Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        Journals of the Senate, No. 44, 15 June 2017, p. 1436.

[2]        Journals of the Senate, No. 50, 9 August 2017, p. 1634.

[3]        Journals of the Senate, No. 61, 12 September 2017, p. 1958.

Chapter 2 - Toll roads in Australia and elsewhere

[1]        For a brief summary of these arguments see C Standen, 'Big road projects don’t really save time or boost productivity', The Conversation, 24 January 2014,
https://theconversation.com/big-road-projects-dont-really-save-time-or-boost-productivity-21560 (accessed 29 August 2017).

[2]        Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development (DIRD), Submission 16; the paper is at https://infrastructure.gov.au/roads/heavy/files/IPR-Discussion-Paper.pdf (accessed 20 July 2017).

[3]        Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, Submission 16.

[4]        M Turnbull (Prime Minister), Ministerial Statement: Infrastructure, House of Representatives Hansard, 24 November 2016, p. 4343.

[5]        Infrastructure Australia, Australian Infrastructure Plan, Priorities and reforms for our nation's future, February 2016, p. 90 http://infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/policy-publications/publications/files/Australian_Infrastructure_Plan.pdf (accessed 23 August 2017).

[6]        A McGhee and H Belot, 'Scott Morrison flags budget reporting changes, will allocate expenditure to individual portfolios', ABC News, 27 April 2017, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-27/budget-2017-scott-morrison-flags-reporting-changes/8474422 (accessed 1 September 2017).

[7]        M Farr, 'Taxing the rich isn’t the simple solution Bill Shorten is claiming', 12 May 2017, News.com.au website, http://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/federal-budget/taxing-the-rich-isnt-the-simple-solution-bill-shorten-is-claiming/newsstory/3723269a3764c3441c89
f3185ed29a33 (accessed 1 September 2017).

[8]        Professor David Hensher, Submission 1, [p. 2].

[9]        Mr Tony Harris (former New South Wales Auditor-General), interview with Ticky Fullerton for Four Corners, 20 February 2006, http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2006/s1573798.htm (accessed 24 August 2017).

[10]      R Dossor, 'Revenue from road use', Briefing Book for the 45^th Parliament, Parliamentary Library, 2016, https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/
Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook45p/FundingRoads (accessed 24 August 2017).

[11]      Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, Introduction to Road Economics, Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics, Background Paper for an ANZSOG Infrastructure Research Workshop, prepared by Dr Mark Harvey, September 2015, https://bitre.gov.au/publications/2017/files/sp_001.pdf (accessed 28 July 2017).

[12]      Professor David Hensher, Submission 1, [p. 2].

[13]      Associate Professor Russell Thompson, Submission 9, [p. 2].

[14]      Western Sydney Regional Organisation of Councils, Submission 2, p. 3, p. 9; Hobson's Bay City Council, Submission 29, p. 4.

[15]      Professor David Hensher, Submission 1, [p. 2].

[16]      Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, Introduction to Road Economics, Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics, p. 22.

[17]      Bain, R. (2012) Twenty-One Limitations & Shortcomings with Traditional 4-Step Models, quoted in Professor David Hensher, Submission 1, fn 2.

[18]      Material in this section is derived from Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, Toll Roads in Australia, Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics, September 2016, https://bitre.gov.au/publications/2016/files/is_081.pdf (accessed 20 July 2017), unless otherwise indicated.

[19]      WestConnex, Tolls for WestConnex stages, https://www.westconnex.com.au/using-westconnex/tolls (accessed 21 July 2017).

[20]      The figures are for 31 August 2016.

[21]      T Moore, 'Trucks drive Brisbane's toll road revenue growth', Brisbane Times, 8 August 2017: 'The $1.14 billion Gateway Upgrade North project will be finished in late 2018. The $512 million Logan Enhancement project finishes in 2019, while the $60 million Inner City Bypass extension finishes mid-2018.' https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/politics/queensland/trucks-drive-brisbanes-toll-road-revenue-growth-20170808-gxrzlt.html (accessed 28 August 2017).

[23]      US Federal Highway Administration, Toll Facilities in the United States, 2016, https://www.
fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/tollpage/, History, Current Policy (accessed 28 August 2017).

[24]      US Federal Highway Administration, Toll Facilities in the United States, 2016, https://www.
fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/tollpage/, Toll Mileage Trends  (accessed 28 August 2017).

[25]      R Puentes, 'The Indiana Toll Road: How Did a Good Deal Go Bad?', Forbes magazine, 3 October 2014,  https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/10/03/the-indiana-toll-road-how-did-a-good-deal-go-bad/#2c7ae80d2087 (accessed 28 August 2017).

[26]      T Ahmad, National Funding of Road Infrastructure: Canada, Library of Congress, 2014, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/infrastructure-funding/canada.php (accessed 24 August 2017).

[27]      C Feikert-Ahalt, National Funding of Road Infrastructure: England and Wales, Library of Congress, 2014, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/infrastructure-funding/englandandwales.php (accessed 24 August 2017).

[28]      N Boring, National Funding of Road Infrastructure: France, Library of Congress, 2014, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/infrastructure-funding/france.php (accessed 24 August 2017); About-France.com website, HGV / truck driving in France, https://about-france.com/hgv.htm#charges (accessed 24 August 2017).

[29]      DPA/The Local, What the new 'foreigner toll' on the autobahn will mean for you, https://www.thelocal.de/20170324/what-the-new-german-autobahn-toll-will-mean-for-you (accessed 24 August 2017).

[30]      D Figueroa, National Funding of Road Infrastructure: Italy, Library of Congress, 2014, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/infrastructure-funding/italy.php (accessed 28 August 2017).

[31]      L Zhang, National Funding of Road Infrastructure: China, Library of Congress, 2014, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/infrastructure-funding/china.php (accessed 24 August 2017).

[32]      S Umeda, National Funding of Road Infrastructure:Japan, Library of Congress, 2014, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/infrastructure-funding/japan.php (accessed 28 August 2017).

[33]      Rhino Car Hire website, Spanish Toll Roads - A Guide to Toll Roads in Spain, http://www.rhinocarhire.com/Car-Hire-Blog/August-2015/Spanish-Toll-Roads-A-Guide-to-Toll-Roads-in-Spain.aspx (accessed 28 August 2017).

[34]      Transurban, Submission 27, p. 12.

[35]      S Umeda, National Funding of Road Infrastructure:Japan, Library of Congress, 2014, section IIB Tolls.

[36]      Derived from Rhino Car Hire website, Spanish Toll Roads - A Guide to Toll Roads in Spain, http://www.rhinocarhire.com/Car-Hire-Blog/August-2015/Spanish-Toll-Roads-A-Guide-to-Toll-Roads-in-Spain.aspx (accessed 28 August 2017).

Chapter 3 - Financial arrangements for toll roads

[1]        Infrastructure Australia, Australian Infrastructure Plan, Priorities and reforms for our nation's future, February 2016, p. 100, http://infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/policy-publications/publications/files/Australian_Infrastructure_Plan.pdf (accessed 25 July 2017).

[2]        EcoTransit Sydney, Submission 13, p. 6.

[3]        Mr Brian Boyd, Executive Director, Performance Audit Services Group, Australian National Audit Office, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 8.

[4]        BITRE, 'Review of Traffic Forecasting Performance, Toll Roads', June 2011, Executive Summary, https://infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure/infrastructure_reforms/files/Attach_A-BITRE_Literature_Review.pdf (accessed 29 August 2017); see also Optimism Bias prepared by Transport and Infrastructure Council, Australian Transport Assessment and Planning Guidelines, https://atap.gov.au/public-consultations/files/ATAP-Optimism_bias.pdf (accessed 29 August 2017).

[5]        Bain, R. (2012) Twenty-One Limitations & Shortcomings with Traditional 4-Step Models, quoted in Professor David Hensher, Submission 1, fn 2.

[6]        Mr William McDougall, Submission 37.

[7]        Professor David Hensher, Submission 1, [p. 2].

[8]        For example, Ms Wendy Bacon, Submission 32, p. 19; Grattan Institute, Submission 23; No WestConnex Public Transport, Submission 25.

[9]        See, for example, Victorian Government, Western Distributor Project Tolling Structure, Department of Treasury and Finance, nd, http://economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets
/pdf_file/0007/1237273/Western-Distributor-Attachment-F-Tolling-Options-Report_Redacted.pdf (accessed 25 July 2017).

[10]      WestConnex, Tolls for WestConnex stages, https://www.westconnex.com.au/using-westconnex/tolls (accessed 29 August 2017).

[11]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Consumer Price Index, Australia, Jun 2017, Cat. No. 6401.0, 26 July 2017,Index Numbers All Groups CPI, Australia,  

[12]      Professor David Hensher, Submission 1, [p. 2].

[13]      T Snowdon, 'Tolls in Brisbane: Transurban to increase tolls to pay for Inner City Bypass upgrade', The Courier Mail, 21 March 2017, http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland
/tolls-in-brisbane-transurban-to-increase-tolls-to-pay-for-inner-city-bypass-upgrade/news-story/c3f1e71203e600d7237ca0dcddfeb2ba (accessed 29 August 2017).

[14]      Ms Wendy Bacon, Submission 32, p. 18; WestConnex Action Group, Submission 26, p. 5.

[15]      WestConnex Action Group, Submission 26, p. 5.

[16]      EcoTransit Sydney, Submission 13, p. 5.

[17]      S Thomsen, 'Victoria's premier posted this cool look at Melbourne's new Western Distributor bridge', Business Insider, 11 May 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com.au/victorias-premier-posted-this-cool-look-at-melbournes-new-western-distributor-bridge-2016-5 (accessed 29 August 2017).

[18]      F Pretorius, S Surup, A McDougall, 'Private-Public Partnerships: Transactional Analysis and the Case of Urban Motorways' in K Wellman, M Spiller, Urban Infrastructure: Finance and Management, Wily-Blackwell, 2012.

[19]      J Gordon, 'Western Distributor: Compensation clause threatens $5.5 billion road plan', The Age, 9 May 2016, http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/western-distributor-compensation-clause-threatens-55-billion-road-plan-20160509-goq3ts.html (accessed 29 August 2017).

[20]      Friends of the Earth, Submission 20, p. 2.

[21]      Mr William McDougall, Submission 37, p. 2.

[22]      Mr William McDougall, Submission 37, p. 4.

[23]      Mr William McDougall, Submission 37, p. 6.

[24]      Grattan Institute, Submission 23, [p. 4].

[25]      Grattan Institute, Submission 23, [p. 4].

[26]      Western Sydney Regional Organisation of Councils, Submission 2, p. 4.

[27]      Associate Professor Russell Thompson, Submission 9, p. 2; Alexandria Residents Action Group, Submission 10, [p. 3]; Mr Brendan Long, Chief Executive Officer, Infrastructure Partnerships Australia Ltd, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 32.

[28]      Amarok Club of Victoria Inc, Submission 21.

[29]      DIRD, Introduction to Road Economics, BITRE, Background Paper for an ANZSOG Infrastructure Research Workshop, prepared by Dr Mark Harvey, September 2015, p. 7.

[30]      For example, WestConnex, Tolls for WestConnex stages, where the 'truck multiplier' is three: any vehicle defined as a truck incurs a toll three times the toll for cars.  https://www.westconnex.com.au/using-westconnex/tolls (accessed 29 August 2017).

[31]      National Road Transport Association, Submission 7, p. 1.

[32]      'Motoring' website, Toll road operator announces significant price increases from April 1, 10 March 2017, http://www.motoring.com.au/melbournes-citylink-toll-prices-increase-again-106356/ (accessed 25 July 2017).

[33]      Professor Russell Thompson, Submission 9, [p. 3].

Chapter 4 - Equity aspects of toll arrangements

[1]        Mr Brendan Long, Chief Executive Officer, Infrastructure Partnerships Australia Ltd, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 32. Cashback is a New South Wales government scheme which gives residents a rebate of their tolls for the M5.

[2]        Western Sydney Regional Organisation of Councils, Submission 2, p. 4.

[3]        Mr Denis Nelthorpe, Chief Executive Officer, WEstjustice, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 55.

[4]        Western Sydney Regional Organisation of Councils, Submission 2, p. 7.

[5]        ABS, Average Weekly Earnings, Australia, May 2017, Cat. No. 6302.0, 17 August 2017. The calculation is based on full time adult average weekly ordinary time earnings of $1543.80.

[7]        Transurban, Submission 27, p. 49.

[8]        Mr Denis Nelthorpe, Chief Executive Officer, WEstjustice, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, pp. 55–6; Western Sydney Regional Organisation of Councils, pp. 8–9.

[9]        Mr Scott Charlton, Chief Executive Officer, Transurban, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 48.

[10]      Hobson's Bay City Council, Submission 29, [p. 3].

[11]      No WestConnex Public Transport, Submission 25, p. 3.

[12]      National Road Transport Association, Submission 7 [p. 3].

[13]      National Road Transport Association, Submission 7 [p. 6].

[14]      Associate Professor Russell Thompson, Submission 9, [p. 2, p. 3].

[15]      Transurban, Submission 27, p. 16.

[16]      Quoted in Toll Redress, Submission 36, p. 5, p. 8.

[17]      Mr Denis Nelthorpe, Chief Executive Officer, Wes in Newtjustice, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 56.

[18]      WEstjustice, Submission 3, [pp. 2-4].

[19]      Mr Denis Nelthorpe, Chief Executive Officer, WEstjustice, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 55.

[20]      WEstjustice, Submission 3, [p. 6].

[21]      Mr Denis Nelthorpe, Chief Executive Officer, WEstjustice, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 55.

[22]      WEstjustice, Submission 3, [p. 6].

[23]      State Penalties Enforcement Registry (Queensland), General overview of the tolling enforcement process, additional information received 1 August 2017, p. 3.

[24]      Toll Redress, Submission 36, p. 5, p. 3.

[25]      Toll Redress, Submission 36, p. 5, p. 10.

[26]      Toll Redress, Submission 36, p. 8.

[27]      Ms E Goli, Commissioner of State Revenue, (Queensland), correspondence received 1 August 2017.

[28]      WEstjustice: Briefing paper - Our plan for a fair and effective toll enforcement system for Victoria, April 2017, additional information received 8 August 2017, pp. 10–11.

[29]      WEstjustice, Submission 3, [p. 2].

[30]      Toll Redress, Submission 36, p. 10.

[31]      New South Wales Government, Roads and Maritime Services, M5 Cashback Scheme, http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roads/using-roads/motorways-tolling/paying-tolls/m5-cash-scheme.html (accessed 28 July 2017).

[32]      Transurban, Submission 27, p. 17.

[33]      Mr Denis Nelthorpe, Chief Executive Officer, WEstjustice, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, pp. 57–8.

[34]      Mr Michael Fraser, Director, Toll Redress, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 58–9.

[35]      RACQ, Submission 5, p. 3.

[36]      TCO Tolling Customer Ombudsman, response to Toll Redress, Submission 36.

[37]      Toll Redress, Submission 36, pp. 11–12; Mr Denis Nelthorpe, Chief Executive Officer, WEstjustice, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 55, p. 59.

[38]      TCO Tolling Customer Ombudsman, response to Toll Redress, Submission 36.

Chapter 5 - Interactions of commercial considerations and government policy

[1]        See, for example, Inner Melbourne Planning Alliance, Submission 35, p. 2.; Transurban, Submission 27, pp. 9–14.

[2]        Infrastructure Australia website, http://infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/ (accessed 21 July 2017).

[3]        Commonwealth of Australia, Budget Measures: Budget paper no. 2 2017–18, p. 141.

[4]        Professor David Hensher, Submission 1, [p. 2].

[5]        Ms Marion Terrill, Transport Program Director, Grattan Institute, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 3.

[6]        Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics, Review of Traffic Forecasting Performance, Toll Roads, June 2011, Executive Summary.

[7]        Transurban, Submission 27, p. 28.

[9]        Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, Toll Roads in Australia, Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics, September 2016.

[10]      Transurban, Submission 27, p. 7.

[11]      Professor David Hensher, Submission 1, [p. 1].

[12]      City of Sydney, Submission 33, p. 1.

[13]      Alison and James Whitten, Submission 11, p. 7.

[14]      Dr John Stone, Submission 15; [name withheld] Submission 4.

[15]      P Martin, ' More than Westconnex: F6 Extension to cost $18 billion', Sydney Morning Herald, 4 July 2017, http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/more-than-westconnex-f6-extension-to-cost-18-billion-20170704-gx49zp.html (accessed 11 September 2017).

[16]      EcoTransit Sydney, Submission 13, p. 1, p. 2.

[17]      Mr Paul Jeffery, Submission 14.

[18]      Public Transport Users Association, Submission 30, p. 5.

[19]      Associate Professor Russell Thompson, Submission 9, p. 1.

[20]      Public Transport Users Association, Submission 30, p. 3; City of Sydney, Submission33, p. 3.

[21]      Institution of Engineers Australia (Victoria Division), Journey and Arrival: the story of the Melbourne CityLink, 2002, Parliamentary Library link http://dpl/Books/2002/114407.pdf

[22]      R Millar and B Schneiders, 'Transurban: the making of a monster', The Age, 14 May 2016, http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/transurban-the-making-of-a-monster-20160512-gotjm9.html (accessed 26 July 2017).

[23]      Mr Denis Nelthorpe, Chief Executive Officer, WEstjustice, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 61; see also the description of the transport planning task by Mr Richard Bolt, Secretary, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (Victoria), Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 62.

[24]      Mr Scott Charlton, Chief Executive Officer, Transurban, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 42.

[25]      State Penalties Enforcement Registry (Queensland), General overview of the tolling enforcement process, additional information received 1 August 2017, p. 3

[26]      Mr Denis Nelthorpe, Chief Executive Officer, WEstjustice, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 55.

[27]      Friends of the Earth and Public Transport Not Traffic, Submission 20.

[28]      Alison and James Whitten, Submission 11, p. 15.

[29]      Mr Denis Nelthorpe, Chief Executive Officer, WEstjustice, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 56.

[30]      Professor David Hensher, Submission1, [p. 2].

[31]      Mr Brendan Lyon, Chief Executive Officer, Infrastructure Partnerships Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 34.

[32]      Mr Richard Bolt, Secretary, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (Victoria), Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 62.

[33]      Transurban, Submission 27, p. 22.

[34]      Mr Richard Bolt, Secretary, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (Victoria), Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 62.

[35]      Mr William McDougall, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017,pp. 17–23.

[36]      Mr William McDougall, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 25.

[37]      EcoTransit Sydney, Submission 13, p. 3.

[38]      Infrastructure Australia, Infrastructure Priority List, February 2017, http://infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/policy-publications/publications/files/Australian-Infrastructure-Plan-2017.pdf (accessed 30 August 2017).

[39]      NoWestConnex Public Transport (NoWPT), Submission 25, p. 2.

[40]      Ms Wendy Bacon, Submission 32, pp. 11–13.

[41]      Ms Wendy Bacon, Submission 32, p. 2.

[42]      Ms Wendy Bacon, Submission 32, p. 3, p. 4.

[43]      Ms Wendy Bacon, Submission 32, pp. 8–9.

[44]      Australian National Audit Office, Submission 5, [p. 2].

Chapter 6 - Committee view and recommendations

[1]        Infrastructure Australia, Australian Infrastructure Audit, May 2015, http://infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/policy-publications/publications/Australian-Infrastructure-Audit.aspx (accessed 12 September 2017).

[2]        Infrastructure Australia, Infrastructure Australia Priority List – Call for submissions, http://infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/projects/IPL-call-for-submissions.aspx (accessed 1 September 2017).

[3]        New South Wales Parliament, Health and Community Services Committee, Inquiry into Road Tolling, Submission 111, Mr Tony Harris, 22 March 2017, [p. 4–5].

[4]        Mr Scott Charlton, Chief Executive Officer, Transurban, Committee Hansard, 3 August 2017, p. 43: 'It sits on a balance sheet and they never recover it.'

Additional Comments by the Australian Greens

[1]        Grattan Institute, Submission 23, [p. 5].

[2]        Grattan Institute, Submission 23, [p. 5].

[3]        New South Wales Parliament, Health and Community Services Committee, Inquiry into Road Tolling, Submission 111, Mr Tony Harris, 22 March 2017, [p. 5].

[4]        EcoTransit Sydney, Submission 13, p. 4.

[5]        Alexandria Residents Action Group, Submission 10, p. 1.

[6]        New South Wales Government, Roads and Maritime Services, M5 Cashback Scheme, http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roads/using-roads/motorways-tolling/paying-tolls/m5-cash-scheme.html (accessed 28 July 2017).

[7]        M O'Sullivan and J Robertson, 'Taxpayer bill for cashback scheme on Sydney toll roads hits $1.5 billion - and climbing', Sydney Morning Herald, 19 December 2016, http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/taxpayer-bill-for-cashback-scheme-on-sydney-toll-roads-hits-15-billion--and-climbing-20161207-gt6hiq.html (accessed 28 July 2017).