Portuguese speaking
countries’, Xinhua, 19 July 2000;’Cimeira CPLP: Declaração sobre
Timor-Leste apoia independência’, Lusa, 18 Julho 2000.
[95] Bishop
Manning, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p.
697.
[96] Bishop
Brennan, Committee Hansard, 3 November , p. 708.
[97]
Bishop Brennan, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 714.
[98]
Bishop Deakin, Committee Hansard, 27 August 1999, p. 348.
[99]
Bishop Manning, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 699;
Bishop Brennan, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, pp.704-5. ‘AIDAB’
is the former name of ‘AusAID’.
[100]
Bishop Brennan, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, pp. 704-5.
[101]
Bishop Brennan, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, pp. 704-5.
[102]
Bishop Deakin, Committee Hansard, 27 August 1999, p. 348.
[103]
Bishop Brennan, Committee Hansard, 3 November , pp. 704-5.
[104]
Bishop Brennan, Committee Hansard, 3 November , pp. 704-5.
[105]
In camera evidence.
[106]
Mr Scott-Murphy, Committee Hansard, 10 September 1999, p.
495.
[107]
Bishop Manning, Committee Hansard, 3 November , p. 699.
[108]
‘Timor government to be secular, speak Portuguese’, Agence
France-Presse, 2 April 2000.
Chapter 3 - Humanitarian assistance and security matters
[1]
Mr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 993.
[2]
Mr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 993.
[3]
Mr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, pp. 993-4.
[4]
Mr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 994.
[5]
Mr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 994.
[6]
Mr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 994.
[7]
‘Australia peldges $25m to huge reconstruction fund for East Timor’, AAP,
8 December 1999.
[8]
AusAID, East Timor Update, 11 September 2000.
[9]
Minister for Foreign Affairs, Alexander Downer and Minister for
Trade, Mark Vaile, media release, 9 May 2000.
[10]
Mr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 997.
[11]
World Bank Multilateral Trust Fund for East Timor, fact sheet, 23 February 2000.
[12]
Mr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 995.
[13] Bishop
Manning, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, pp.
699-700.
[14]
Mr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 994.
[15]
Shingo Ito, ‘Donors pledge $A800 million for East Timor’, Agence
France-Presse, 17 December 1999; Suvendrini Kakuchi, ‘East Timor gets 522
million dollars in aid pledges’, IPS, 20 December 1999.
[16]
‘ADB to start releasing funds for E. Timor’, Reuters, 6 February 2000.
[17]
‘World Bank President arrives in East Timor’, Agence France-Presse,
21 February 2000; ‘World Bank inks development grants for East Timor’; Deutsche
Presse-Agentur, 21 February 2000; Mark Dodd, ‘UN and World Bank row over
aid deal’, ‘UN staff battle over independence policy’; The Sydney Morning
Herald, 22 February, 13 March 2000.
[18]
Asia Pulse, 20 December 1999.
[19]
UNTAET Daily Briefing, 29 March 2000.
[20]
Shingo Ito, ‘Donors pledge $A800 million for East Timor’, Agence
France-Presse, 17 December 1999.
[21]
Jim Abrams, ‘Nation-building to be formidable task, State Department
says’, AP, 11 February 2000.
[22]
‘Clinton advisor praises Australian leadership on East Timor’, 7.30
Report, 13 January 2000; ‘US to keep observers in Timor, spend $US 70
million’, Reuters, 11 February 2000.
[23]
USIS, Washington File, EPF302, 25 October 2000.
[24]
Robert Garran, ‘World Bank rounds up cash cows’, The Australian, 2 March 2000.
[25]
‘ADB extends US$1 million grant to East Timor’, Asia Pulse, 24 March 2000; ‘ADB approves one million dollar assistance to East Timor’, Agence
France-Presse, 23 March 2000.
[26]
UNTAET Daily Briefing, 29 March 2000.
[27] ‘Security
Council worries about West Timor refugees’, Reuters, 26 May 2000.
[28]
Mr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 997.
[29]
World Bank Multilateral Trust Fund for East Timor, fact sheet, 23 February 2000.
[30]
Mr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 998.
[31] Oecusse
is also spelt Oecussi, Oe Cusse, Oekusi and Wekusi. ‘Perhaps a third of all
settlement names on Timor include the word for water—Oe, Wai, We
or Be—indicating a source of fresh water’ (attachment to submission no. 37, James
J. Fox, ‘The Paradox of Powerlessness: Timor in Historical Perspective’,
p. 7). Mr P.G. Spillett recorded the following explanation from the Raja
of Ambenu, Nune Benu, whom he interviewed on 24 March 1997: ‘The name Oekusi appeared from the name Kusi (husband of Sila Benu). They lived near a spring
of water (Oe), so that the place where they lived was called Oe Kusi. Sila Benu
and Kusi had a son who was... afterwards given the name of Am Benu. The region is
now called Ambenu Oekusi’ (attachment to submission no. 17, P.G. Spillett,
The Pre-Colonial History of the Island of Timor, Darwin, Museum and Art
Gallery of the Northern Territory, 1999, p. 52).
[32]
Mr Aitken, Committee Hansard, 20 July 1999, p. 129. Prime Minister António Guterres included Oe Cusse in his visit to East Timor during
22-26 April 2000 (‘Guterres pledges aid to guerillas’, The News Weekly, Lisbon,
29 April 2000).
[33]
Mr Grant, Committee Hansard, 20 July 1999, p. 205.
[34]
Mr Grant, Committee Hansard, 20 July 1999, p. 210.
[35]
Attachment to submission no. 17, P.G. Spillett, The Pre-Colonial
History of the Island of Timor, Darwin, Museum and Art Gallery of the
Northern Territory, 1999, p. 138.
[36]
James J. Fox, attachments to submission no. 37, ‘The Paradox of
Powerlessness: Timor in Historical Perspective’ and ‘The Great Lord rests at
the centre’; see also his ‘Forgotten, neglected but not peaceful: a history of
Timor’, The Canberra Times, 27 November 1975, and ‘Tracing the path,
recounting the past: historical perspectives on Timor’‚ in James J. Fox and
Dionisio Babo Soares (eds.), Out of Ashes: deconstruction and reconstruction
of East Timor, Adelaide, Crawford House, 2000, pp. 1-29.
[37]
The similarity of this language to the dialects spoken in Solor and
eastern Flores was a significant factor in the establishment of the Portuguese
in this part of Timor in the 17th century (Professor James J. Fox, attachment
to submission no. 37, ‘The Historical Position of Tetun among the languages of
the Timor area’, p. 8).
[38]
Michael Ware, ‘Militia terror file handed over’, The Australian,
1 February 2000; Richard Lloyd Parry, ‘Militia leader’s ingeniously cruel
forms of murder’, The Independent, 2 February 2000.
[39]
Mark Dodd, ‘Passabe massacre: Marked for killing frenzy’, Sydney
Morning Herald, 8 February 2000; ‘Militia leader arrested for East Timor
murders’, ABC News Online, 10 February 2000.
[40]
Dr Bartu, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 654.
[41]
Mr McDonald, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 813.
[42]
Mr McDonald, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 813.
[43]
Dr van Klinken, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 810.
[44]
Mr Guterres, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, p. 933.
[45]
Prof. Sampford, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 730.
[46]
Quoted in Gough Whitlam, The Whitlam Government, 1972-1975, Melbourne,
Viking, 1985, p. 114.
[47]
Cf. Steve Farram, ‘The Two Timors: The partitioning of Timor by
the Portuguese and the Dutch’, Studies in Languages and Cultures of East
Timor, vol.2, 1999.
[48]
Joint communiqué signed by President Abdurrahman Wahid and UNTAET chief
Sergio Viera de Mello in Dili, 29 February 2000.
[49] ‘W
Timor Governor calls for repatriation of E Timor refugees’, Deutsche
Presse-Agentur, 8 June 2000; Mark Dodd, ‘West Timor wants to empty camps’, The
Sydney
Morning Herald, 9 June 2000; ‘Agreement reached
on border demarcation but not on Oe Cusse corridor’, Lusa, 10 July 2000.
[50]
‘Um ano depois: “Treinador” de Oecusse quer substituto timorense’, Lusa,
10 August 2000.
[51]
(UN Newservice. 28 September 2000, ETISC, http:/www.esattimor.com/news_today/2706.htm
(28 September 2000).
[52]
‘AFP East Timor Presence Continues’, Media Release, Minister for
Justice & Customs, Senator the Hon Amanda Vanstone, Senator for
South Australia, 9 May 2000.
[53]
‘State and Territory police sworn in for East Timor role’, Media
Release, Minister for Justice & Customs, Senator the Hon Amanda Vanstone,
Senator for South Australia, 15 February 2000.
[54]
‘Australian announced as head of UN Civilian Police in East Timor’, Media
Release, Minister for Justice & Customs, Senator the Hon Amanda
Vanstone, Senator for South Australia Tuesday 15 June 1999.
[55] ‘Federal Police
members awarded for service in East Timor Timor Police’, AAP,
8 August 2000.
[56]
‘Australian announced as head of UN Civilian Police in East Timor’, Media
Release, Minister for Justice & Customs, Senator the Hon Amanda Vanstone,
Tuesday, 15 June 1999.
[57]
Mr Wood, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 521.
[58]
Mr Wood, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 522.
[59]
Mr Wood, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 542.
[60]
‘Federal Police disappointed in United Nations’, AM, 16 August 2000.
[61]
‘Public recognition of police members serving in East Timor’,
Australian Federal Police media release, April 18, 2000
[62] ‘Cosgrove
applauds AFP efforts in Timor’, Agence France-Presse, 19 May 2000.
[63] ‘Federal Police
members awarded for service in East Timor Timor Police’, AAP,
8 August 2000.
[64]
Rod McGuirk, ‘UN to award Timor medals to all Aust police Timor’, AAP,
14 October 2000.
[65]
Mr Dupont, Committee Hansard, 24 September 1999, p. 626.
[66]
Professor Smith, Committee Hansard, 24 September 1999, p. 599.
[67]
Mr Uren, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 767.
[68]
Mr Lowry, Committee Hansard, 20 September 1999, p, 556.
[69]
Dr Crouch, Committee Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 578.
[70]
Elizabeth Becker, ‘General
speaks a language that Wiranto understands’, The New York Times, 14 September 1999. Thailand also played an important role in getting Indonesia to
accept Interfet. Foreign Minister Surin Pitsuwan met General Wiranto and President
Habibie in Jakarta on 14 September and, after obtaining Wiranto’s consent to
an ASEAN contribution, asked all ASEAN members to support Interfet and to
assist in solving the refugee crisis. Bruce Cheesman, ‘Thailand pressed to take
Timor reins’, Australian Financial Review, 15 October 1999.
[71]
Lincoln Wright, ‘US spy gear used in Canberra’, The Canberra Times,
21 March 2000.
[72] ‘US Admiral
sees no quick resumption of Indonesian ties’,
AP,
4
April 2000.
[73] Mr
Haigh, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 673.
[74] Committee
Hansard, 8 September 1999, p. 373.
[75] Michelle
Gilchrist, ‘Deaf to Timor radio plea’, The Australian, 10 November 1999.
[76] Ms
Downie, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, p. 965.
[77] Sister
Connelly, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 681
[78] Bishop
Brennan, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 703; Mr
Plunkett, Committee Hansard, 15 September
1999, p. 552; Mr Lowry, Committee Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 657; Mr Wesley–Smith, Committee
Hansard, 8 September 1999, p. 373; Ms Hunt, Committee
Hansard, 13 August 1999, p. 254.
[79] Mr
Dunn, Committee Hansard, 24 September 1999, p. 605.
[80] Lt.
Gen. Sanderson, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 552.
[81] Mr
Scott-Murphy, Committee Hansard, 10 September 1999, p. 506.
[82]
‘Radio Australia to get more funding for Asian broadcasts’, AAP,
8 August 2000.
Chapter 4 - The Timor Gap (Zone of Co-operation) Treaty
[1]
Mr Payne, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 873.
[2]
Attorney-General’s Department, submission no. 65, p. 3.
[3]
Attorney-General’s Department, submission no. 65, p. 2.
[4]
Opinion of the International Court of Justice, Case Concerning
East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), 30 June 1995. General List No. 84,
30 June 1995.
[5]
Mr Payne, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 873.
[6]
Mr Kjar, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 878.
[7]
Mr Kjar, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 879.
[8]
UNTAET daily briefing, 24 October 2000. Due to the one-time nature of
this windfall, this revenue was not expected to change the East Timorese budget
in any significant way.
[9]
Mr Payne, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 873.
[10]
Mr Payne, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 873. At the eighth Ministerial Council meeting in
Cairns in November 1997, Minister for Resources and Energy Senator Warwick
Parer and his Indonesian counterpart, General Sudjana, struck an agreement on
mutually acceptable principles for sharing production benefits of oil and gas
deposits in the Zone of Co-operation. The Treaty signed in 1989 had not
addressed what would occur if processing occurred outside the Zone of
Co-operation, whether in Indonesian waters or in Australian waters. These basic
principles of fiscal benefit sharing paved the way for the development of the
Bayu-Undan gas discovery (Senate Hansard, 25 November 1997, p. 9347).
[11]
Mr Campbell, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 869
[12]
Mr Campbell, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 869.
[13]
Mr Campbell, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 870.
[14]
Mr Campbell, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 870.
[15]
Department of Foreign Affairs, Agreement between... Australia and...
Indonesia Establishing Certain Seabed Boundaries, Treaty Series 1973, No.
31.
[16]
Mr Campbell, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 870.
[17]
Mr French, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 883.
[18]
Indonesian Foreign Minister Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, who in 1971-72 was a
principal member of the Indonesian negotiating team on the seabed boundary,
complained in December 1978 that Australia had ‘taken Indonesia to the
cleaners’ in 1972 (‘Boundary threat to seabed leases’, The Sydney Morning
Herald, 21 December 1978). He did not specify how Australia had taken
unfair advantage.
[19]
J.R.V. Prescott, ‘The Australian-Indonesian Continental Shelf
Agreements’, Australia’s Neighbours, vol. 82, September-October
1972, pp. 1-2. Brian Toohey, ‘Oil:
Portuguese tail-twisting could backfire’, The Australian Financial Review,
26 March 1974; ‘Canberra, Lisbon head for row’, The Age, 26 March 1974;
‘Australia calls for report on oil leases’, The Sydney Morning Herald,
14 December 1974. Portuguese Ambassador Carlos Empis Wemans to Lisbon, 25
March 1974, Cour internationale de
justice, Affaire relative au Timor oriental (Portugal c. Australie): mémoire
du gouvernement de la république Portugaise, La Haye, 1991, Annexe IV.9,
pp. 321-3.
[20]
Michael Richardson, ‘Oil Reserves are Sensitive Independence Issue’, International
Herald Tribune, 15 December 1999.
[21]
Wendy Pugh, ‘Australia seeks to avoid East Timor border dispute’, Reuters,
6 October 2000.
[22]
Cmdr. Robin Warner, RAN, ‘Law of the Sea Issues for the Timor Sea: A
Defence perspective’, East Timor and its Maritime Dimensions: Law and Policy
Implications for Australia, Canberra, Australian Institute of International
Affairs, 14 June 2000.
[23]
Hamish McDonald, ‘Sounding the gap’‚ The Sydney Morning Herald,
21 October 2000.
[24] Mr Campbell,
Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 871.
[25] ‘Australia’s
sea boundary challenged’, ABC News, 2 September 1997.
[26]
Mr Payne, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 874.
[27]
Mr Michael Potts, Committee
Hansard, 11 November 1999, pp. 871-2.
[28]
Committee
Hansard, 8 September 1999, p. 417.
[29]
Mr J. Godlove, Committee Hansard, 8 September 1999, p. 418.
[30]
Australian Institute of International Affairs, Centre for Maritime
Policy at the University of Wollongong, and the International Law Association, East
Timor and its Maritime Dimensions: Legal and Policy Implications for Australia,
Canberra, 14 June 2000. Cf. Trevor Sykes, ‘The looming oil war with
Indonesia’, The Australian Financial Review, 15 October 1997: ‘The
various compromises reached by the diplomats have produced a rat’s nest of
ownership and royalty regimes’. Sykes pointed out that the Treaty when signed
in 1989 did not anticipate that an unfinished product might be exported across
one of the boundaries. Phillips wished to pipe gas from Bayu-Undan to Darwin
for conversion to LNG, which raised the question of whether the royalty to be
paid to Indonesia would be on the value of the gas or the LNG.
[31]
Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1999, p. 112.
[32]
Mr John Akehurst, Managing Director, Woodside Petroleum Ltd, quoted in
‘Australia’s Woodside Sees No Threat from Timor Gas Rivalry’, Asia Pulse,
6 December 1999.
[33]
Mr Godlove, Committee Hansard, 8 September 1999, p. 421;
Mr Payne, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 873.
[34]
Mr Payne, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 885.
[35]
Paul Tait, ‘East Timor backs gas project but warns on treaty’, Reuters,
10 November 1999.
[36]
Mr Ross Adler, Managing Director, Santos Ltd, Asia Pulse, 18
November 1999.
[37]
The partners are: Phillips Petroleum Company, 50.29%, Santos Ltd,
11.83%, Inpex, 11.71%, Kerr McGee Corporation, 11.2%, Petroz NL, 8.26%, British
Borneo, 6.72%.
[38]
Asia Pulse, 18 November 1999.
[39]
Senator Nick Minchin, ‘World Scale Petroleum Project for Timor Sea’,
Media Release 00/49.
[40]
Mr Payne, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, pp. 873-4.
[41]
Mr Michael Potts, Committee
Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 871.
[42]
Mr Michael Potts, Committee
Hansard, 11 November 1999, pp. 871-2.
[43]
McNair, Arnold Duncan, Baron The Law of Treaties, 1961 edition,
p. 601; quoted in Attorney-General’s Department, submission no. 65, p. 4.
[44]
The 1978 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of
Treaties, and the 1983 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in
Respect of State Property, Archives and Debts; quoted in Attorney-General’s
Department, submission no. 65, p. 4.
[45]
Mr Campbell, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 879.
[46]
Mr Michael Potts, Committee
Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 872.
[47]
Mr Campbell, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 881.
[48]
Mr Michael Potts, Committee
Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 872.
[49]
‘Support for Timor Gap Treaty at Dili workshop’, Australian
Associated Press, 20 January 2000.
[50]
Mr Michael Potts, Committee
Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 872.
[51]
Mr Michael Potts, Committee
Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 872.
[52]
Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister for Industry, Science and
Resources Joint Media Release, 10 February 2000.
[53]
Senate Hansard, 13 March 2000.
[54]
Mr Payne, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 877.
[55]
Mr Payne, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 877.
[56]
Mr Kjar, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 878.
[57]
Mr Kjar, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 878.
[58]
Mr Kjar, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 878.
[59]
Senate Hansard, 4 October 2000, p. 17785.
[60]
Mr Michael Potts and Mr Payne,
Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 876.
[61]
Mr Payne, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, pp. 876-7.
[62]
Mr Guterres, Committee Hansard,
18 November 1999, pp. 927, 937.
[63]
Mr Campbell, Committee Hansard,
11 November 1999, p. 883.
[64]
Paul Tait, ‘East Timor backs gas project but warns on treaty’, Reuters,
10 November 1999.
[65]
Karen Polglaze, ‘Future of Timor Gap Treaty thrown into doubt’, Australian
Associated Press, 29 November, The Sydney Morning Herald, 30
November 1999.
[66]
Andrew McNaughtan, ‘New nation has opportunity for gains in the Gap’, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 13 April 2000.
[67]
‘Ramos-Horta calls on Australia to renounce Timor Gap oil treaty’, Agence-France
Presse, 8 May 2000.
[68]
Mr Payne, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, pp. 876-7;
‘Bayu-Undan Project Good for East Timor–Phillips Petroleum CEO’, Dow Jones,
27 June 2000.
[69]
Peter Alford and Robert Garran,
‘East Timor wants new gap treaty’, The Australian, 15 June 2000; Rod
McGuirk, ‘Downer stresses need for stability in Timor Gap’, AAP, 15 June
2000.
[70]
Mark Dodd, ‘Timor Gap deal set to deliver windfall for Dili’, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 21 June 2000.
[71]
Ray Brindal, ‘Australia says revenue, not border, focus of Timor
talks’, Dow Jones Newswires, 14 July 2000.
[72]
‘Dili & Canberra to begin sea boundary talks in October’, Kyodo,
28 August 2000; ‘East Timor: Oil Negotiations with Australia to begin in
October’, Lusa, 28 August 2000.
[73]
Asia Pacific, 10 October 2000.
[74]
Minister
for Foreign Affairs, ‘Timor Gap Treaty Negotiations to Begin’, media release,
18 September 2000; ‘Renegotiation of Timor Gap treaty to begin’, AAP, 18
September 2000.
[75]
Article 83 (1) in the Informal composite negotiating text, Document
A/CONF.62/WP.10 of 15 July 1977 of the Law of the Sea Conference read: ‘The
delimitation of the continental shelf between adjacent or opposite States,
shall be effected by agreement in accordance with equitable principles,
employing where appropriate, the median or equidistant line, and taking account
all the relevant circumstances’. The reference to the ‘median or equidistant
line’ was omitted in the final version of the Convention. The 1977 draft was
included as Appendix II in the report of the Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs
and Defence, Australia, Antarctica and the Law of the Sea, Interim
Report, 1978.
Chapter 5 - Human rights in East Timor
[1]
Mr Dauth, Committee
Hansard, 13 August 1999, p. 232.
[2]
Mr Dauth, Committee
Hansard, 13 August 1999, p. 232.
[3]
Professor Hugo, Committee Hansard, 19 July 1999, p. 55.
[4]
Mr Soares, Committee Hansard,
20 July 1999, p. 194.
[5]
Professor Cotton, Committee
Hansard, 13 August 1999, p. 281. Professor Cotton subsequently wrote that
‘the total number of fatalities during the period of Indonesian numbered at
least 120,000 and could have been as high as 200,000’ (‘The Emergence of an
Independent East Timor: National and Regional Challenges’, Contemporary
Southeast Asia, vol. 22, No. 1, April 2000, p. 3).
[6]
Dr William Maley, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 862.
[7]
Mr Wesley-Smith, Committee
Hansard, 8 September 1999, p. 369. The passage quoted is on page 96 of the
Committee’s report.
[8]
Mr Aubrey, Committee Hansard, 27
August 1999, p. 314.
[9]
James Dunn, Timor: A People Betrayed, Sydney, ABC Books, 1996,
p. 284. In evidence to the Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and
Defence’s inquiry into human rights in East Timor, Mr Dunn said the ‘actual
loss of life could be up around 200,000 people’ (Committee Hansard, 9
June 1982, p. 401). Xanana Gusmão said in an interview in 1990 that he
believed that ‘more than 200,000’ people had died over the previous 15 years
from fighting, famine and disease (Background Briefing, 28 October
1990).
[10]
Mr Dunn, Committee Hansard, 24 September
1999, p. 612. During its 1982-83 inquiry into the human rights and conditions
of the people of East Timor, the Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs
and Defence received evidence from eyewitnesses to massacres and other flagrant
abuses of human rights. This evidence was kept in camera to protect
witnesses in East Timor.
[11]
Mark Dodd, ‘War crimes lawyer to study 1975 invasion’, The Sydney
Morning Herald, 26 August 2000; Ian Timberlake, ‘East Timor militia
accused to be charged’, Agence France-Presse, 29 August 2000.
[12] Daily
News (Dili), 5 October 2000; ‘Tanzanian appointed U.N. prosecutor general
for East Timor,’ Xinhua, 9 October 2000.
[13]
‘Arrest Warrant For Eurico Guterres’, UNTAET News, 11 October
2000; Mark Dodd, ‘Hand over militia head, says UN’, The Sydney Morning
Herald, 12 October 2000.
[14]
Resolution adopted by the 108th Annual Convention of the Central
Conference of American Rabbis in June 1997.
[15]
Visit of the Special Rapporteur to Indonesia and East Timor, U.N.
Doc. E/CN.4/1992/17/Add.1, paras. 73, 74.
[16]
Canada. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, For
the Record 1998: the UN Human Rights System, vol. 3, ‘Asia: Indonesia’.
[17]
Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr Nigel S. Rodley: Summary of
cases transmitted to Governments and replies received, E/CN.4/1998/38/Add.1
[18] Mr Paris
Aristotle, Director, Victorian Foundation for the Survivors of Torture, Committee
Hansard, 27 August 1999, p. 304.
[19]
United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Situation in East Timor,
Report of the Secretary-General, 25 February 1998, E/CN.4/1998/58,
pp. 15-7.
[20]
E/CN.4/1998/54, paras. 26-27.
[21]
Miranda S. Sissons, From One Day to Another: Violations of Women’s
Reproductive and Sexual Rights in East Timor, Melbourne, East Timor Human
Rights Centre, 1997.
[22]
John
G. Taylor, East Timor, the Price of Freedom, London, Zed Books, 1999,
pp. 101-2, 111; Ross Warnke, ‘Timor: tales of torture’, The Age, 14 May
1982; Committee Hansard, in camera evidence, 14 May 1982; Peter
Millership, ‘Timor Bishop accuses military of massacring 84 villagers’, Reuters,
1 March 1984.
[23]
Michele Turner, Telling East Timor: Personal Testimonies, 1942-1992,
Sydney, UNSW Press, 1992, pp. 166-7.
[24]
Amnesty International Australia, submission no. 43, p. 18.
[25]
Amnesty International Australia, submission no. 43, p. 18.
[26]
Amnesty International Australia, submission no. 43, p. 18.
[27]
Russell Anderson, submission no. 64, pp. 8, 12.
[28]
Amnesty International Australia, submission no. 43, p. 19.
[29] A
Review of Australia's Efforts to Promote and Protect Human Rights, Canberra,
1992, p. 71.
[30]
Amnesty International Australia, submission no. 43, p. 8.
[31]
Amnesty International Australia, submission no. 43, p. 8.
[32]
Amnesty International Australia, submission no. 43, p. 9.
[33]
Quoted in Amnesty International Australia, submission no. 43, p. 9.
[34]
Amnesty International Australia, submission no. 43, p. 4.
[35]
Amnesty International Australia, submission no. 43, p. 4.
[36]
Amnesty International Australia, submission no. 43, p. 5.
[37]
Amnesty International Australia, submission no. 43, p. 6.
[38]
‘Increasing Interconnectedness: Globalisation and International
Intervention’, Speech by the Hon Alexander Downer, MP, Minister for Foreign
Affairs, to the Sydney Institute, Sydney, 17 July 2000; Peter Allport, ‘Irian
Jaya is part of Indonesia, says Downer’, AAP, 17 July 2000.
[39]
Dr Hull, Committee Hansard, 10 September
1999, pp. 511-2.
[40]
Professor Warren, Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1999, p. 104.
[41]
Dr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 20 July 1999, pp. 100-01.
[42]
Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Legislation Committee, Committee
Hansard (estimates hearings), 5 May 1999, pp. 288-89.
[43]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 1023.
[44]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 13 August 1999, p. 230.
[45]
Quoted in John Lyons, ‘The Secret Timor Dossier’, The Bulletin,
12 October 1999, p. 29. The information in the article was based allegedly
on leaked documents from the Defence Intelligence Organisation.
[46]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 9 December 1999, p. 1026.
[47]
General Sanderson, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 547.
[48]
Mr Mark Plunkett, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 547.
[49]
Mr Lowry, Committee Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 559.
[50]
Dr Crouch, Committee Hansard, 20 September 1999, pp. 579-80.
[51]
Dr Crouch Committee Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 580.
[52]
Richard Lloyd Parry, ‘Conclusive proof TNI planned reign of terror’, The
Independent, 7 February 2000.
[53]
‘Wiranto responsible for Timor atrocities: Gusmao’, Agence
France-Presse, 6 February 2000.
[54]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 993.
[55]
Mr G.E. Lambert, attachment to submission no. 47.
[56]
United Nations Economic and Social Council, Report of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights on the human rights situation in East Timor,
17 September 1999, E/CN.4/S-4/CRP.1.
[57]
On the same date the report of the Investigative
Commission on Violence in East Timor of the Indonesian National Human
Rights Commission (Komnas-HAM), was
made public in Jakarta. The Indonesian national inquiry had been set up after
the Indonesian Government had refused to accept the international commission.
[58]
United Nations, Report of International Commission of Inquiry into
human rights violations, General Assembly/Security Council, 1 February
2000.
[59]
United Nations General Assembly, Situation of human rights in East
Timor, 10 December 1999, A/54/660.
[60] United
Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Report of
the International
Commission of Inquiry on East Timor to the Secretary-General, January, 2000.
[61]
Indonesia. National Human Rights Commission (Komnas-HAM), Report on the Investigation of Human Rights Violations in East Timor, 31
January 2000, (English translation).
[62]
Mr O’Connor, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 784.
[63]
Mr Hogan, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 789.
[64]
Mr Anthony O’Connor, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 785.
[65]
Mr Anthony O’Connor, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 786.
[66]
Mr Anthony O’Connor, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 786.
[67]
Mr Anthony O’Connor, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 787.
[68]
Mr Nicholas Cowdery, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, pp.
736-37.
[69]
Mr Nicholas Cowdery, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 737.
[70]
Mr Nicholas Cowdery, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 737.
[71]
Justice Dowd Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 741.
[72]
Justice Dowd, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 741.
[73]
Mr Michael O’Connor, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, p.
912.
[74]
Mr Michael O’Connor, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, p.
916.
[75]
Lindsay Murdoch, ‘Blanket amnesty for officers: they were only issuing
orders’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 19 August 2000.
[76]
UNTAET briefing, 7 August 2000.
[77]
Edith M. Lederer, Associated Press writer, Indonesia Rejects E.
Timor Tribunal, included in ETISC, Timor Today.
[78]
Justice Dowd, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 739.
[79]
Justice Dowd, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 735.
[80]
Justice Dowd, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 739.
[81]
Air Commodore Clarke, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p.
848.
[82]
Mr Scrafton, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 848.
[83]
Mr Scrafton, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 848.
[84]
Mr Scrafton, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 849.
[85]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 9
December 1999, p. 1030.
[86]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, pp. 991-2.
[87]
Tim Johnston, ‘Timor camps test for Jakarta—Holbrooke’, Reuters, 22
November 1999.
[88]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 991; and 9
December 1999, p. 1029.
[89]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, pp. 991-2.
[90]
Mr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 995. The $23 million formed part
of the total increase of $60 million in the Australian aid program funding for
East Timor in the financial year 1999-2000 which the Minister for Foreign
Affairs and Trade, Mr Downer, announced on 22 November.
[91]
Mr Dawson, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 998.
[92]
Mr Plunkett, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 549.
[93]
Mr Walsh, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, p. 898.
[94] ‘Annan
to visit camps in West Timor, UN says’, Agence France-Presse, 4 February
2000.
[95]
‘Governor wants rid of burdensome East Timor refugees’, Jawa Pos,
15 February 2000.
[96]
‘W Timor Governor calls for repatriation of E Timor refugees’, Deutsche
Presse-Agentur, 8 June 2000; Mark Dodd, ‘West Timor wants to empty camps’, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 9 June 2000.
[97]
Deutsche-Presse Agentur, 31 July 2000.
[98]
‘Security
Council urges Indonesia to help end cross-border attacks in East Timor’, UN
News, 3 August 2000.
[99]
AAP news report, carried on NINEMSN Internet news report 12:36 AEDT, 11
November 2000.
[100]
Bronwyn Curran, Ex-Timor militias still threaten, intimidate refugees:
UN official, Agence France-Presse (AFP) 13 November 2000.
[101]
AAP news report, carried on NINEMSN Internet news report 12:36 AEDT, 11
November 2000.
[102]
Mr Gray, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 91.
[103]
Mr Maley, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 891.
[104]
Mr Maley, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 892.
[105]
Mr Maley, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 894.
[106]
UNTAET briefing, 29 August 2000.
[107]
Sister Connelly, Committee
Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 682. Ian McPhedran, ‘Three-way tussle
over the fate of Timorese’, The Canberra Times, 28 July 1995.
[108]
Ms Biok, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 744.
[109]
Dr Chan, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 840.
[110]
Ambassador da Silva, Committee Hansard, 13 August 1999, p. 274.
[111]
Embassy of Portugal, Press Communiqué, 3 June 1998.
[112]
Leigh Murray, ‘1,600 Timorese refugees may stay in Australia: govt.’, AAP,
8 October 1999.
[113] Ms
Biok, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 745.
[114] Ms Biok,
supplementary submission, 29 June 2000; Dennis Schulz, ‘Spotlight on Timorese
asylum seekers in Australia’, The Age, 17 July 2000.
[115]
‘East Timorese man gains refugee status’, AAP, 5 October 2000;
Andrew Clennell, ‘Landmark ruling gives hope to 1,500 East Timor refugees’, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 6 October 2000.
Chapter 6 - Australian policy: Indonesia’s incorporation of East Timor
[1]
Ferreira de Carvalho to Evatt, 18 December 1941, W.J. Hudson and H.J.
Stokes (eds.), Documents on Australian Foreign Policy, 1937-1949,
Canberra, Department of Foreign Affairs, 1982, vol. v, p. 321; quoted
in Rodney Lewis, submission no. 93, ‘Timor 1941: Unwelcome Visitors’, p. 165.
[2]
Curtin to Ferreira de Carvalho, 18 December 1941, W.J. Hudson and
H.J. Stokes (eds.), Documents on Australian Foreign Policy, 1937-1949,
Canberra, Department of Foreign Affairs, 1982, vol. v, p. 321; quoted
in Rodney Lewis, submission no. 93, ‘Timor 1941: Unwelcome Visitors’, p. 165.
[3]
Mr Carey, Committee Hansard, 20 July 1999, p. 122, and
submission no. 72, appendix A, ‘East Timorese Casualties, Erroneous History’,
p. 1. The accuracy of Mr Carey’s account is supported by a study referred
to the Committee by Mr Lewis: Henry Frei, ‘Japan’s Reluctant Decision to Occupy
Portuguese Timor, 1 January 1942-20 February 1942’, Australian Historical
Studies, vol. 27, no. 107, October 1996, pp. 281-302.
[4]
Cranbourne to Curtin, 10 and 11 December 1941, W.J. Hudson and H.J.
Stokes (eds.), Documents on Australian Foreign Policy, 1937-1949,
Canberra, Department of Foreign Affairs, 1982, vol. v, pp. 296 and
304; quoted in Rodney Lewis, submission no. 93, ‘Timor 1941: Unwelcome
Visitors’, p. 162.
[5]
Curtin to Cranbourne, 26 December 1941, W.J. Hudson and H.J. Stokes
(eds.), Documents on Australian Foreign Policy, 1937-1949, Canberra,
Department of Foreign Affairs, 1982, vol. v, pp. 360-1; quoted in Rodney Lewis,
submission no. 93, ‘Timor 1941: Unwelcome Visitors’, pp. 166-7. Also cited
in Frei, p. 287.
[6]
Curtin to Cranbourne, 26 December 1941, W.J. Hudson and H.J. Stokes
(eds.), Documents on Australian Foreign Policy, 1937-1949, Canberra,
Department of Foreign Affairs, 1982, vol. v, pp. 360-1; quoted in Rodney
Lewis, submission no. 93, ‘Timor 1941: Unwelcome Visitors’, p. 167. Also
cited in Frei, p. 287.
[7]
Henry Frei, ‘Japan’s Reluctant Decision to Occupy Portuguese Timor, 1
January 1942-20 February 1942’, Australian Historical Studies, vol. 27,
no. 107, October 1996, p. 298.
[8]
Mr Carey, Committee Hansard, 20 July 1999, p. 122, and
submission no. 72, appendix A, ‘East Timorese Casualties, Erroneous History’,
p. 1. The accuracy of Mr Carey’s account is supported by a study referred
to the Committee by Mr Lewis: Henry Frei, ‘Japan’s Reluctant Decision to Occupy
Portuguese Timor, 1 January 1942-20 February 1942’, Australian Historical
Studies, vol. 27, no. 107, October 1996, pp. 281-302.
[9]
Mr Carey, Committee Hansard, 20 July 1999, p. 122.
[10]
Mr Uren, Committee Hansard, 4
November 1999, p. 754.
[11]
Mr Lewis, Committee Hansard, 4
November 1999, p. 751, quoting W.J. Hudson and H.J. Stokes (eds.), Documents
on Australian Foreign Policy, 1937-1949, Canberra, Department of Foreign
Affairs, 1982, vol. v, p. 373.
[12]
Mr Lewis, Committee Hansard, 4
November 1999, p. 751; submission no. 93, ‘Proposals for due
recognition of the people of East Timor by the Government & people of
Australia - their struggle for freedom; our obligation’.
[13]
Salazar to Menzies regarding Timor,
1 March 1962, NAA A1209/80, 1974/9010, p. 4, referring to statement by
Evatt, House of Representatives, Hansard, 27 November 1941, p. 977.
[14]
Salazar to Menzies regarding Timor,
1 March 1962, NAA A1209/80, 1974/9010, p. 4, see Curtin to Evatt, 3 July
1943, W.J. Hudson and H.J. Stokes (eds.), Documents on Australian
Foreign Policy, 1937-1949, Canberra, Department of Foreign Affairs, 1983,
vol. vi, pp. 444-6.
[15]
H.V. Evatt, House of Representatives, Hansard, 26 March 1946,
pp. 625-6.
[16]
Indonesian
Foreign Minister Dr Subandrio was reported as saying in a statement to the
Indonesian Parliament that ‘the Portuguese should beware of their position in
Timor’ (Jack Percival, ‘Timor: the new Indies sore spot’, The Sun-Herald,
13 August 1961).
[17]
Mr Dunn, Committee Hansard, 24
September 1999, p. 601.
[18]
Mr Dunn, Committee Hansard, 24
September 1999, p. 600.
[19]
Mr Dunn, Committee Hansard, 24
September 1999, p. 601. A different impression was recorded by Osmar White, who
wrote of the ‘spiritual deformity’ which seemed to affect the Timorese under
Portuguese rule: ‘I have travelled a great deal in parts of Asia where white
men are disliked and distrusted, but I have never been so sensible of
fear-paralysed hostility as I was in Timor’ (‘Timor—Island of Fear’, The
Melbourne Herald, 2 April 1963).
[20]
Quoted in Mr Whitlam, submission,
no. 5, 30 November 1999, p. 4. Also referred to in Jack Percival,
‘Timor: the new Indies sore spot’, The Sun-Herald, 13 August 1961.
[21]
Bruce Juddery, ‘East Timor: which way to turn?’, The Canberra Times,
18 April 1975; Jill Jolliffe, ‘Indonesia now wants all the gory details’,
The Canberra Times, 19 August 1995. The officers had come to Portuguese
Timor as a result of a request by the Menzies Government to Portugal in March
1958 for co-operation in assisting a rebel movement (Permesta) in Sulawesi and
Maluku which was attempting to break away from the unitary Indonesian state of
President Soekarno (Geoffrey Slater and Jack Waterford, ‘Finger in the Pie’, The
Canberra Times, 17 February 1991). In November 2000, a woman
pro-integrationist refugee from Viqueque residing in Kupang told The Jakarta
Post: ‘My father joined the 1959 rebellion. Many were killed, the river
simply turned red with their blood’ (Lela E. Madjiah, ‘What could be worse than
East Timorese refugee camps?’ The Jakarta Post, 23 November 2000).
[22]
George J. Aditjandro, Is Oil Thicker than Blood, New York, Nova
Science, 1999, p. 10.
[23]
Published in Gough Whitlam, Abiding Interests, Brisbane,
University of Queensland Press, 1997, pp. 290-5.
[24]
Dr Salazar to Mr Menzies regarding
Timor, 5 March 1964, NAA A1209/80, 1974/9010, pp. 3-4.
[25]
Salazar to Menzies regarding Timor,
5 March 1964, NAA A1209/80, 1974/9010, pp. 5-6.
[26]
Mr Whitlam, submission, no.
5, 26 March 1999, p. 6.
[27]
Mr Whitlam, submission, no.
5, 26 March 1999, p. 7.
[28]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 976. In Timor, the decolonisation policy was to be
implemented by a team led by Colonel Mario Lemos Pires, who took up his
appointment as Governor on 18 November 1974.
[29]
Mr Whitlam, submission, no.
5, 26 March 1999, p. 3; Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 979.
[30]
Mr Whitlam, submission, no.
5, 26 March 1999, p. 7.
[31]
Mr Whitlam, submission, no.
5, 26 March 1999, p. 7. Mr Whitlam had expressed his opposition to Portuguese
rule in Timor in 1963, when he said in delivering the 14th Roy Milne Memorial
Lecture: ‘Eastern Timor must appear as an anachronism to every country in the
world except Portugal ... We would not have a worthy supporter in the world if we
backed the Portuguese’. This was drawn to the attention of the press in 1973
when Portugal was showing reluctance to engage in negotiations with Australia
over a seabed boundary (Paul Webster, ‘Dying empire next door’, The
Australian, 13 July 1973; Michael Davenport, ‘Portuguese Timor: a colonial
embarrassment at our front doorstep’, The National Times, 16 July 1973).
[32]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 984.
[33]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 984.
[34]
Referring to the Papal bulls Inter caetera of 3 May 1493 and 24
January 1506, and the Treaties of Tordesillas (1494) and Saragossa (1529). Cf.
Edward G. Bourne, ‘The History and Determination of the Line of Demarcation by
Pope Alexander VI, between the Spanish and Portuguese Fields of Discovery and
Colonization’, Senate Miscellaneous Documents, Washington, vol 5,
1891-92, pp. 103-30; Lourdes Díaz-Trechuelo,
‘El Tratado de Tordesillas y su proyección en el Pacífico’, Revista Española
del Pacífico, no. 4, Año IV, Enero-Diciembre 1994, pp. 11-21.
[35]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 986.
[36]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 14
May 1982, p. 12; Gough Whitlam, The Whitlam Government,
Melbourne, Viking, 1985, p. 107.
[37]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 986. José Osorio Soares, Secretary-General of Apodeti,
expressed a similar view in 1975, saying that East and West Timor should be
joined in one autonomous province: ‘We become a part of Indonesia, then the
government in Kupang gets independence from Indonesia for a united Timor. It is
only one land; how can it be divided?’ Bill Nicol, Timor: The
Stillborn Nation, Melbourne, Visa, 1978, p. 62.
[38]
Mr Whitlam, submission, no.
5, 30 November 1999, pp. 9-10.
[39]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, pp. 976, 986
[40]
Mr Whitlam, submission no. 5, 30
November 1999, p. 3. A 4 April 1963 report of the Working Group of Departmental
Officers, ‘The Future of East Timor’, suggested ‘Perhaps in theory the problem
of self-determination is not insurmountable and might be overcome by a West New
Guinea type of arrangement’ (Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson
(eds.), Australia and the Indonesian incorporation of Portuguese Timor,
1974-1976, Melbourne University Press, 2000, p. 31).
[41]
Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and
the Indonesian Incorporation of East Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne University
Press, 2000, p. 92.
[42]
Gough Whitlam, Abiding Interests, Brisbane, University of
Queensland Press, 1997, pp. 72-74.
[43]
Alan Renouf, The Frightened Country, Melbourne, Macmillan, 1979,
p. 443.
[44]
Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and
the Indonesian Incorporation of East Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne University
Press, 2000, p. 95.
[45]
Quoted in Gough Whitlam, Abiding Interests, Brisbane, University
of Queensland Press, 1997, p. 295.
[46]
Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and
the Indonesian Incorporation of East Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne University
Press, 2000, pp. 101-02.
[47]
David Jenkins, ‘Whitlam can’t maintain outrage over East Timor’, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 30 November 1991.
[48]
Paul Kelly, ‘Willesee: Whitlam reigned on East Timor’, The
Australian, 10 March 1999.
[49]
‘Record of Meeting between the
Prime Minister and President Soeharto, State Guest House, Yogyakarta, 6
September 1975’, pp. 3, 4; published in The Sydney Morning Herald, 6
March 1999 and included in Mr Whitlam’s submission, no. 5, 23 November 1999. Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne
Johnson (eds.), Australia and the Indonesian incorporation of Portuguese
Timor, 1974-1976, Melbourne University Press, 2000, pp. 95-8.
[50]
Associated Press, 18 October 1974; quoted in Bill Nicol, Timor:
The Stillborn Nation, Melbourne, Visa, 1978, p. 62.
[51]
First Assistant Secretary (South East Asia) Feakes to Cooper, 24
September 1974, NAA: A10005/2, TS202/1/1, annex; also in Deputy Secretary
Woolcott to Secretary Renouf, 24 September 1974, Wendy Way, Damien Browne and
Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and the Indonesian Incorporation of East
Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne University Press, 2000, p. 111; Hamish
McDonald, ‘Politics of betrayal’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 13
September 2000.
[52]
Alan Renouf, The Frightened Country, Melbourne, Macmillan, 1979,
p. 444; Michael Richardson, ‘We’ll tell Jakarta: hands off Timor’, The
Age, 30 October 1974. Cf. Magalhael Cruz to Francisco da Costa
Gomes, 13 November 1974: ‘A month and a half having passed since the meeting in
Jakarta and, perhaps because the government in Canberra considers itself better
informed than then, the Australian delegation seems now in the recent
conversations to have been authorised to take a step backward with regard to
the conclusions which President Soeharto and Prime Minister Whitlam reached
last September. Rather than integration being “the natural and inevitable”
solution for Portuguese Timor it was the wishes of the people which received
major emphasis on the part of the Australians ... As well, Whitlam himself had
already warned the Indonesian side against certain practices which had been
employed by the Jakarta Government in the integration of West Irian’
(Presidência do Conselho de Ministros, Relatórios da descolonização de
Timor, Lisboa, 1981, ‘Relatório de Governador Mário Lemos Pires’, doc. 2.9,
in Jill Joliffe (ed.), The East Timor question, Lisse, The Netherlands,
MMF Publications, 1997).
[53]
Gough Whitlam, Abiding Interests, Brisbane, University of
Queensland Press, 1997. p. 74.
[54]
Michael Richardson, ‘Timor: first sign of rift’, The Age, 6
December 1974.
[55]
Michael Richardson, ‘Canberra-Jakarta talks soon on Timor future’, The
Australian Financial Review, 16 May 1974; ‘Timor in no hurry to
change’, The Canberra News, 10 July 1974; José Ramos-Horta, ‘A warm
welcome’, The National Times, 29 July 1974; Sinar Harapan, 27
July 1974. Mr Ali Alatas, who served as interpreter at the meeting between
Malik and Ramos Horta in June 1974, commented as Foreign Minister in September
1997: ‘I was there ... clearly at that time Adam Malik said, “We have no claims
on East Timor. We will accept any outcome of a good decolonisation”. This is
what Ramos Horta doesn’t say. The only thing that we wanted was that all
parties got the same treatment. Got the same fair chance to compete and that
whoever won in a clean and just decolonisation process we would gladly accept ...
But everybody knows that it didn’t happen that way’ (David Jenkins, ‘Alatas
cites history in East Timor conundrum’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 13
September 1997).
[56]
Alan Renouf, The Frightened Country, Melbourne, Macmillan, 1979,
p. 444. Submission to Willesee, 13 December 1974; Wendy Way, Damien
Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and the Indonesian
Incorporation of East Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne University Press, 2000, pp.
148-53.
[57]
Submission to Willesee, 10 February 1975; and cablegram to Lisbon,
11 February 1975, Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia
and the Indonesian Incorporation of East Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne
University Press, 2000, pp. 170-6.
[58]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 986.
[59]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 984.
[60]
Whitlam to Soeharto, 28 February 1975; included in Mr Whitlam’s
submission, no. 5,
23 November 1999, and published in The Canberra Times, 6 March
1999.
[61]
Memorandum to Jakarta, 3 March 1975; Wendy Way, Damien Browne and
Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and the Indonesian Incorporation of East
Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne University Press, 2000, p. 204-8. Michael
Richardson, ‘East Timor: the war Australia might have prevented’, The
National Times, 24 July 1976, p. 11.
[62]
Woolcott to Department of Foreign Affairs, 5 January 1976, quoted in
Bruce Juddery, ‘Envoy puts Jakarta’s view’, The Canberra Times, 16
January 1976. Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia
and the Indonesian Incorporation of East Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne
University Press, 2000, p. 652.
[63]
House of Representatives Hansard,
25 February 1975, pp. 643-4, Australian Yearbook of International Law,
vol. 6, 1974-1975, p. 208; cited in The Hon. Bill Morrison, AO, to
Committee Secretary, 10 December 1999.
[64]
Peter Hastings, ‘Jakarta ponders a military “solution” ’, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 21 February 1975; Gary Scully, AM, 25
February 1975; these reports were based on Australian intelligence, which the
Defence Department disclosed to the media as a warning to the Indonesians not
to proceed with the military option (Bill Nicol, Timor: The Stillborn
Nation, Melbourne, Visa, 1978, pp. 284-6).
[65]
John G. Taylor, Indonesia’s Forgotten War, London, Zed Books,
1991, p. 40; James Dunn, Timor: A People Betrayed, Sydney, ABC Books,
1993, p. 103; Julius Pour, Benny Moerdani: Profile of a Soldier
Statesman, Jakarta, Yayasan Kejuangan Panglima Besar Sudirman, 1993, p.
334.
[66]
Julius Pour, Benny Moerdani: Profile of a Soldier Statesman, Jakarta,
Yayasan Kejuangan Panglima Besar Sudirman, 1993, p. 319.
[67]
James Dunn, Timor: A People Betrayed, Sydney, ABC Books, 1993,
p. 99.
[68]
Hamish McDonald, Suharto’s Indonesia, Melbourne, Fontana, 1980,
p. 66.
[69]
Bill Nicol, Timor: The Stillborn Nation, Melbourne, Visa, 1978,
p. 266.
[70]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, pp. 984-5. The meeting in London to which President
Soeharto referred took place on 9 March 1975. The Indonesians were left with
the impression that the Portuguese regarded eventual incorporation of the
province into Indonesia as inevitable (Bill Nicol, Timor: The Stillborn
Nation, Melbourne, Visa, 1978, p. 297). The Portuguese did not disavow the
views expressed by President Costa Gomes and Prime Minister Vasco Gonçalves to
Ali Moertopo at an initial meeting in Lisbon in October 1974 that independence
for Timor was ‘unrealistic’ and ‘nonsense’, and that Timor remaining part of
Portugal ‘did not accord with the policy of his [President Gomes’] state’. At
the 9 March 1975 meeting, the Portuguese maintained ‘an attitude of
indefinition’ in the words of Lemos Pires, toward the Indonesians’ explicitly
expressed intention to integrate the province. The official Portuguese record
of the meeting, quoted by Lemos Pires, stated: ‘Portugal nada fará dificultar a
integração de Timor na Indonésia’ [‘Portugal will make no difficulty for
integration of Timor with Indonesia.’] (James Dunn, Timor: A People
Betrayed, Sydney, ABC Books, 1993, pp. 75, 81; José Ramos-Horta, Funu:
the Unfinished Saga of East Timor, Lawrenceville NJ, The Red Sea Press,
1987, pp. 69-70; Mário Lemos Pires, Descolonização de Timor: Missão
imposível?, Lisboa, Publicações Dom Quixote, 1991, p. 125).
[71]
‘Meeting between the Prime Minister
and President Soeharto in Townsville, 3-5 April, 1975: Record of the second
discussion, 4 April 1975’; published in The Sydney Morning Herald, 6
March 1999 and included in Mr Whitlam’s submission, no. 5, 23 November 1999. Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne
Johnson (eds.), Australia and the Indonesian incorporation of Portuguese
Timor, 1974-1976, Melbourne University Press, 2000, pp. 244-8.
[72]
Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and
the Indonesian incorporation of Portuguese Timor, 1974-1976, Melbourne
University Press, 2000, p. 245.
[73]
Canberra to Jakarta, 23 April 1975; Woolcott to Willesee, 2 June 1975;
Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and the
Indonesian incorporation of Portuguese Timor, 1974-1976, Melbourne
University Press, 2000, pp. 256-7; 265-6. Michael Richardson, ‘East Timor: the
war Australia might have prevented’, The National Times, 24 July 1976,
p. 11.
[74]
Mr Whitlam, submission, no. 5,
26 March 1999, p. 7; Gough Whitlam, The Whitlam Government,
Melbourne, Viking, 1985, p. 108.
[75]
João Carrascalão, Committee Hansard, 12 August 1982, p. 1226;
James Dunn, Timor: A People Betrayed, Sydney, ABC Books, 1993,
pp. 147-9.
[76]
Mr Whitlam, submission, no.
5, 26 March 1999, pp. 7-8.
[77]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 976.
[78]
House of Representatives Hansard,
26 August 1975, p. 493.
[79]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 978.
[80]
Fr Francisco Fernandes, a Timorese priest, who served for some months
on the refugee committee set up in the border area by the Indonesians, claimed
that the Indonesians falsified the number, and claimed the true figure never
exceeded 20,000. James Dunn said that some UDT leaders subsequently told him
that 10,000 to 15,000 Timorese had crossed over into West Timor. (James Dunn, Timor:
A People Betrayed, Sydney, ABC Books, 1996, p. 161).
[81]
Mr João Carrascalão, Committee Hansard (Senate Standing
Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence) 12 August 1982, pp. 1244-5.
[82]
Mr Dunn, Committee Hansard, 24 September 1999, p. 601.
[83]
Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and
the Indonesian Incorporation of East Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne University
Press, 2000, p. 433.
[84]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 983.
[85]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 976.
[86]
Gough Whitlam, The Whitlam Government, Melbourne, Viking, 1985,
p. 112. Mr Whitlam was apparently
referring to Abilio and Guilhermina Araujo, Vincente Manoel Dos-Reis, Ailieu
Venansio, and António Duarte Carvarino, who returned to Dili from overseas
studies in September 1974: they were labelled ‘ideologically Communist [berideologi
Komunis]’ by Samuel Pardede in a widely-quoted article in Sinar Harapan
of 31 October 1974, ‘Fretilin: Ekstrim Dihadapi Dengan Ekstrim [Fretilin:
Extreme Confronts Extreme]’. Carvarino became Vice-President of the Democratic
Republic of East Timor proclaimed on 28 November 1975, and succeeded as third
leader of the Republic when Nicolau Lobato, who overthrew the first President
Francisco Xavier do Amaral on 7 September 1977, was killed in battle on 31
December 1978; he was captured and killed by the Indonesians on 2 February
1979.
[87]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 985.
[88]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 981.
[89]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 982.
[90]
Mr Uren, Committee Hansard, 4
November 1999, p. 763. On a visit to Portuguese Timor in 1966, Senator John
Wheeldon was told that ‘the army was running wild in Indonesian Timor and had
imposed a reign of terror; that some three thousand persons had been murdered
between October and June by the army in Indonesian Timor’. Wheeldon wrote: ‘One
certain conclusion that I did come to was that if there is a menace to peace in
[Timor] it is not coming from the Portuguese but coming from the present
military rulers of Indonesia’ (John Wheeldon ‘Portuguese Timor: A Recent
Visit’, Pacific, vol. 1, January/February 1967, pp. 5-6).
[91]
David Jenkins, ‘Indonesia: the silent watchers’, The Sydney Morning
Herald, 12 July 1999.
[92]
George Munster, Secrets of State, Sydney, Walsh and Munster,
1982, p. 88.
[93]
António Guterres, Prime Minister of
Portugal, ‘To set the Goal for the Future’, NATO’s Sixteen Nations, special
issue, 1998, p. 6; included in Mr Whitlam’s submission, no. 5, 25
March 1999, pp. 7-8.
[94]
Bill Nicol, Timor: The Stillborn Nation, Melbourne, Visa, 1978,
pp. 245-7. The CIA’s national Intelligence Daily labelled Fretilin
in its reports as ‘pro-Marxist’ and ‘leftist’ (Dale van Atta and Brian Toohey,
‘The Timor Papers’, The National Times, 30 May–5 June 1982).
[95]
House of Representatives Hansard, 28 February 1975, pp. 685 and 689.
[96]
House of Representatives Hansard,
28 August 1975, p. 689; Mr Whitlam, Committee
Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 980. UDT leader João Carrascalão told the
Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence in 1982 that he did
not believe Fretilin was a left wing communist movement: ‘I do not think there
is any difference between the supporters of Fretilin and the supporters of UDT.
They have one thing in common, nationalism. They might have two or three
leaders indoctrinated by the Portuguese who might be regarded as communist, but
even the majority of the leaders of Fretilin cannot be considered as communists
... That was only an excuse for Indonesia to take over Timor’, Committee
Hansard, 12 August 1982, p. 1226). Bishop Carlos Ximenes Belo dismissed as
‘nonsensical’ in 1985 claims that Fretilin were Marxist-Leninists, saying they
were ‘pure nationalists’ (Jill Jolliffe, ‘Why Portugal is so angry over Timor’,
The Age, 4 September 1985.
[97]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 981. The actual title was the Democratic Republic
of East Timor (República Democrática de Timor Leste). The constitution
of the Republic was suspended in 1984 when the Timorese resistance movement
acknowledged the sovereignty of Portugal. The first President of the Republic,
Francisco Xavier do Amaral, returned from exile in Portugal to Dili in February
2000 (Jill Jolliffe, ‘Fretilin drops demand’, The Age, 7 November 1984;
Jill Jolliffe, ‘Return of East Timor’s tortured soul’, The Sydney Morning
Herald, 5 February 2000; Mark Dodd, ‘Rocky road ahead for divided
Fretilin’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 22 May 2000).
[98]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 981. Mr Whitlam had made the same point in an interview on 7
December 1975: ‘things have certainly not been made easier by reason of Mr
Anthony’s question without notice a couple of months ago, followed the same day
by a question from Mr Fraser - stating that Fretilin is pro-communist; their
description of Fretilin would have ignited or fanned Indonesia’s attitudes
towards Fretilin’ (‘Whitlam is concerned’, The Age, 8 December 1975).
[99]
Gough Whitlam, The Whitlam Government, Melbourne, Viking, 1985,
p. 111.
[100]
Julius Pour, Benny Moerdani: Profile of a Soldier Statesman, Jakarta,
Yayasan Kejuangan Panglima Besar Sudirman, 1993, pp. 328-9.
[101]
House of Representatives Hansard,
28 August 1975, p. 688.
[102]
Hamish
McDonald, ‘Australia supports Indonesia takeover of East
Timor’, The
National Times, 15-20 December 1975. Hamish McDonald, Suharto’s
Indonesia, Melbourne, Fontana, 1980, p. 207.
[103]
Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and
the Indonesian Incorporation of East Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne University
Press, 2000, p. 462; David Jenkins, ‘The Five
Ghosts of Balibo rise once more to haunt Indonesia - and us’, The Sydney
Morning Herald, 14 October 1995, p. 24. Foreign Minister Willesee
expressed his concern to Graham Feakes, his First Assistant Secretary (South
East Asia), that Australia’s agreement to receive this information on a
confidential basis from the Indonesians compromised Australia, making Australia
party to the covert invasion of Portuguese Timor (Feakes to Willesee, 27
October 1975, also Willesee to Whitlam, 20 August 1975, Wendy Way, Damien
Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and the Indonesian
Incorporation of East Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne University Press, 2000, pp. 516, 370; Hamish McDonald, ‘Revealed: how
the Balibo murders were covered up’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 24
August 1998).
[104]
Desmond Ball and Hamish McDonald Death in Balibo, Lies in Canberra,
Sydney, Allen & Unwin, 2000, p. 30.
[105]
Commander of the Timorese volunteers, Tomas Gonçalves said in an
interview on the SBS Dateline program 26 April 2000 that Captain Junus
Yosfiah, who commanded the Kopassanda special forces (and who later
became Information Minister in the government of President Habibie), had opened
fire on the journalists while they were surrendering: ‘In the debrief, they
said they had to shoot them so they wouldn't publicise what they saw to the
outside world’ (Jeff Centenera, ‘Former minister started shooting at journalists’, The Canberra Times, 26 April 2000). ‘We
can’t have any witnesses,’ Moerdani is alleged to have said, referring to the
journalists (including a Portuguese television crew led by Adelino Gomes who
were in the area) in a message from Jakarta to Colonel Dading Kalboeadi in
Batugade just prior to the attack on Balibo led by Junus. This message was
intercepted by the Australian Defence Signals Directorate (DSD), according to
Desmond Ball and Hamish McDonald (Death in Balibo, Lies in Canberra,
Sydney, Allen & Unwin, 2000, pp. 115-8; quoted in Marian Wilkinson,
‘Our spies knew Balibo five at risk’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 July
2000).
[106]
Gough Whitlam, Abiding Interests, Brisbane, University of
Queensland Press, 1997, p. 77; also his letter to The Sydney Morning Herald,
17 March 1999. Mr Laurie Oakes was quoted in an article in The Canberra
Times of 9 February 1978 (‘Australia “knew Indonesia troops killed
newsmen” ’) as saying that Indonesian messages reporting that the newsmen
had been killed by Indonesian troops and their bodies burnt were intercepted by
Australia’s Defence Signals Division within hours of the attack on Balibo.
[107]
In an article in The Sydney Morning Herald of 21 September
2000 (‘Failing memories, missing documents’) Mr Whitlam wrote: ‘Last week, Herald
foreign editor Hamish McDonald, the co-author of Death in Balibo, Lies in
Canberra, criticised the withholding of intelligence material. In telecasts
from the National Archives his co-author, Des Ball, made the same criticisms. I
agree with them. But in 1997 DFAT advised me that I should not yet reveal how I
learned of the deaths of the five foolhardy journalists who were killed at
Balibo’.
[108]
Gough Whitlam, The Whitlam Government, Melbourne, Viking, 1985, p.
112.
[109]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 974.
[110]
Gough Whitlam, The Whitlam Government, Melbourne, Viking, 1985, p.
112.
[111]
Mr Whitlam’s submission, no.
5, 26 March 1999, p. 3.
[112]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 976, referring to Whitlam to Soeharto, 7 November
1975.
[113]
Included in Mr Whitlam’s submission,
no. 5, 23 November 1999.
[114]
Gough Whitlam, Abiding Interests, Brisbane, University of
Queensland Press, 1997, pp. 77-8.
[115]
Whitlam to Soeharto, 7 November 19975, included in Mr Whitlam’s
submission, no. 5, 23 November 1999;
Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and the
Indonesian Incorporation of East Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne University
Press, 2000, p. 556. Whitlam and Defence
Minister Morrison accepted advice from Defence Secretary Sir Arthur Tange that
knowledge of the deaths not be divulged until confirmed by ‘open’ (i.e.
non-intelligence) sources, so that the Australian Government subsequently
claimed that it only learned of the deaths from a report in the Jakarta daily Kompas
of 20 October 1975 of an interview of UDT leader Francisco Lopes da Cruz (James
Dunn, Timor: A People Betrayed, Sydney, ABC Books, 1993, p. 213).
[116]
Mr Dunn, Committee Hansard, 24
September 1999, p. 602.
[117]
The Hon. Gareth Evans, QC, MP, submission no.21, p. 2. The two
reports by Tom Sherman were: Report on the deaths of Australian-based
journalists in East Timor in 1975, Canberra, Department of Foreign Affairs
and Trade, 1996; and Second report on the deaths of Australian-based
journalists in East Timor in 1975, Canberra, Department of Foreign Affairs
and Trade, 1999.
[118]
Desmond Ball & Hamish McDonald, Dealth in Balibo Lies in Canberra,
Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2000.
[119]
Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and
the Indonesian Incorporation of East Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne University
Press, 2000, p. 314.
[120]
Mr Uren, Committee Hansard, 4
November 1999, p. 762. In an interview on New York radio station WNYC on
19 March 1999, Kissinger explained that the visit to Jakarta in December 1975
had been fortuitous: it only took place because a planned five-day visit to
China had been cut short because of the illness of Chairman Mao Tse-tung.
[121]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 981, submission no 5, 30 November 1999, p. 3,
quoting Dr Kissinger in Sydney on 13 November 1995. Dr Kissinger said the same
thing in New York on 11 July 1995 and on WNYC, New York on 19 March 1999. Cf.
Barnard to Willesee, 11 February 1975: ‘I cannot share the view reported last
year from Indonesia that, like India’s seizure of Goa, Indonesian seizure of
Portuguese Timor “would attract little attention, even if it did, it would not
be recalled with any emotion” ’ (Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne
Johnson (eds.), Australia and the Indonesian incorporation of Portuguese
Timor, 1974-1976, Melbourne University Press, 2000, p. 177).
[122]
Mr Whitlam’s submission, no.
5, 26 March 1999, p. 3.
[123]
Michael McCgwire, ‘The geopolitical importance of strategic waterways in
the Asian-Pacific region’, Orbis, vol. 19, no. 3, Fall 1975,
pp. 1058-76. Michael Richardson, ‘Jakarta rules the Way: Why Indonesian
good will is vital to America’s Indian Ocean submarine force’, The Age, 4
August 1976.
[124]
Mr Carrascalão, Committee Hansard, 12 August 1982, p. 1245.
[125]
Mr Uren, Committee Hansard, 4
November 1999, p. 762.
[126]
Woolcott to Canberra, 21 July 1975, quoted in Documents on Australian
Defence and Foreign Policy, 1968-1975, Sydney, J.R. Walsh and G.J. Munster,
1980, p. 193.
[127]
Neither did the New Zealand Government take any action regarding the
death of New Zealander Gary Cunningham (Desmond Ball and Hamish McDonald, Death
in Balibo, Lies in Canberra, Sydney, Allen & Unwin, 2000, p. 128).
[128]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, p. 974; submission no. 5, 30 November 1999, p. 5.
[129]
Mr Whitlam, submission no. 5, 26
March 1999, p. 8; 30 November 1999, p. 3.
[130]
Quoted in José Ramos-Horta, Funu: the Unfinished Saga of East Timor,
Lawrenceville NJ, The Red Sea Press, 1987, p. 58. See also James Dunn, Timor:
A People Betrayed, Sydney, ABC Books, 1993, p. 74.
[131]
Gough Whitlam, The Whitlam
Government, 1972-1975, Melbourne, Viking, 1985, pp. 109-10. The
Portuguese warships had the weapons systems capability to track and shoot down
the aircraft which transported the paratroops for the drop on Dili (Hendro
Subroto, Eyewitness to integration of East Timor, Jakarta, Pustaka Sinar
Harapan, 1997, pp. 158-9).
[132]
Bruce Stannard, ‘Garrison on Timor ready for immediate surrender’, The
Australian, 10 March 1975; Bill Nicol, Timor: The Stillborn Nation,
Melbourne, Visa, 1978, pp. 210-11, 216.
[133]
José Ramos-Horta, Funu: the Unfinished Saga of East Timor,
Lawrenceville NJ, The Red Sea Press, 1987, p. 48.
[134]
‘Whitlam ... teria manifestado o acordo da Austrália à eventual integração
de Timor português na Indonésia, como sendo a solução natural e inevitável. Tal
facto... contribuiu, sem dúvida, para reforçar em certos círculos indonésios as
posições integracionistas que estavam já a ser trabalhadas por grupos de
pressão internos’ Magalhães Cruz to Francisco da Costa Gomes, 13 November 1974,
in Presidência do Conselho de Ministros, Relatórios da descolonização de
Timor, Lisboa, 1981, ‘Relatório de Governador Mário Lemos Pires’,
doc. 2.9; quoted in Jill Joliffe, ‘Whitlam named in military report’, The
Canberra Times, 21 October 1981. Also in Jill Jolliffe (ed.), The
East Timor question, Lisse, The Netherlands, MMF Publications, 1997.
[135]
Mr Whitlam, letter to The Canberra Times, 22 October 1981,
attached to his submission of 18 February 1982, Committee Hansard, 14
May 1982, p. 20.
[136]
‘Record of Meeting between the Prime
Minister and President Soeharto, State Guest House, Yogyakarta’, 6 September
1975, p. 1; published in The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 March
1999 and included in Mr Whitlam’s submission,
no. 5, 23 November 1999.
[137]
Bill Nicol, Timor: The Stillborn Nation, Melbourne, Visa, 1978, p.
245.
[138]
Quoted in Documents on Australian Defence and Foreign Policy,
1968-1975, Sydney, J.R. Walsh and G.J. Munster, 1980, pp. 189-90; published
in Tom Uren, Straight Left, Sydney, Random House, 1994, pp. 477-8; cited
by the Hon. Tom Uren, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 757.
[139]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 14
May 1982, p. 13; ‘Timor in no hurry to change’‚ The Canberra News,
10 July 1974.
[140]
‘Meeting between the Prime Minister
and President Soeharto in Townsville, 3-5 April, 1975: Record of the second
discussion, 4 April 1975’ p. 4; published in The Sydney Morning
Herald, 6 March 1999 and included in Mr Whitlam’s submission, no. 5, 23 November 1999.
[141]
Bruce Juddery, ‘Situation in East Timor seems to be warming up again’, The
Canberra Times, 11 June 1975; Peter Hastings, ‘Why Australia should reopen
its consulate in East Timor’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 12 June 1975.
[142]
Alan Renouf, The Frightened Country, Melbourne, Macmillan, 1979,
p. 445.
[143]
Quoted in Documents on Australian Defence and Foreign Policy,
1968-1975, Sydney, J.R. Walsh and G.J. Munster, 1980, p. 199; published in
Tom Uren, Straight Left, Sydney, Random House, 1994, pp. 477-8;
cited by the Hon. Tom Uren, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, pp.
756-7.
[144]
House of Representatives Hansard,
26 August 1975, pp. 491-3; quoted in Australian Yearbook of International
Law, vol.6, 1974-1975, p. 209; cited in Mr Whitlam’s submission,
no. 5, 26 March 1999, p. 8.
[145]
Mr Uren, Committee Hansard, 4
November 1999, p. 761.
[146]
Mr Uren, Committee Hansard, 4
November 1999, pp. 754-5.
[147]
House of Representatives, Hansard, 14 November 1979, pp. 2966-7.
Senator Arthur Gietzelt stated to the Senate on 7 April 1976: ‘Five Australian
journalists were shot down in cold blood. I have been told on reliable
information that that information was heard on Australian radio at Shoalhaven’.
On 3 June 1976 he corrected this to say: ‘information about the murder of the
Australian newsmen was available on 16 October’ 1975 from radio intercepts
made ‘at Shoal Bay, near Darwin’ (Senate Hansard, pp. 1171, 2334).
[148]
House of Representatives Hansard,
30 October 1975, pp. 1609-10, Australian Yearbook of International Law,
vol. 6, 1974-1975, pp. 209-10.
[149]
Bruce Juddery, ‘Do not accuse Jakarta: ambassador’, The Canberra
Times, 31 May 1976; Paul Kelly, ‘Willesee: Whitlam reigned on East Timor’, The
Australian, 10 March 1999.
[150]
The Canberra Times, 27 November 1975.
[151]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 1002.
[152]
Dr Goodman, Committee Hansard, 10
September 1999, p. 482.
[153]
Alan Renouf, The Frightened Country, Melbourne, Macmillan, 1979,
pp. 442-3.
[154]
Alan Renouf, The Frightened Country, Melbourne, Macmillan, 1979,
p. 443.
[155]
The Hon. Gareth Evans, QC, MP, submission no. 21, pp. 1-2.
[156]
Brian Toohey, ‘Mr Whitlam has his Yalta’, The Australian Financial
Review, 17 October 1974.
[157]
Mr Uren, Committee Hansard, 4
November 1999, p. 756; Mr Lowry, Committee
Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 555.
[158]
Documents on Australian Defence and Foreign Policy, 1968-1975,
Sydney, J.R. Walsh and G.J. Munster, 1980, pp. 221-2; also in Brian Toohey and
Marian Wilkinson, The Book of Leaks, Sydney, Angus & Robertson,
1987, pp. 184-90, and Tom Uren, Straight Left, Sydney, Random House,
1994, pp. 481-2; cited by the Hon. Tom Uren, Committee Hansard, 4
November 1999, p. 756, and by Mr R. Lowry, Committee Hansard, 20
September 1999, p. 555.
[159]
Mr Whitlam, submission, no. 5,
23 November 1999, pp. 9-10.
[160]
Defence Department support for Timorese independence was reported by Hugh
Armfield in The Age of 13 September 1974, ‘Canberra aim for Timor: go
Indonesian’. An article by Bruce Juddery in The Canberra Times of 17
September 1975 stated that an ‘eminent Australian strategist’ believed a bitter
war of resistance to Indonesia could continue in Timor for up to ten years
(‘Are we about to watch a new show on the Vietnam theme?’).
[161]
Documents on Australian Defence and Foreign Policy, 1968-1975,
Sydney, J.R. Walsh and G.J. Munster, 1980, p. 220. Draft brief for Barnard
[December 1974]; Barnard to Willesee, 11 February 1975; Wendy Way, Damien
Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and the Indonesian
incorporation of Portuguese Timor, 1974-1976, Melbourne University Press,
2000, pp. 139-41; 176-80. Paul Kelly, in The Australian of 25 February
1975 reported, ‘The Minister for Defence, Mr Barnard, has already written to Mr
Whitlam expressing the concern of the Defence Department’ (‘PM plans strong
note to Suharto’). Defence briefed the media on the arguments against
encouraging the Indonesians to incorporate Portuguese Timor using military
force: these arguments were set out in Peter Hastings, ‘Jakarta ponders a
military “solution” ’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 21 February
1975. Cf. draft brief for Barnard, December 1974, Australia and the
Indonesian Incorporation of East Timor 1974-76, Melbourne University Press,
pp. 139-40.
[162]
House of Representatives Hansard,
30 October 1975, pp. 1609-10, Australian Yearbook of International Law,
vol. 6, 1974-1975, pp. 209-10; Paul Kelly, ‘Willesee: Whitlam reigned on East
Timor’, The Australian, 10 March 1999.
[163]
Alan Renouf, The Frightened Country, Melbourne, Macmillan, 1979,
p. 444.
[164]
Mr Dunn, Committee Hansard, 24
September 1999, p. 602; Mr Uren, Committee
Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 762. In his letter to Willesee of 11
February 1975; Barnard complained that the Indonesians ‘seem to have heard only
so much of what we have said to them as they wanted to hear, namely our
acceptance of their interest in the future of Portuguese Timor and of its
eventual absorption into the Indonesian state’ (Wendy Way, Damien Browne and
Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and the Indonesian incorporation of
Portuguese Timor, 1974-1976, Melbourne University Press, 2000, p. 179).
[165]
The Hon. Gareth Evans, QC, MP, submission no.21, pp. 1-2.
[166]
The Hon. Gareth Evans, QC, MP, submission no. 21, pp. 1-2.
[167]
The Hon. Gareth Evans, QC, MP, submission no. 21, pp. 1-2.
[168]
The Hon. Gareth Evans, QC, MP, submission no. 21, pp. 1-2.
[169]
Alan Renouf, The Frightened Country, Melbourne, Macmillan, 1979,
pp. 447-8.
[170]
Michael Richardson reported in The Age of 5 September 1974
(‘Timor: a colonial question that has to be settled’) that Australia’s response
would be ‘crucial’ to Indonesia's decision on whether or not to proceed with a
policy of incorporation of Portuguese Timor.
[171]
Aboeprijadi Santoso, ‘Weighing the “ifs” of East Timor’, The Jakarta
Post, 20 January 2000.
[172]
Andrew McNaughtan, submission no. 49,
pp. 1-2; and ‘New nation has opportunity for gains in the Gap’, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 13 April 2000.
[173]
In preliminary talks between Australia and Portugal on a seabed boundary
from 1971 to 1975; the Portuguese insisted that the seabed should be split
midway between Timor and Northwest Australia, while the Australians wished for
a simple straight line linking the two ends of the boundary negotiated with
Indonesia in 1971, much closer to Timor than to Northwest Australia (House
of Representatives Hansard, 26 October 1972, p. 3381, and 2 June 1973, p.
2589; Senate Hansard, 2 May 1973, p. 1740, and 23 May 1973, p. 1840; Ian
Davis, ‘Rich seabed at stake in Indon talks’, The Age, 2 February
1984).
[174]
Brian Toohey, ‘Oil: Portuguese
tail-twisting could backfire’, The Australian Financial Review, 26 March
1974. This article provoked a protest from the Portuguese Ambassador, Carlos
Empis Wemans, that the Prime Minister had made public the dispute with
Portugal. A subsequent note from the Ambassador said: ‘Whilst regretting the
fact of the Australian Prime Minister having made public declarations on the
subject, the Portuguese Government maintain their willingness to enter into
negotiations with the Australian Government. However, since a conference on the
Law of the Sea is scheduled to take place in Caracas, in June next, the
Portuguese Government are of the opinion that immediate negotiations would be
ill-timed and would therefore prefer to await the results of that Conference’ (Cour
internationale de justice, Affaire relative au Timor oriental (Portugal c.
Australie): mémoire du governement de la république Portugaise, La Haye,
1991, pp. 321-6, Annexes IV.9-10, 25 March and 18 April 1974).
[175]
Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and
the Indonesian Incorporation of East Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne University
Press, 2000, p. 52.
[176]
John McIlwraith, ‘Drilling under way on remote Troubadour Shoals off
Timor’, The Australian Financial Review, 4 July 1974; Nigel Wilson,
‘Keep hope fires burning’, The Australian, 4 October 2000.
[177]
Statement by Senator Cyril Primmer, Senate
Hansard, 24 February 1976, p. 150.
[178]
Jill Jolliffe, ‘Hawke slated over E.
Timor’, The Canberra Times, 30 August 1985. Jill Jolliffe (ed.), Guide
to the East Timor question, 1975-1996, Rochester, (New York), MMF
Publications, 1996.
Chapter 7 - Australia’s policy: late 1975–99
[1]
House of Representatives Hansard, 2 October 1975, p. 1660.
[2]
Hamish
McDonald, ‘Indonesia will take Timor
... in slow motion and by remote control’, The National Times, 13-18 October 1975.
[3]
Paul
Kelly, ‘Intelligence leak against Minister’, The
National Times, 2-7 May 1977. Cf. Wendy Way, Damien
Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and the Indonesian
Incorporation of East Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne University Press, 2000, p. 791n; James Dunn, Timor: A People
Betrayed, Sydney, ABC Books, 1993, pp. 199-201.
[4] Hamish
McDonald, ‘Australia supports Indonesia takeover of East Timor’, The
National Times, 15-20 December 1975. In preliminary talks
between Australia and Portugal on a seabed boundary from 1971 to 1975; the
Portuguese insisted that the seabed should be split midway between Timor and
Northwest Australia, while the Australians wished for a simple straight line
linking the two ends of the boundary negotiated with Indonesia in 1971, much
closer to Timor than to Northwest Australia (House of Representatives
Hansard, 26 October 1972, p. 3381, and 2 June 1973, p. 2589; Senate
Hansard, 2 May 1973, p. 1740, and 23 May 1973, p. 1840; Ian Davis, ‘Rich
seabed at stake in Indon talks’, The Age, 2 February 1984).
[5]
‘Fighting tragic, says Peacock’, The Age, 8 December 1975.
[6] Hamish
McDonald, ‘Australia supports Indonesia takeover of East Timor’, The
National Times, 15-20 December 1975.
[7] Hamish
McDonald, ‘Australia supports Indonesia takeover of East Timor’, The
National Times, 15-20 December 1975.
[8]
Arthur Gray, ‘Labor knew: Timor war’, The Canberra Times, 13
October 1976.
[9]
Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia
and the Indonesian Incorporation of East Timor, 1974-76, Melbourne
University Press, 2000, pp. 579-80.
[10]
House of Representatives Hansard, 4 March 1976, pp. 567-70.
[11]
Alison Stokes, the New Zealand diplomat who attended the meeting,
commented: ‘Who were these representatives taking this decision, how had they
been elected, and did they indeed represent the wishes of the people of East
Timor’. Wendy Way, Damien Browne and Vivianne Johnson (eds.), Australia and
the Indonesian incorporation of Portuguese Timor, 1974-1976, Melbourne
University Press, 2000, pp. 770, 772.
[12]
‘Takeover of Timor rejected’‚ The Canberra Times, 21 July 1976.
[13]
Hamish McDonald, ‘Timor squabble appals Jakarta’‚ The Australian
Financial Review, 18 October 1976.
[14]
On 6 October 1976 Ambassador Richard Woolcott in Jakarta handed over
$83,000 to the Indonesian Red Cross for relief work in East Timor. This was the
first instalment of a $250,000 grant (Hamish McDonald, ‘Indonesia will be
seeking reassurance’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 7 October 1976).
[15]
Michael Richardson, ‘Timor: one year later’, The Age, 7 December
1976.
[16]
Hamish
McDonald and Mike Steketee, ‘Not applicable’, The Sydney
Morning Herald, 12 October 1976.
[17]
Peter Bowers, ‘Timor policy stands, says PM: Jakarta claim denied’,
The Sydney Morning Herald, 12 October 1976.
[18]
‘ “Risk” in restating now policy on Timor’, The Canberra Times,
15 October 1976.
[19]
Michael Richardson, ‘Indonesia’s Timor carrot’, The Australian
Financial Review, 19 October 1976. Woodside-Burmah’s Troubadour No.1 well,
drilled in July 1974 in the Timor Sea, had produced hydrocarbon findings that
had raised hopes of commercial deposits (‘Hydrocarbon encounter by Woodside’, The
Australian Financial Review, 3 July 1974; Hamish McDonald, ‘Indonesia cool
on Timor oil search’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 December 1975.
[20] Russell
Skelton, ‘Recognise takeover—Companies in approach to Canberra’, The Age,
23 October 1976; ‘Timor Sold for Oil’, Tribune, 27 October 1976.
[21]
Michael Richardson, ‘Timor: one year later’, The Age, 7 December
1976.
[22]
‘PM accused of “illegal” talks on sea border’, The Canberra Times,
18 October 1976.
[23]
Mike Steketee, ‘Seabed border plan shelved’, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 19 October 1976.
[24]
House of Representatives Hansard, 20 October 1976, pp. 2015-6.
[25] Stephen Nisbet, ‘Timor is Indonesian now: takeover reality:
Peacock’, The Age, 21 January 1978.
[26]
Senate Hansard, 22 February 1978, p. 79; ‘ “Scramble
for oil” led to Timor recognition’, The Canberra Times, 23 February
1978.
[27] Michelle Grattan, ‘Timor: sense or just a sellout?’, The Age,
23 January 1978, p. 8.
[28]
Michael Richardson, ‘Drawing the seabed line’, Far
Eastern Economic Review, 10 March 1978, pp. 79, 81.
[29]
Peter Terry, ‘Way opens for Timor oil hunt’, The Australian
Financial Review, 21 February 1978. Such a line would have left the highly
prospective Kelp structure on the Australian side. The existence of the Kelp
structure had been known from seismic surveys by Burnah Oil in 1969 and 1970
(Mark Westfield, ‘Showdown at Timor Gap’, Australian Business, 28 March
1984, pp. 44-5).
[30]
Michael Richardson, ‘Tying up Timor's loose ends’‚ Far Eastern
Economic Review, 5 January 1979, and ‘Aust-Indonesia talks on seabed boundaries’, The Australian Financial Review,
6 March 1978; Peter Hastings, ‘Rearranging the sea bed a
task of diplomacy’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 22 December 1978.
[31]
The Canberra Times, 16 December 1978.
[32]
Senate Hansard, 8 March 1979, p.720; quoted in The Australian
Year Book of International Law, vol. 8, p. 281.
[33]
P.G. Bassett, ‘Australia's Maritime Boundaries’‚ Australian Foreign
Affairs Record, vol. 55, no. 3, March 1984, p. 188.
[34]
‘Timor talks unresolved’, The Australian, 6 February 1984.
[35]
Senate Hansard, 23 February 1982, p. 306; quoted in The
Australian Year Book of International Law, vol. 10, p. 273.
[36]
William Pinwill, ‘Timor takeover approval sealed by Sinclair visit’, The
Australian, 3 February 1983. Michael McKinley, ‘Problems in Australian
Foreign Policy, January-June 1983’, The Australian Journal of Politics and
History, vol. 29, no. 3, 1983, p. 419.
[37]
Wio Joustra, ‘Labor moves to reassure Jakarta’, The Australian, 8
March 1983.
[38]
Michael Richardson, ‘Timor seven to join families in Australia’, The
Age, 14 March 1983.
[39]
Quoted in The Australian Year Book of International Law,
vol. 10, p. 366.
[40]
Michelle Grattan, ‘Hawke turns foreign policy on its head’, The Age,
6 June 1983.
[41]
Ian Perkin and Peter Young, ‘New perspective on Hawke’s Timor stand’, The
Australian, 27 June 1983.
[42]
Peter Hastings, ‘Indonesia, Fretilin in E Timor talks’, The Sydney Morning
Herald, 27 June 1983; Michael Richardson, ‘Talks on Timor ceasefire
confirmed’, The Age, 29 June 1983.
[43]
Jill Jolliffe, ‘Peace hopes dogged by military shootings’, The Age,
14 November 1991; Geoffrey C. Gunn, A Critical View of Western Journalism and
Scholarship on East Timor, Manila and Sydney, Journal of Contemporary Asia
Publishers, 1994, p. 154. The Kraras killings took place as a reprisal for
the killing by Falintil guerrilheros of sixteen ABRI engineers engaged
in road construction (Barbara Crosette, ‘War goes on in Indonesia isle’‚ The
New York Times, 19 July 1985, p. A1).
[44]
Senate Standing Committee on
Foreign Affairs and Defence, report, The Human Rights and Conditions of the
People of East Timor, Parliamentary Paper 108/83, p. 86.
[45]
Senate Hansard, 16 November 1983; quoted in The Australian
Year Book of International Law, vol. 10, p. 367.
[46]
‘Timor talks unresolved’, The Australian, 6 February 1984.
[47]
Michael Richardson, ‘Australian claims to oil area untenable, says
Indonesia’, The Age, 31 March 1984; Michael Richardson, ‘Timor Gap rift
remains’, Far Eastern Economic Review, 19 April 1984, pp. 40, 42.
[48] Teresa Mannix, ‘Recognising East Timor “hard
reality” ’, The Canberra Times, 18 April 1984.
[49]
Peter Hastings, ‘ “Cool it”, Jakarta tells Australia’, The Sydney
Morning Herald, 29 June 1984.
[50]
Pat Walsh, ‘ALP Conference: A requiem for Timor?’, Inside Indonesia,
no. 3, October 1984, pp. 18-22.
[51]
Jill Jolliffe, ‘Fretilin drops demand’, The Age, 7 November
1984.
[52]
‘Talks likely on “Timor gap” ’, The Australian Financial
Review, 20 July 1984.
[53]
Nikki Savva, ‘Portugal unhappy with Hayden over Timor talks’, The
Australian, 10 September 1984; On 7 July 1976, Opposition Leader Gough
Whitlam had been told in Lisbon by Socialist Party Leader Mario Soares that
Portugal would continue to look to the United Nations for a solution, and could
not adopt a position contrary to the United Nations. Ambassador Frank Cooper
commented in his report on the meeting: ‘As we have previously reported, there
seems no disposition either in the Provisional Government or the Foreign
Ministry to abandon the self-determination principle.’ (Cooper to DFA,
7 July 1976, CRS A6364/4 LB1975/12, included with Mr Whitlam’s submission,
23 November 1999).
[54]
Jill Jolliffe, ‘Hayden, Eanes gloss over differences’, The Age,
10 September 1984.
[55]
‘Joint exploration plan for Timor oilfields’, The Age, 16 August
1985.
[56]
Leigh Mackay, ‘Timor annexation should not be irritant, says Howard’, The
Australian, 13 June 1985.
[57]
John Howard, ‘It’s time we made it
up with the Indonesians’, The Australian, 6 July 1985.
[58]
‘Sovereignty over Timor recognised, PM says’, The
Canberra Times, 19 August 1985.
[59]
‘Mochtar says PM’s view on Timor is policy’, The Age, 22 August
1985.
[60]
Jill Jolliffe, ‘Portuguese rebuke to Hawke on East Timor’, The Canberra Times, 21 August 1985.
[61]
Hugh White, ‘Hawke shrugs off Portugal’s Timor protest’, The Sydney
Morning Herald, 23 August 1985.
[62]
Bill Goodall, ‘Portugal protests at zone’, The
Canberra Times, 21 September 1985. The Portuguese
perceived Australia to be motivated by ‘crass opportunism in signing away
Timorese human rights in exchange for expected access to the oil-rich seabed’ (Jill
Jolliffe, ‘Why Portugal is so angry over Timor’, The Age, 4 September
1985).
[63]
Deborah Snow, ‘Hawke confirms recognition of East Timor takeover’, The
Australian Financial Review, 23 August 1985.
[64] Senate
Hansard, 22 August 1985, p.169;
quoted in The Australian Year Book of International Law, vol. 11,
pp. 239-40.
[65]
Michael Byrnes, ‘Timor-gap talks show ice has melted’, The
Australian Financial Review, 29 October 1985.
[66]
Senate Hansard, 30 April
1986, p. 2078.
[67]
‘Indonesian rule in East Timor
formally recognised’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 10 July 1986.
[68]
Quoted in The Australian Year Book of International Law,
vol. 12, p. 380.
[69]
Paul Grigson, ‘Sea dispute settled: now hope for oil’, The Sydney
Morning Herald, 6 September 1989.
[70]
Anna Grutzner, ‘Portugal challenges Timor Gap oil pact’, The
Australian, 12 September 1988.
[71]
‘Portugal calls for Timorese independence’, The Age, 5 October
1988.
[72]
Chris Milne, ‘Wildcatting for the big one’, The Courier-Mail, 5
August 1989.
[73]
‘Australia and Indonesia settle
Timor Gap Treaty’, The Canberra Times, 28 October 1989; ‘Australia, Indonesia plan Timor oil search’, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 28 October 1989.
[74]
Quoted in The Australian Year Book of International Law, vol.
12, p. 3802.
[75]
‘Ambassador recalled as Timor treaty protest’, The
Canberra Times, 14 December 1989.
[76]
‘Australia first to give East Timor direct aid’, The
Canberra Times, 29 October 1989.
[77]
Keith Scott, ‘Sovereignty is a reality’, The
Canberra Times, 5 December 1989.
[78]
‘Oil treaty to bring “era of cooperation” ’, The
Canberra Times, 10 October 1991; House of
Representatives Hansard, 10 October 1991, p. 1748.
[79]
Robert Domm, ‘Report From The Mountains Of East
Timor’, Background Briefing, 28 October 1990.
[80]
David Lague, ‘Portugal sues over Timor treaty’, The Australian
Financial Review, 26 February 1991.
[81]
Opinion of the International Court of Justice, Case Concerning East
Timor (Portugal v. Australia), 30 June 1995. General List No. 84, 30
June 1995.
[82]
Quoted in The Australian Year Book of International Law, vol.
17, p. 680.
[83]
Quoted in The Australian Year Book of International Law, vol.
17, p. 683.
[84]
Opinion of the International Court of Justice, Case Concerning East
Timor (Portugal v. Australia), 30 June 1995. General List No. 84, 30
June 1995.
[85]
‘Australia’s sea boundary challenged’, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
News, 2 September 1997; ‘Portugal denounces new Australia-Indonesia
agreement on exclusive economic zone in East Timor’, Lusa, 11 September
1997.
[86]
House of Representatives Hansard, 28 April 1992, p. 1829; quoted
in The Australian Year Book of International Law, vol. 14, p. 535.
[87]
House of Representatives Hansard, 13 November 1991, p. 2951.
[88]
Bernard Lagan, ‘Aust may rethink Timor recognition’, The Sydney
Morning Herald, 6 December 1991. The Indonesian Government conveyed its
rejection of Australia’s request to open a consulate in Dili to Senator Evans
during his visit to Jakarta 20-22 December 1991 (David Lague, ‘Alatas wants
“fair play” on massacre inquiry’, The Australian Financial Review, 23
December 1991).
[89]
Senate Hansard, 5 December 1991, p. 4275.
[90]
Senate Hansard, 11 December 1991, p. 4618.
[91]
David Lague, ‘Timor oil deal signed’, The Australian Financial
Review, 12 December 1991.
[92]
John Loizou, ‘Secret talks herald oil boom’, Sunday Territorian,
15 December 1991.
[93]
Robert Garran, ‘Portugal slams Timor oil pact’, The Australian
Financial Review, 19 December 1991.
[94]
‘Portugal to take issue on Timor oil’, The Canberra Times, 17
December 1991. Soon after this, the Keating Government took the decision to
close the Australian embassy in Lisbon, as a ‘cost-cutting’ measure. The
embassy was re-opened by the Howard Government in April 2000 (Minister for
Foreign Affairs - Alexander Downer, ‘Diplomatic Appointment - Ambassador to
Portugal’, media release, 26 April 2000).
[95]
Ross Peake, ‘Indons back summit offer’, The Canberra Times, 23
April 1992.
[96]
To assist East Timor’s economic development, the Keating Government
increased the level of aid directed to the province. In 1992 AIDAB began an aid
program for the five years following, for which $30 million had been approved:
$3.1 million was spent in 1992-93; $3.7 million in 1993-94; $5 million in
1994-95; $4 million in 1995-96; and $5 million in 1996-97. Between 1980 and
financial year 1996-97, Australia’s assistance amounted to over $38 million. In
1998/99, approximately $7 million was approved by the Howard Government to fund
activities in the province (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual
Reports for 1992-93, 1993-94, 1995-96; submission no. 52, p. 13).
[97]
Geoff Kitney, ‘PM puts premium on political stability’, The
Australian Financial Review, 23 April 1992.
[98]
Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, A Review of
Australia’s Efforts to Promote and Protect Human Rights, 1992, p. 76.
[99]
Senate Hansard, 27 May 1993, p. 1568.
[100]
‘Leave Timor, says US chief’, The Sunday Herald Sun, 2 July 1995.
[101]
AM, 1 July 1995.
[102]
David Jenkins, David Lague and Mark Skulley, ‘Jakarta backs down’, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 7 July 1995.
[103]
John McBeth, ‘Dili-Dallying: Australia and Indonesia fuss over Timor,
again’, Far Eastern Economic Review, 13 July 1995.
[104]
Senate Hansard, 29 November
1995, p. 4217ff.
[105]
The Hon. Gareth Evans, QC, MP, submission no. 21, p. 6.
[106]
Paul Keating, Engagement: Australia faces the Pacific, Sydney
Macmillan 2000, p. 130; excerpt published in ‘The Keating Files’‚ The
Australian, 13 March 2000.
[107]
Australia voted against Resolution 37/30 (Department of Foreign Affairs,
submission to the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, April 1982,
p. 503). Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar did not submit a report
to the 38th session of the General Assembly, in view of the talks which had
begun in July 1983 between the Indonesian and Portuguese ambassadors at the
United Nations, and the Indonesian truce with Fretilin in Timor in mid-1983
(Ted Morello, ‘Into a holding pattern’ and ‘On the shelf, again’‚ Far
Eastern Economic Review, 8 September 1983, pp. 40-41 and 9 August
1984, p. 16).
[108]
Expresso, 1 April 1984, quoted in ‘Talks should be wider’, The
Canberra Times, 2 April 1984.
[109]
Jill Jolliffe, ‘Hayden’s Portugal visit holds little hope for East
Timorese’, The Age, 7 September 1984.
[110]
Jill Jolliffe, ‘Talks to resume on Timor’s future’, The Age, 28
September 1992. The Australian Government also rejected the appeal from Xanana
Gusmão in his letter to Mr Hawke of February 1991 to use his influence to
promote peace talks under the United Nations which included the East Timorese.
Foreign Minister Evans responded: ‘We simply can’t be party to trying to
facilitate some kind of negotiation between some group that is still contesting
effectively the incorporation of East Timor into Indonesia’, and added that the
conflict in East Timor would end if Fretilin surrendered (House of
Representatives Hansard, 10 October 1991, p. 1748; Tom Hyland,
‘Captured: a living symbol of resistance’, The Sunday Age, 22 November
1992).
[111]
Yaroslav Trofimov, ‘Lisbon, Jakarta meet for talks on East Timor’, The
Australian, 19 December 1992.
[112]
Jill Jolliffe, ‘Secret talks try to bridge differences on East Timor’, The
Age, 20 December 1992.
[113]
At this conference Guilherme Gonçalves, Liurai (Raja) of Atsabe, who in
1975 had been leader of Apodeti and subsequently second Governor of the ‘27th
province’, repudiated the so-called Declaration of Balibo of 1975, which called
for incorporation of Portuguese Timor into Indonesia (Jill Jolliffe, ‘East
Timor factions reconciled’, The Canberra Times, 12 June 1995; David
Jenkins, ‘Fear, Death, Despair: Daily Life in Dili’s Paradise Lost’, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 19 August 1995).
[114]
John McBeth, ‘Timor surprise: unexpected declaration shocks Jakarta’, Far
Eastern Economic Review, 20 July 1995.
[115]
‘Timorese talks at a standstill’, The Canberra Times, 10 July
1995.
[116]
Lindsay Murdoch, ‘East Timor role: hope at last’, The Age,
13 January 1999.
[117]
Quoted in The Australian Year Book of International Law, vol. 17,
p. 681. Cf. Australia’s vote against General Assembly Resolution 37/30
of 1982, and opposition in subsequent years to similar resolutions (Department
of Foreign Affairs submission on East Timor to Senate Committee on Foreign
Affairs and Defence, April 1982, p. 503).
[118]
Senate Hansard, 16 October
1996, pp. 4248-9; quoted in The Australian Year Book of International
Law, vol. 18, pp. 286-7.
[119]
Don Greenlees, ‘Labor policy ups the ante for autonomy in East Timor’, The
Weekend Australian, 18 October 1997; Grahame Armstrong, ‘Labor in
Timor backflip’, The West Australian, 25 October 1997.
[120]
Anthony Burke, ‘Labor could be set for a backflip on East Timor’, The
Canberra Times, 22 December 1997. No official Australian
representative attended the award ceremony in Oslo (José Ramos Horta, ‘East
Timor must take some blame’, The Australian, 20 September 2000).
[121]
Ross Peake, ‘Party adopts a get-tough policy on Timor abuses’, The
Canberra Times, 23 January 1998. Ross Peake, ‘ALP toughens East Timor
line’, The Canberra Times, 27 May 1998.
[122]
Norman Abjorensen, ‘Pursuing peace in East Timor’, The Canberra Times,
21 February 1998.
[123]
Lindsay Murdoch, ‘East Timor: hope at last’, The Age,
13 January 1999.
[124]
Don Greenlees, ‘Habibie rules out Timor referendum’, The Australian,
4 June 1998.
[125]
‘Habibie to consider status of East Timor’, The Canberra Times,
10 June 1998.
[126]
‘After all the publicity about how much Indonesia was investing in
building roads, hospitals and infrastructures in East Timor, we were surprised
to see how small the budget was’, said Portuguese Foreign Ministry spokesman Mr
Horacio Cesar. The current budget was ‘approximately that of a largish
Portuguese municipality’. Foreign Minister Gama had consulted with Prime
Minister Antonio Guterres and Finance Minister Antonio Sousa Franco over funds
available to take over the Indonesian-financed budget. It was agreed that
Portugal would foot the entire yearly $US100 million if necessary, but it was
hoped other countries might contribute (Jill Jolliffe and Louise Williams, ‘Old
colonist Portugal throws financial lifeline to E Timor’, The Sydney Morning
Herald, 25 February 1999).
[127] Mr
Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December
1999, p. 1002.
[128] Mr
Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 and 9 December
1999, pp. 1003, 1027.
[129]
Don Greenlees, ‘Row over Timor shift’, The Australian,
16 January 1999.
[130]
DFAT, submission (March 1999), pp. 3-4.
[131]
Don Greenlees, ‘Row over Timor shift’, The Australian,
16 January 1999.
[132] Mr
Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December
1999, p. 1002.
[133]
The preamble to the Indonesian constitution states: ‘Independence being
the right of every nation, colonialism in this world must be abolished as being
inconsistent with humanity and justice [Bahwa
sesungguhnja kemerdekaan itu ialah hak segala bangsa dan oleh sebab itu, maka
pendjadjahan diatas dunia harus dihapuskan, karena tidak sesuai dengan peri
kemanusiaan dan peri keadilan]’.
[134]
Don Greenlees, ‘Offer of freedom doomed Habibie’, The Australian,
27 January 2000. Adviser to President Habibie, Dewi Fortuna Anwar, has
commented that Bishop Ximenes Belo’s refusal of a request to come to Jakarta
for further discussions after President Habibie had received Mr Howard's letter
was a major factor influencing the President to propose to his cabinet that the
people of East Timor be allowed to vote on their future (Karen Poleglaze,
‘Indonesia downplays PM’s Aussie influence on Timor’, AAP, 8 June
2000). Ms Dewi Anwar had said previously ‘the letter
that provoked President Habibie’s change of mind regarding East Timor’s
independence was the one that was sent by Howard’. (Sunday, 19 September
1999).
[135]
Louise Williams, ‘Jakarta hints at freedom for East Timor’, The Sydney
Morning Herald, 28 January 1999. ‘We were then very convinced we would win
the referendum’, Mr Alatas told the Jakarta magazine Tempo in September
2000 (Lindsay Murdoch, ‘Whitlam “backed what we were doing in East
Timor” ’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 26 September 2000).
[136]
Lindsay Murdoch, ‘Australia to play key Timor role: Habibie’, The Age,
21 April 1999. See also Prime Minister Howard’s and President Habibie’s
Joint Press Conference, Bali Hilton International, 27 April 1999.
[http://www.pm.gov.au/news/interviews/1999/bali2704.htm].
[137]
Tim Dodd, ‘Indonesia's wounded pride over East Timor’, The Australian
Financial Review, 21 April 1999.
[138]
Malcolm Booker, ‘East Timor should not get hopes high’, The Canberra
Times, 19 August 1997.
[139]
Peter Cole-Adams, ‘Summit puts halt to stalling ploy’, The Sydney
Morning Herald, 29 April 1999.
[140]
Peter Cole-Adams, ‘The long goodbye’, The Sydney Morning Herald,
17 April 1999.
[141]
The Hon. R.J.L. Hawke, AC, Sir Richard Kirby Lecture, 20 April
1999, quoted in Bob Hawke, ‘Timor: a Kosovo on our doorstep’, The Age,
21 April 1999.
[142]
Geoffrey Barker, ‘PM returns on wing and promise’, The Australian
Financial Review, 28 April 1999; Peter Hartcher, ‘Indonesian army
retains upper hand’, The Australian Financial Review, 5 May 1999.
See also Prime Minister Howard’s and President Habibie’s Joint Press
Conference, Bali Hilton International, 27 April 1999.
[http://www.pm.gov.au/news/interviews/1999/bali2704.htm].
[143]
Don Greenlees, ‘A full and free choice’, The Australian,
28 April 1999. See also Prime Minister Howard, press conference, 28 April
1999. [http://www.pm.gov.au/news/interviews/1999/PresConf2804.htm].
[144]
In Jakarta, former Foreign Affairs Department Deputy Secretary Geoffrey
Forrester detected the change and commented, ‘Australians are totally
preoccupied with the East Timor situation and tend to see the fate of 202
million Indonesians through the prism of 800,000 East Timorese’ (Lindsay
Murdoch, ‘Timor “timetable to disaster” ’, The Sydney Morning Herald,
29 April 1999).
[145] Mr Kevin, Committee
Hansard, 10 April 2000, p. 1040.
[146]
Sian Powell, ‘Freedom was worth the heavy price’, The Australian, 27
January 2000.
[147]
‘ONU não tem visão neocolonialista, afirma Viera de Mello’, Lusa,
24 July 2000.
[148] Nancy
Viviani, ‘Australia Indonesia Relations—Past, Present,
Future’, presented at ‘Indonesia Update’ seminar, Australian
National University, 25 September 1999.
[149] Mr Kevin, Committee
Hansard, 10 April 2000, p. 1031.
[150] Mr Kevin, Committee
Hansard, 10 April 2000, p. 1032.
[151] Mr Kevin, Committee
Hansard, 10 April 2000, p. 1032.
[152] Mr Kevin, Committee
Hansard, 10 April 2000, p. 1032.
[153] Mr Kevin, Committee
Hansard, 10 April 2000, p. 1032.
From April 1999, Special Air Services Regiment and the RAN Clearance Diving
Team cells were performing clandestine reconnaissance in East Timor in
preparation for a large Australian Defence Force deployment (Ian Hunter, ‘Elite
forces scouted island from April’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 11 October
1999; ‘Navy divers return home from Timor’, AAP, 5 December 1999; Max
Blenken, ‘Collins class submarines in action off East Timor—book’, AAP,
29 June 2000).
[154] Mr Kevin, Committee
Hansard, 10 April 2000, p. 1034.
[155] Dr
Crouch, Committee Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 572.
[156]
Mark Davis, Dateline, 16 February 2000, reported that at least
$A12 million earmarked for welfare and development in Indonesia was channelled
from the World Bank directly to the militias.
[157]
Professor Desmond Ball has said that ‘from the end of 1998, intelligence
intercepts produced by the Defence Signals Directorate were providing a very
accurate, precise and detailed picture, both of planning for the subsequent
holocaust as well as details of the relationship between particular commanders
of the Indonesian Army and militia groups and militia leaders in East Timor
itself’ (Late Night Live, 24 July 2000).
[158]
Mr Plunkett, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 517.
[159]
Mr Plunkett, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 517.
[160]
Mr Mark Plunkett of the Pax Group, submission no. 92, p. 5.
[161]
Mr Plunkett, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 525. The
reference to Colonel Suratman was to his statement reported on the Channel 9 Sunday
program of 30 May 1999: ‘There will be a civil war which I imagine will be much
worse and more horrifying than what happened in 1975. If the pro-independents
do win, it won’t just be the government of Indonesia that has to deal with what
follows. The UN and Australia are also going to have to solve the problem. And
well if this does happen then there’ll be no winners, everything is going to be
destroyed. East Timor won’t exist as it does now. It’ll be much worse than 23
years ago’. The reference to UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for East
Timor Jamsheed Marker was presumably to his statement in Dili on 18 August 1999
that the popular consultation could be conducted peacefully considering the
improved security situation in the territory (‘UN Envoy says E Timor Ballot can
be conducted peacefully’, Antara, 18 August 1999).
[162]
Mr Lowry, Committee Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 554.
[163]
Mr Lowry, Committee Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 556.
[164]
Mr Lowry, Committee Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 555.
[165]
Mr Haigh, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 663.
[166]
Mr Haigh, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 664.
[167]
‘East Timor Betrayed: The price of appeasement’, Sunday, 30 May
1999.
[168]
Professor Smith, Committee Hansard, 24 September 1999, p. 594.
[169]
Mr Dupont, Committee Hansard, 24 September 1999, pp. 623-4. Cf.
Professor Desmond Ball, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National
University: ‘I think you had a situation where, back
in about March, the intelligence community was alerting the government to the
fact that there were very close relationships between the Indonesian military
and the militia groups and leaderships in East Timor, and that in the event of
an independence poll that was lost, from the Indonesian point of view, there
would be widespread massacres, deaths and destruction. The government really
didn’t want to hear that back in March/April. It was resisting any moves to set
up any peacekeeping force; it was wanting to keep the Indonesian relationship
along the sort of cosy lines that Canberra and Jakarta had been working for
previous years, and hence didn’t really want to know what the intelligence
community was telling it.’ (The National Interest, 31 October 1999).
[170]
Dr William Maley, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, pp. 859-60.
[171] Dr
Maley, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 860.
[172] Dr
Kingsbury, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999,
p.
947.
Cf. Professor Desmond Ball: ‘I think that
there are some very major questions involved about the influence on
intelligence by the policy-making process. In other words, the intelligence
assessment process was distorted to make it more consonant with the views of the
government here in Canberra. I think that’s potentially disastrous in any
intelligence collection or assessment process.’ The National Interest,
31 October 1999.
[173]
Dr Maley, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 863.
[174]
Dr Maley, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 866.
[175]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 1004.
[176]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 9 December 1999, p. 1026.
[177]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 13 August 1999, p. 220.
[178]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 9 December 1999, p. 1026.
[179]
John Lyons, ‘The Secret Timor Dossier’, The Bulletin, 12 October
1999, p. 27.
[180]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 1004.
[181]
Dr Maley, submission no. 91, p. 1; Cf. the statement by Professor
Desmond Ball, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National
University: ‘I believe that we’re now witness to the greatest failures in
Australian defence policy since the 1960s.’ Four Corners, ‘The Ties that
Bind: the story behind the East Timor crisis and how it plunged
Australian-Indonesian relations to and all-time low’, 14 February 2000.
[182]
Mr Plunkett, submission no. 92, p. 5; Committee Hansard, 15
September 1999, p. 524.
[183]
Mr R. Lowry, Committee Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 555.
[184]
Dr Chan, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 832.
[185]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 1005. The
Department also declined to respond to Mr Tony Kevin’s submission at the
hearing on 10 April 2000.
[186]
John Lyons, ‘The Secret Timor Dossier’, The Bulletin, 12 October
1999, p. 25.
[187]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 1004.
[188]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 9 December 1999, pp. 1028-9.
[189] Mr
Dauth, Committee Hansard, 9 December 1999, p. 1026.
[190]
Mr Dunn, Committee Hansard, 24
September 1999, p. 602.
[191]
Mr Lowry, Committee Hansard, 20
September 1999, p. 555.
[192] Dr
Chan, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 831.
‘From my own observations, Dr Kenneth Chan, the Australian representative in
the [UN] Fourth Committee, was deeply involved with the Indonesians in running
the plan to endeavour to defeat the resolution on East Timor that was before
the body’, Professor Roger Clark, Committee Hansard, 24 September 1982,
p. 1402.
[193]
Mr Whitlam, Committee Hansard, 6
December 1999, pp. 987-8.
[194]
The Hon. Gareth Evans, QC, MP, submission no. 21, p. 6.
[195]
‘Australia’s insistence on maintaining good relations’, AM, 13
September 2000; ‘Australia’s stance on 1975 E. Timor invasion “a
mistake” ’, The Canberra Times, 14 September 2000.
[196]
Dr Chan, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 832.
[197]
Dr Chan, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 832.
[198]
Dr Chan, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 833.
[199]
Dr Chan, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 834.
[200]
Mr Haigh, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 665.
[201]
Mr Haigh, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 667.
[202]
Mr Haigh, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 665.
Chapter 8 - Australia and Indonesia
[1]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 991.
[2]
James Grubel, ‘Indonesia scraps security treaty over East Timor’, AAP,
16 September 1999; Don Greenlees and Robert Garran, ‘Jakarta severs security
ties with Canberra’, The Australian, 17 September 1999.
[3]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 996.
[4]
Dr van Langenberg, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 781.
[5]
Mr Lowry, Committee Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 557.
[6]
Dr Kingsbury. Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, p. 942.
[7]
‘Gus Dur-Howard meeting successful: Alwi’, The Jakarta Post, 9
June 2000. Japan’s Foreign Minister Masahiko Komura during a visit to Jakarta
in late April had expressed concern to President Wahid and Foreign Minister
Alwi Shihab about the deterioration in relations between Indonesia and
Australia (Lincoln Wright, ‘Japan steps in to smooth ties with Indonesia’, The
Canberra Times, 11 May 2000). Mr Komura and Prime Minister Yoshihiro Mori
facilitated the meeting in Tokyo between Prime Minister Howard and President
Wahid (James Grubel, ‘Funeral in Tokyo brings Pacific family together’, AAP,
9 June 2000). At the April talks in Jakarta, the idea was raised of a
tri-partite meeting or council of Indonesia, Australia and East Timor.
President Wahid discussed the idea with Xanana Gusmão in Jakarta on 28 April, proposing
that Gusmão raise it with Prime Minister Howard, which Gusmão did during his
visit to Australia on 6 May. Mr Howard agreed, in principle, to a tri-partite
meeting, but only after a bilateral meeting between himself and President Wahid
(Karen Polglaze, ‘Wahid calls for meeting with Howard’, AAP, 28 April
2000; Lindsay Murdoch, ‘Jakarta, Canberra and Dili must talk, says Wahid’, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 1 May 2000; Karen Michelmore, ‘Howard backs
tri-nation East Timor meeting’, AAP, 6 May 2000).
[8]
Mr Dupont, Committee Hansard, 24 September 1999, p. 620.
[9]
Mr Aspinall, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999. p. 829.
[10]
Dr William Maley, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 866.
[11]
See Lt Gen. Sanderson, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p.
545; Mr Haigh, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999, p. 672; Dr Maley, Committee
Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 866.
[12]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 991.
[13]
Mr Dauth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 1999, p. 995.
[14]
Mr Mark Plunkett, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 529.
[15]
Dr Kingsbury. Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, p. 942.
[16]
Dr Kingsbury. Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, p. 942.
[17]
Dr Maley, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 864.
[18]
Mr Aspinall, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, p. 830.
[19]
Dr Crouch, Committee Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 581.
[20]
Mr B. Ely, Committee Hansard, 8 September 1999, p. 382.
[21]
Mr B. Ely, Committee Hansard, 8 September 1999, p. 381.
[22] Defence
Department, submission no. 55, annex A, 30 March 1999.
[23] Defence
Department, submission no. 55, annex A, 30 March 1999.
[24]
Mr Alcock, Committee Hansard, 19 July 1999, p. 45; Ms Van
Der Sman, Committee Hansard, 19 July 1999, p. 86; Dr Bourchier, Committee
Hansard, 20 July 1999, p. 170; Ms Lawrence, Committee Hansard, 20
July 1999, p. 157; Mr Aubrey, Committee Hansard, 27 August 1999,
p. 316; Mr O’Connor, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999,
pp. 787-8; Mr Haigh, Committee Hansard, 3 November 1999,
p. 672; Dr Kingsbury, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999,
pp. 945-6; Dr Hill, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999,
p. 953.
[25]
Mr O’Connor, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, pp. 787-8.
[26]
Dr Bourchier, Committee Hansard, 20 July 1999, p. 173; Dr
Kingsbury, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, p. 945.
[27]
Dr Kingsbury, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, pp. 945-6.
[28]
For example, Mr J. Aubrey, Committee Hansard, 27 August 1999, p.
322; Mr Alcock, Committee Hansard, 19 July 1999, p. 45; and Ms Van Der
Sman, Committee Hansard, 19 July 1999, p. 86.
[29]
Dr Kingsbury, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, p. 945.
[30]
Dr Hill, Committee Hansard, 18 November 1999, p. 953.
[31]
Dr Crouch, Committee
Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 583.
[32]
Mr M.J. Scrafton, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 850.
[33]
Air Commodore K.J. Clarke, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999,
p. 850.
[34]
Mr H. White, Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Legislation
Committee Hansard, 8 June 1999, p. 216.
[35]
Dr Bourchier,Committee Hansard, 20 July 1999, p. 173; Mr
O’Connor, Committee Hansard, 4 November 1999, pp. 790-2.
[36]
Mr Mark Plunkett, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 546.
[37]
Mr Mark Plunkett, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 545.
[38]
Mr Lowry, Committee
Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 566.
[39]
Lt Gen. Sanderson, Committee Hansard, 15 September 1999, p. 546.
[40]
Air Commodore Clarke, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p.
843.
[41]
Mr Scrafton, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 843.
[42]
‘Indonesian defence ties helped in Timor crisis’, AAP, 3 May
2000.
[43]
Lincoln Wright, ‘Ties with Indonesian military prevented bloodshed:
Cosgrove’, Canberra Times, 17 May 2000.
[44]
‘Aust cancels military training with Indonesia’, AAP, 10
September 1999; Mr Scrafton, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999,
p. 854; Mr Hugh White, Deputy Secretary (Strategy), Department of Defence,
estimates hearings, Legislation Committee Hansard, 3 May 2000, p. 88.
[45]
Mr M.J. Scrafton, Committee Hansard, 11 November 1999, p. 853.
[46]
James Grubel, ‘Howard says too early to resume defence ties with
Indonesia’, AAP, 2 May 2000; Michelle Grattan and Lindsay Murdoch, ‘Too
soon to resume defence ties, says PM’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 3 May
2000.