Footnotes
Chapter 2 - Australia and Japan—Natural Partners
[1] For
example see: ABARE, submission no. 21, p. 6; DFAT, submission no. 32, pp. 5–7.
[2] See
chapter 5, para 5.17.
[3] Gareth
Evans, ‘Australia and Japan: Old Friends, New Challenges, Speech to the 19th
Australia-Japan Relations Symposium, 24 February 1995.
[4] For
example see: Speech of Prime Minister Hashimoto at the dinner hosted by Prime
Minister Howard and Mrs Howard, ‘Australia and Japan in the Asia Pacific
Region’, 28 April 1997; Speech of Japanese Ambassador, Yukio Satoh at the
Foreign Correspondents’ Association in Sydney, ‘Japan-Australia
Relations’: Emerging Partnership, 1 November 1996.
[5] ‘Partnership
Agenda between Australia and Japan’, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan,
http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/australia/agenda.html (5 November 1999).
[6] Partnership
Agenda between Australia and Japan, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan,
http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/australia/agenda.html (5 November 1999).
[7] Leon
Wolff, Committee Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 650.
[8] Manuel
Panagiotopoulos, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999, p. 219.
[9] Mr
Bradley Treadwell, Managing Director, Osborne Associates, submission no. 8, p.
3.
[10] Yukio
Satoh, Ambassador of Japan to Australia, SDSC Working Papers, Working
Paper No. 312, ‘From Distant Countries to Partners: the Japan-Australian
Relationship, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, ANU, Canberra, November
1997, p. 1. This paper represents the personal views of the author.
[11] Bradley
Treadwell, Managing Director Osborne Associates, Committee Hansard, 19
February 1999, p. 62.
[12] Bradley
Treadwell, Managing Director Osborne Associates, Committee Hansard, 19
February 1999, p. 62.
[13] Bradley
Treadwell, Managing Director Osborne Associates, Committee Hansard, 19
February 1999, pp. 71–72.
Chapter 3 - Japan—On the threshold of a new millennium
[1] Taichi
Sakaiya, ‘Japan is Changing’, Japan Echo, vol. 25, no. 6, December 1998,
p. 34.
[2] See Isao
Nakauchi, ‘Corporate Efforts to Promote Deregulation’, Text of Speech given by
Mr Isao Nakauchi, Vice Chairman of Keidanren, at the Foreign Correspondents’
Club of Japan, 19 September 1994. Dr Aurelia George Mulgan, submission no. 20,
p. 10.
[3] Nukazawa
Kazuo, ‘The Japanese Economy: From World War II to the New Century, Japan
Echo, vol. 25, no. 2, April 1998.
[4] Hugh
Patrick, ‘The Causes of Japan’s Financial Crisis’, Pacific Economic Paper,
no. 288, Australia-Japan Research Centre, February 1999, p. 1.7.
[5] Taichi
Sakaiya, Minister of State Economic Planning Agency, ‘The Present and Future of
the Japanese Economy’, Speech at Yale University, May 2000, http://www,epa.jp/2000/b/0505b-daijinkouen-e.html
(5 July 2000).
[6] DFAT,
submission no. 32, pp. 7–8.
[7] IMF, World
Economic Outlook, Chapter IV, ‘Japan’s Economic Crisis and Policy Options’,
IMF, 1998, p. 108.
[8] IMF, World
Economic Outlook, Chapter IV, ‘Japan’s Economic Crisis and Policy Options’,
IMF, 1998; pp. 108–9; Hugh Patrick, ‘The Causes of Japan’s Financial Crises’, Pacific
Economic Paper no. 288, Japan’s Financial Reform, Australia-Japan
Research Centre, February, 1999, p. 1.11.
[9] Thomas
Cargill, Michael Hutchison and Takatoshi Ito, ‘Japanese Deregulation: What you
should know, Japan Information Access Project, http://www.nmjc.org/jiap/deregulate/papers/deregcon/hutchison.html
(1 March 1999).
[10] IMF,
World Economic Outlook, Chapter IV, ‘Japan’s Economic Crisis and Policy
Options’, IMF, 1998, p. 109.
[11] See Mr
Charles Wensley, Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 24 February 1999,
p. 96.
[12] Thomas
Cargill, Michael Hutchison and Takatoshi Ito, ‘Japanese Deregulation: What you
should know’, Japan Information Access Project.
[13] Hugh
Patrick; ‘The Causes of Japan’s Financial Crisis, Pacific economic Papers
no. 288¸ February 1999, p. 1.13; Ogata Shijuro, ‘Three Proposals for
Japan’s Troubled Central Bank’, Japan Echo, June 1998, p. 27; Adam S.
Posen, Restoring Japan’s Economic Growth, Institute for International
Economics, Washington, 1998.
[14]
IMF, World Economic Outlook, October 1998, Chapter IV ‘Japan’s
Economic Crisis and Policy Options’, IMF, 1998, p. 110.
[15]
IMF, World Economic Outlook, October 1998, Chapter IV ‘Japan’s
Economic Crisis and Policy Options’, IMF, 1998, p. 110.
[16]
IMF, World Economic Outlook, October 1998, Chapter IV ‘Japan’s
Economic Crisis and Policy Options’, IMF, 1998, p. 110.
[17]
IMF, World Economic Outlook, October 1998, Chapter IV ‘Japan’s
Economic Crisis and Policy Options’, IMF 1998, p. 111.
[18]
Masaru Hayami, Governor of the Bank of Japan, Speech to the Yomiuri
International Economic Society in Tokyo, 29 July 1998.
[19]
Richard C. Koo, ‘Is Japan Misunderstood’, Remarks of Richard C. Koo,
Chief Economist, Nomura Research Institute at the Economic Strategy Institute,
13 July 1998.
[20]
Speech by Minister Taichi Sakaiya, Sorbonne University, Paris, 7
January 1999, http://www.epa.go.jp/99/b/19990107b-daijinkouen-e.html
(24 April 1999).
[21] Economic
Survey of Japan (1993–1994), ‘A Challenge to New Frontiers Beyond the Severe
Adjustment Process’, Economic Planning Agency, Government of Japan, 26 July
1994.
[22]
An Outline of Emergency Measures for Yen Appreciation and the Economy, http://www.epa.go.jp/taisaku/taisaku-eng-summary.html
(19 May 1999).
[23] APEC,
Deregulation Report 1997, Japan, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/deregulation/Japan.html
(18 October 1999); Summary of the 1996 Annual Report of Management and
Coordination Agency, 1996.
[24] Economic
Survey of Japan, 1993–1994, ‘A Challenge to New Frontiers Beyond the Severe
Adjustment Process’, Summary, 26 July 1994, Economic Planning Agency, The
Government of Japan.
[25] Fujiwara
Sakuya, ‘Japan’s Financial Woes and the Hopes for Big Bang’, in Japan Echo, February
1998, p. 7.
[26] Peter
Hartcher, ‘Can Japan Come Back?’ in the National Interest, Winter
1998/99, pp. 32–9 in Peter Hartcher, submission no. 36, p. 36.
[27] Ms Tessa
Morris-Suzuki, submission no. 3, p. 2; Takatoshi Ito, ‘Japan’s Financial
Crisis: Resemblances with East Asia’, Pacific Economic Papers no. 288, vol
I, Australia-Japan Research Centre, February 1999, p. 2.15; The Economist
Intelligence Unit Ltd, EIU Report, 1st Quarter 1996, pp.
19–20; Professor Noriyasu Watanabe, ‘Occupational Pension Systems in Japan’, Japan
Labor Bulletin, vol. 37, no. 8, August 1998.
[28] See Peter
Hartcher, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, pp. 325–6; Noguchi Yukio,
‘The Persistence of the 1940 Setup’, Japan Echo, vol. 24, Special Issue,
1997.
[29] Noguchi
Yukio, ‘The Persistence of the 1940 Setup’, Japan Echo, vol. 24, Special
Issue, 1997.
[30] Speech by
Minister Taichi Sakaiya, Sorbonne University, Paris, 7 January 1999. See also
Ms Tessa Morris-Suzuki, submission no. 3, p. 2.
[31] Economic
Survey of Japan, 1993–1994, A Challenge to New Frontiers Beyond the Severe
Adjustment Process, Summary, 26 July 1994, Economic Planning Agency. See also
Dr Aurelia George Mulgan, submission no. 20.
[32] Policy
Speech by Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama to the 130th Session of
the Diet, 18 July 1994, http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/130.html.
[33] Ryutaro
Hashimoto, Minister of International Trade and Industry, ‘Challenges for the
World Economy in a Transitional Period and Development in the Asia-Pacific
Region’, Vancouver, 2 May 1995, http://www.jef.or.jp/news/challenge.html (19 October 1998). WTO Trade Policy Review of Japan
(1998), 20 November 1998; JETRO, The Changing Service Industries of Japan,
Tokyo, 2000, p. iii.
[34]
An Outline of Emergency Measures for Yen Appreciation and the Economy, http://www.epa.go.jp/taisaku/taisaku-eng-summary.html
(19 May 1999).
[35]
Economic Measures: toward steady economic recovery’ (provisional
translation), Ministerial Conference for Economic Measures, Government of
Japan, 20 September 1995, http://www.epa.go.jp/taisaku/measures95_9
(30 March 1999).
[36]
Economic Measures: toward steady economic recovery’ (provisional
translation), Ministerial Conference for Economic Measures, Government of
Japan, 20 September 1995, http://www.epa.go.jp/taisaku/measures95_9
(30 March 1999).
[37] MITI,
‘Economic Measures: (toward steady economic recovery)’, Government of Japan, 20
September 1995.
[38] MITI,
‘Economic Measures: (toward steady economic recovery)’, Government of Japan, 20
September 1995; Emergency Measures for Yen Appreciation and the Economy, 14
April 1995, Ministerial Conference on Economic Measures.
[39] Ryutaro
Hashimoto, ‘Challenges for the World Economy in Transitional Period and
Development in the Asia-Pacific Region’, Vancouver, 2 May 1995.
[40] Ryutaro
Hashimoto, ‘Challenges for the World Economy in Transitional Period and
Development in the Asia-Pacific Region’, Vancouver, 2 May 1995.
[41] Ryutaro
Hashimoto, ‘Challenges for the World Economy in Transitional Period and
Development in the Asia-Pacific Region’, Vancouver, 2 May 1995.
[42] Economic
Measures toward steady economic recovery, 20 September 1995, Ministerial
Conference for Economic Measures, Government of Japan.
[43] Emergency
Measures for Yen Appreciation and the Economy, Ministerial (Provisional
Translation) Ministerial Conference on Economic Measures, 14 April 1995.
[44] Address
of Shoichiro Toyoda, Chairman of Keidanren, before the 57th
Keidanren General Assembly, 26 May 1995.
[45] ‘Economic
Measures: toward steady economic recovery’, Ministerial Conference for Economic
Measures, Government of Japan, 20 September 1995.
[46] Address
of Shoichiro Toyoda, Chairman of Keidanren, before the 57th
Keidanren General Assembly, 26 May 1995. For information on Keidanren, see
Hidetaka Yoshimatsu, ‘Japan’s Keidanren and Political Influence on Market
Liberalization’, Asian Survey, vol.
XXXVIII, no. 3, March 1998. He describes Keidanren as ‘the principal power
center of business’.
[47] Reforms
and the Creation of a New Era Society—the six reform packages of the Hashimoto
Administration, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
[48] APEC,
Deregulation Report 1997: Japan, http://.apecsec.org.sg/deregulation/jap.html
(20 October 1999).
[49] See for
example Shinji Sato, English translation of Minister Sato’s Speech at the
Foreign correspondents’ Club of Japan, 16 June 1997, http://www.miti.go.jp/press-e/f300001e.html (10 November 1999).
[50] Peter
Hartcher, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 325. See also, The
Department of the Treasury, submission no. 63, p. 4; The Economist
Intelligence Unit’s Country Analysis, Japan, 2000, p. 23.
[51] Peter
Hartcher, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 325.
[52] BT Funds
Management, ‘Cherry Picking in Japan’, 1999.
[53] Kosai
Yutaka, ‘Economic Reform’, in Journal of Japanese Trade Industry, No. 3,
1998, p. 10.
[54] Ian
McLean, Australia Japan Housing Ltd, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999,
p. 365.
[55] Michael
E. Porter and Hirotaka Takeuchi, ‘Fixing What Really Ails Japan, Foreign
Affairs, vol. 78, no. 3, May/June 1999, p. 78.
[56] Stuart M.
Chemtob, Special Counsel for International Antitrust Division, US Department of
Justice, Keynote Address ‘The Frustration and Promise of Japanese
Deregulation’, 4 April 1997, in Japan Information Access Project.
[57] Press Conference
by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto following the passage of the FY1997 Budget,
31 March 1997.
[58]
News from MITI, ‘Structural Reform of the Japanese Economy’, November
1997, http://www.jef.or.jp/news/97nov.html
(19 October 1998).
[59] The
Action Plan for Economic Structure Reform, May 1997; News from MITI, November
1997.
[60] For
example see Takafusa Shioya, ‘Japanese Economic Issues’, Mr Takafusa Shioya,
Director-General of the Coordination Bureau, Economic Planning Agency, 24
November 1997. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. See also General Affairs Division,
Industrial Policy Bureau, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, ‘An
Outline of Economic Structure Reform’, Journal of Japanese Trade & Industry,
no. 3, 1998.
[61] General
Affairs Division, Industrial Policy Bureau, Ministry of International Trade and
Industry, ‘An Outline of Economic Structure Reform’, Journal of Japanese
Trade & Industry, no. 3, 1998.
[62] Edward J.
Lincoln, ‘Evaluating Japan’s “Big Bang” Financial Deregulation’, Prepared for
the Trilateral Forum on US-Japan-China Cooperation in the Asia Pacific Region,
Berkeley, 11–12 November 1997.
[63] See
Edward J. Lincoln, ‘Evaluating Japan’s “Big Bang” Financial Deregulation’,
Prepared for the Trilateral Forum on US-Japan-China Cooperation in the Asia
Pacific Region, Berkeley, 11–12 November 1997.
[64] Structural
Reform of the Japanese Financial Market—Toward the Revival of the Tokyo Market
by the Year 2001, http://www.mof.go.jp/english/big-bang/ebb6.htm (26 April 2000).
[65] See
Professor Tessa Morris-Suzuki, submission no. 3; p. 13; Bradley Treadwell,
Osborne Associates, submission no. 8, p. 3.
[66]
Noguchi Yukio, ‘The Persistence of the 1940 Setup’, Japan Echo, vol
24, Special issue, 1997; Taichi Sakaiya, Minister of State, Economic Planning
Agency, Government of Japan, ‘The Present and Future of the Japanese Economy’,
Speech at Yale University, Connecticut, May 2000, http://www.epa.go.jp/2000/b/0505b-daijinkouen-e.html
(5 July 2000).
[67]
About the financial system reform, (The Japanese version of the Big
Bang), http://www.mof.go.jp/english/big-bang/ebb1.htm. See also Professor Tessa Morris-Suzuki, submission
no. 3.
[68] Directions
issued by Prime Minister Hashimoto, 11 November 1996 and Financial System
Reform—Toward the early achievement of Reform, 13 June 1997, http://www.mof.go.jp/english/big-bang/ebb32.htm.
See also Queensland Government, submission no. 18, p. 7; NSW
Government, submission no. 25, p. 8.
[69] Japan
Echo, vol. 24, no. 3, August 1997; Administrative Reform Program,
(Outline), Cabinet decision, 25 December 1996.
[70] Japan
Echo, vol. 24, no. 3, August 1997.
[71] Takatoshi
Ito, ‘Japan’s Financial Crisis: Resemblances with East Asia’, Pacific
Economic Papers no. 288, Japan’s Financial Reform, Australia-Japan Research
Centre, February 1999, p. 2.8. See also Gavan McCormack, ‘Is Japan Facing
Financial Armageddon?’, New Asia Pacific Review, vol. 3, no. 2, 1997,
pp. 11–12; Professor Hiroya Ichikawa, ‘A Road for the Economic Recovery of
Japan: a Search for a New Paradigm’, Japan Reports, Consulate-General of
Japan, Sydney, May 1999.
[72] See for
example Economic Outlook and Basic Stance on Economic Management for FY 1997,
approved by the cabinet on December 19, 1996.
[73]
Ministry of Finance, ‘Financial System Reform’, 13 June 1997, http://www.mofa.go.jp/english/big-babg/ebb32.htm (6 April 1999).
[74]
Ministry of Finance, ‘Financial System Reform’, 13 June 1997, http://www.mof.go.jp/english/big-babg/ebb32.htm (6 April 1999).
[75] Professor
Craig Freedman, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 342.
[76] MITI,
‘The Economic Stimulus Package of Japan’, 15 April 1998.
[77] Economic
Outlook and Basic Stance on Economic Management for FY 1997, approved by the
cabinet on December 19, 1996, http://www1.meshnet.or.jp/aep_home/English/outlook97.html
(2 June 1999).
[78] Queensland
Government, submission no. 18, p. 7.
[79] WTO Trade
Policy Review of Japan, (1998), 20 November 1998.
[80] Yasuo
Kanzaki, ‘Deregulation in Japan: Big Bang or Big whimper?’, a talk delivered 7
March 1997: Katsuhiko Eguchi, Executive Vice President, PHP Research Institute
Inc; Harano Joji, ‘The Hashimoto Reform Program’, Japan Echo, June 1997.
See also, Nomura Research Institute, Quarterly Economic Report, vol. 27,
no. 2, May 1997, p. 1.
[81]
Policy Speech by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto opening the 140th
session of the Diet, 20 January 1997.
[82]
Press Conference by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto following the
Passage of the FY 1997 Budget, 31 March 1997.
[83]
Press Conference by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto following the
passage of the FY1997 budget, 31 March 1997.
[84] Press
Conference by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto following the passage of the
FY1997 budget, 31 March 1997.
[85]
Press conference by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto on the Final
Report of the Conference on Fiscal Structural Reform, 3 June 1997; Cabinet
decision, 3 June 1997, http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/0624reform.html (27 May 1999).
[86] Economic
Outlook and Basic Stance on Economic Management for FY 1997, approved by the
cabinet on December 19, 1996.
[87] Australian
Bureau of Agricultural and Resources Economics (ABARE), submission no. 21, p.
7. See also Nomura Research Institute, Quarterly Economic Review, vol
27, no. 3, August 1997, p. 1.
[88]
Statement by the Minister of Finance, 3 November 1997; Statement by
Minister of Finance, tentative translation, 17 November 1997; Statement by the
Government Concerning the Yamaichi Securities Co, 2 June 1999, Bank of
Japan; http://www.boj.or.jp/en/press/danwa003.htm (24 January 2000); Statement by Minister of Finance
on the Tokuyo City Bank, tentative translation, 26 November 1997. See also
Taichi Sakaiya, Minister of State, Economic Planning Agency, Government of
Japan, ‘The Present and Future of the Japanese Economy’, Speech at Yale
University, Connecticut, May 2000, http://www.epa.go.jp/2000/b/0505-daijinkouen-e.html
(5 July 2000). The term ‘transferee bank’ is taken from the official statement
issued by the Minister of Finance.
[89] Dr Tasuo
Takao, submission no. 28, p. 6.
[90] Joint
Statement by the Minister of Finance and the Governor of the Bank of Japan,
tentative translation, 26 November 1997, http://www.mof.go.jp/english/daijin/ele012.htm (30 March 1999).
[91] Address
by the Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto on Measures to Stabilise the Financial
System and Economic Management to the 142nd session of the National Diet.
[92]
Financial System Reform—Toward the early achievement of Reform, 13 June
1997, http://www.mof.go.jp/english/big-bang/ebb32.htm.
[93] Curtis J.
Milhaupt, ‘Japan’s Experience with Deposit Insurance and Failing Banks:
Implications for Financial Regulatory Design?’, Institute for Monetary and
Economic Studies, Bank of Japan, IMES Discussion Paper Series 99-E-8,
March 1999, pp. 23–4. The prompt corrective action regime came into effect in
April 1998. The Financial Supervisory Agency (FSA), an independent agency which
reports directly to the Prime Minister, took over the job of monitoring and
supervising the country’s banks from MoF’s bank bureau at the end of June 1998.
See also Robin Radin, ‘The Evolution of Japan’s Economic and Regulatory System:
A Brief History’, The National Investment Company Service Association, http://www.us-japan.org/JapanBoston/radin.htm (19 October 1999); Thomas F. Cargill, ‘Briefing
Paper’, 15 December 1997, http://www.nmjc.org/JIAP/events/papers/carhdout.html (19 October 1999).
[94] Address
by the Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto on Measures to Stabilise the Financial
System and Economic Management to the 142nd session of the National Diet.
[95] See Paul
Blustein, Washington Post, 4 April 1998, p. AO1. Also Mr Jiro Ushio
stressed that one of the most pressing issues was the need to deal with the bad
debt that ‘has hobbled financial revitalization’, Jiro Ushio, Chairman’s
Address for the 1998 Annual Meeting, Keizai Doyukai, 22 April 1998; see
evidence by Professor David Allen, Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999,
p. 188.
[96] Interview
with Kenneth S. Courtis, ‘Japan’s Big Bang and the Asia Meltdown’, NIRA Review,
Spring, 1998). See also Brian Robins, ‘Japan Shock Absorbers Lose Their
Resilence’, Business Review Weekly, 19 October 1998; Shigemitsu
Sugisaki, ‘The Outlook for Japan and its Global Implications’, Address by
Shigemitsu Sugisaki, Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary
Fund, the Kobe University/IMF Symposium, Kobe, Japan, 14 July 1998; David D.
Hale, Global Chief Economist, Zurich Insurance Group, ‘The Financial Crises in
Japan and Asia: a Financial Insider’s View’, JEI Report, no. 36A, 25
September 1998, p. 3.
[97] IMF, World
Economic Outlook, October 1998, Chapter IV; Japan’s Economic Crisis and
Policy Options’, IMF, 1998, p. 120. See also Tadashi Nakamae, ‘Japan’s
Impending Financial Crisis will Expedite the Necessary Shift of Resources from
the Old to the New Economy’, Presentation for the OECD Business and Industry
Policy Forum on Realising the Potential of the Service Economy: Facilitating
Growth, Innovation and Competition, Paris, 28 September 1999. Joe Peek and Eric
S. Rosengren, ‘Determinants of the Japan Premium: Actions Speak Louder than
Words’, p. 13.
[98] For
example Mr Jiro Ushio, chairman of Keizai Doyukai noted, ‘The most important
issue currently confronting executives and the companies we run is the
redemption of public trust’. Jiro Ushio, Chairman’s Address for the 1998 Annual
Meeting, Keizai Doyukai, 22 April 1998.
[99] Nomura
Research Institute, Quarterly Economic Review, vol. 27, no. 4, November
1997, p. 1.
[100] IMF
World Economic Outlook, October 1998, Chapter IV ‘Japan’s Economic Crisis
and Policy Options’, IMF, 1998, p. 116.
[101] Richard C.
Koo, ‘Is Japan misunderstood?’, Nomura Research Institute at the Economic
Strategy Institute, 13 July 1998.
[102] Richard C.
Koo, ‘Is Japan misunderstood?’, Nomura Research Institute at the Economic
Strategy Institute, 13 July 1998.
[103] ABARE,
submission no. 21, p. 2; NSW Government, submission no. 25, p. 5.
[104] Douglas
Ostrom, ‘Limping Toward the Millennium: Japan’s Economy in the Late 1990s’, JEI
Report, no. 14A, 10 April 1998, p. 6.
[105]
See New South Wales Government, submission 25, p. 5; and also Summary of
Comprehensive Economic Measures, Economic Planning Agency, 24 April 1998; and
Koji Omi, Speech, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House,
29 April 1998, London, http://www.epa.go.jp/98/b/19980429b-daijin-e.html
(7 June 1999).
[106] The
Economic Intelligence Unit Ltd, EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter, 1998,
p. 19.
[107] MITI, ‘The
Economic Stimulus Package of Japan’, 15 April 1998. See also Queensland
Government, submission no. 18, p. 6.
[108] Speech by
Minister Koji Omi at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 29
April 1998, http://www.epa.go.jp/98/b/19980429b-daijin-e.html
(7 June 1999).
[109] Summary of
Comprehensive Economic Measures, Economic Planning Agency, 24 April 1998.
[110] Statement
by Prime Minister Hashimoto at the Press Conference on the Occasion of the
Approval of the FY 1998 Budget, 9 April 1998, http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/980424fypress.html (10 October 1999); MITI, ‘The Economic Stimulus
Package of Japan, 15 April 1998.
[111] Koji Omi,
Speech, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, 29 April
1998, London, http://www.epa.go.jp/98/b/19980429b-daijin-e.html.
[112] MITI, ‘The
Economic Stimulus Package of Japan’, 15 April 1998.
[113] Statement
by Prime Minister Hashimoto at the Press Conference on the Occasion of the
Approval of the FY 1998 Budget, 9 April 1998, http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/980424fypress.html
(10 October 1999).
[114] Speech by
Minister Koji Omi at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 29
April 1998, http://www.epa.go.jp/98/b/19980429b-daijin-e.html (7 June 1999) and MITI, ‘The Economic Stimulus
Package of Japan, 15 April 1998.
[115] MITI, ‘The
Economic Stimulus Package of Japan’, 15 April 1998.
[116] Koji Omi,
Speech, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, 29 April
1998, London, http://www.epa.go.jp/98/b/19980429b-daijin-e.html
(7 June 1999).
[117] The
Economic Intelligence Unit Ltd, EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter, 1998,
p. 20.
[118] Koji Omi,
Speech, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, 29 April
1998, London, http://www.epa.go.jp/98/b/19980429b-daijin-e.html
(7 June 1999).
[119] The
Minister of Finance, statement on bills concerning financial system reform, 5
June 1998.
[120] ‘The Challenge
of Structural Reform and Pursuing Dynamism in Society and Economy’, Joint
Report by the Social and Economic Outlook Committee and the Economic Entity
Role Committee, June 1998,
http://www.epa.go.jp/98/e/19980622e-keishingoudou-all-e.html.
[121] Paul Blustein,
Washington Post, 4 April 1998, p. AO1.
[122] Jiro
Ushio, Chairman’s Address for the 1998 Annual Meeting, Keizai Doyukai, 22 April
1998.
[123] Transcript
of Press Conference by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto at the closing of the
142nd Session of the Diet, 18 June 1998, http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/980709press142.html (19 October 1999).
[124] Statement
by the Minister of Finance, tentative translation, 19 June 1998.
[125] Statement
by Japanese Prime Minister Hashimoto, 13 July 1998 in Reference Documents as
compiled in the Foreign Policy Bulletin, 2 July 1998 to 19 August
1998; Policy Speech by Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi to the 143rd
Session of the Diet, http://www.infojapan.org/announce/announce/1998/8/807-0.html (2 June 1999).
[126] Policy
Speech by Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi to the 143rd Session of the Diet, 7
August 1998 http://www.infojapan.org/announce/1998/8/807-0.html
(2 June 1999).
[127] Speech by
Minister Taichi Sakaiya, Sorbonne University, Paris, 7 January 1999.
[128]
Taichi Sakaiya, Minister of State, Director-General, Economic Planning
Agency, Government of Japan, ‘The Present and Future of the Japanese Economy’,
Singapore, 1 September 1999, http://www.epa.go.jp/99/b19990903b-daijinkouen-e.html (1 October 1999); Policy Speech by Prime Minister
Keizo Obuchi to the 143rd Session of the Diet, 7 August 1998, http://www.infojapan.org/announce/1998/8/807-0.html
(2 June 1999); Curtis J. Milhaupt, ‘Japan’s Experience with Deposit Insurance
and Failing Banks: Implications for Financial Regulatory Design?’, Institute
for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan, IMES Discussion Paper
Series 99-E-8, March 1999, pp. 23–4.
[129]
Comprehensive Plan for Financial Revitalization (1st Version), 23 June
1998, Government-Ruling Party Conference to Promote the Comprehensive Plan for
Financial Revitalization, http://202.32.34.2/foreign/980707fina-rev1.html (19 October 1999); Policy Speech by Prime Minister
Keizo Obuchi to the 143rd Session of the Diet, 7 August 1998, http://www.infojapan.org/announce/1998/8/807-0.html
(2 June 1999).
[130]
Comprehensive Plan for Financial Revitalization (Second Report), 2 July
1998, http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/980707fina-rev2.html
(19 October 1999).
[131]
The Economic Strategy Council of Japan, ‘Recommendations for Short-Term
Policies’, 14 October 1998, http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/981016recommend.html (11 March 1999).
[132]
See Grant’s Online, ‘Japan to pass ¥60 trillion bank bailout legislation tonight’,
15 October 1999, http://www.grantspub.com/dispatch/0003.html (15 October 1999).
[133] Curtis J.
Milhaupt, ‘Japan’s Experience with Deposit Insurance and Failing Banks:
Implications for Financial Regulatory Design?’, Institute for Monetary and
Economic Studies, Bank of Japan, IMES Discussion Paper Series 99-E-8,
March 1999, p. 25.
[134] Monthly
Economic Review, the Suzuki Journal, November 1998.
[135] OECD, OECD
Economic Outlook, no. 64, December 1998, http://www.OECD.org//eco/out/eo64.htm
(20 May 1999).
[136] Taichi
Sakaiya, ‘The Present and Future of the Japanese Economy’, Singapore, 1
September 1999, http://www.epa.go.jp/99/b/19990903b-daijinkouen-e.html
(1 October 1999).
[137] Curtis J.
Milhaupt, ‘Japan’s Experience with Deposit Insurance and Failing Banks:
Implications for Financial Regulatory Design?’, Institute for Monetary and Economic
Studies, Bank of Japan, IMES Discussion Paper Series 99-E-8, March 1999,
p. 26.
[138]
See Peter Landers, ‘Moment of Truth’, Far Eastern Economic Review,
18 February 1999, http://203.105.48.72/9902_18/p48finance.html (18 November 1999).
[139] Sakaiya
Taichi, ‘Japan is Changing’, Japan Echo, vol. 25, no. 6, December 1998,
pp. 35–6.
[140] Sakaiya
Taichi, ‘Japan is Changing’, Japan Echo, vol. 25, no. 6, December 1998,
p. 36.
[141] IMF,
World Economic Outlook, October 1998, Chapter IV, ‘Japan’s Economic Crisis
and Policy Options’, IMF, 1998, p. 117.
[142]
Ministry of Finance, Gist of the Emergency Economic Measures, http://www.mof.jp/english/eem/eco001.htm
(25 May 1999) (page 2 of 3)
[143] Outline of
Emergency Economic Package, provisional translation by EPA, 1998; ‘Gist of the
Emergency Economic Measures’, Ministry of Finance.
[144] For
example Keidanren stepped up its public campaign for reform insisting that structural
reform of the economy and society was essential, and ridding the nation of the
barriers of regulation particularly important. Keidanren, ‘For the promotion of
deregulation aimed at economic revival and the establishment of a transparent
system of governmental management’, Basic Thinking, 20 October 1998.
[145] Kaoru
Yosano, ‘Japan’s Challenge Toward the 21st Century’, Speech at the
Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Japan, 18 December 1998.
[146] Speech by
Minister Taichi Sakaiya, Sorbonne University, Paris, 7 January 1999.
[147] The Japan
Research Institute, Ltd, Economics Department, ‘Prospects for the Japanese
Economy, January 1999. See also The Economic Strategy Council, ‘Strategies for
Reviving the Japanese Economy’ (Interim Report).
[148] See
statement by Michel Camdessus, Managing Director of the International Monetary
Fund, Asia-Europe Finance Ministers Meeting, Frankfurt, Germany, 16 January
1999. Many other commentators reinforce this view that Japan must give top
priority to cleaning up the bank mess. See Richard Katz, ‘Economic Anorexia:
Japan’s Real Demand Problem’, Challenge, March–April 1999, p. 92.
[149]
OECD, OECD Economic Outlook, No. 64, December 1998, http://www.OECD.org/eco/out/ec64.htm
(16 March 1999).
[150]
Steady Approach for Economic Recovery, June 1999, http://www.mof.go.jp/english/economic1.htm (18 August 1999).
[151] Steady
Approach for Economic Recovery, June 1999, http://www.mof.go.jp/english/economic1.htm
(18 August 1999).
[152] ibid.
[153] Akio
Makabe, Dai-ichi Kangyo Research Institute, DKR Economic Report, vol. 2,
no. 7, 15 July 1999.
[154] Mitsubishi
Research Institute, Outlook for the Japanese Economy in 1999 and 2000,
June 1999, http://www.mri.co.jp/news/press/99_0701_1e.html
(26 August 1999).
[155] The Bank
of Japan, Monthly Report of Recent Economic and Financial Developments, July
1999.
[156] Akio
Makabe, Dai-ichi Kangyo Research Institute, DKR Economic Report, vol. 2,
no. 7, 15 July 1999.
[157] Taichi
Sakaiya, ‘The Present and Future of the Japanese Economy’, Singapore, 1
September 1999.
[158] Akio
Makabe, General Manager, Financial Market Research Department, Dai-Ichi Kangyo
Research Institute, Tokyo Report: ‘Will the Sun Rise in the Land of the Rising
Yen? In Economic Report, vol. 2, no. 9, 15 September 1999, p. 2.
[159]
Chairman Imai’s Press Conference, 4 October 1999, http://www.keidanren.or.jp/english/speech/press/1999/1004.html
(20 October 1999).
[160]
Economic Planning Agency of Japan, Monthly Economic Report (October
1999), http://www.epa.go.jp/geturei/1999oct.html
(20 October 1999).
[161] Policy
speech by Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi to the 146th Session of the
Diet, 29 October 1999, http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/souri/991029policy.html
(15 November 1999); Economic Planning Agency, ‘Principles of the Policy
Measures for Economic Rebirth’, explanatory statement by Minister Taichi
Sakaiya, provisional translation, 11 November 1999, http://www.epa.go/jp/99/b/19991111b-taisaku-el.html (15 November 1999); ‘Outline of the Policy Measures
for Economic Rebirth’ (summary), 11 November 1999, http://www.epa.go.jp/99/b/19991111b-taisaku-e2.html (15 November 1999).
[162] Australian
Financial Review, 12 November, 1999.
[163] The
Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report, Japan, 1st
quarter 2000, p. 3.
[164] NRI
Quarterly Economic Outlook, 17 March 2000, p. 25; DKR Economic Report,
vol. 3, no. 5, 15 May 2000; Monthly Report of Recent Economic and Financial
Developments, (May 2000) http://www.boj.or.jp/en/siryo/siryo/gp0005.htm
(9 June 2000). The EIU put gross national debt at well over 100% and stated
that Japan now has the worst public figures in the industrialised world; The
Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report, Japan, 1st
quarter 2000, p. 20.
[165]
OECD Economic Outlook no. 66, preliminary version, November 1999, http://OECD.org/eco/out/Eo.html (19
November 1999).
[166] See Kaoru
Yosano, ‘Japan’s Challenge Toward the 21st Century’, Speech at the
Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Japan, 18 December 1998.
[167]
See Policy Speech by Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori to the 147th
Session of the Diet, 7 April 2000, http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/souri/mori/2000/0407policy.html
(9 June 2000); Taichi Sakaiya, Minister of State Economic Planning Agency, ‘The
Present and Future of the Japanese Economy’, Speech at Yale University, May
2000, http://www,epa.jp/2000/b/0505b-daijinkouen-e.html
(5 July 2000).
[168] Taichi
Sakaiya, ‘The Present and Future of the Japanese Economy’, Singapore, 1
September 1999.
Chapter 4 - Japan—On the edge of change
[1] ‘Economic
Survey of Japan (1993–1994)—A Challenge to New frontiers Beyond the Severe
Adjustment Process’, Economic Planning Agency, Government of Japan, 26 July
1994, http://www.epa.go.jp/e-e/doc/summary.html.
[2] OECD,
‘Japan Outlook’, Observer, no. 215, January 1999.
[3] Keidanren,
‘Keidanren Urges the Government to Resolutely Carry Out Sweeping Regulatory
Reforms’, 19 October 1999, http://www.keidanren.or.jp/english/policy/pol107.html
(20 October 1999).
[4] Economic
Research Department, ‘The Third 18-Month Economic Forecast Using the STP
Method’, NLI Research Institute, 1999, No. 124.
[5] Ryutaro
Hashimoto, Minister of International Trade and Industry, ‘Challenges for the
World Economy in a Transitional Period and Development in the Asia-Pacific
Region’, Vancouver, 2 May 1995, http://www.jef.or.jp/news/challenge.html
(19 October 1998)
[6] The
Summary of the Final Report of the Financial System Stabilization Committee,
the Financial System Research Council, 22 December 1995; Ryutaro Hashimoto,
‘Challenges for the World Economy in a Transitional Period and Development in
the Asia-Pacific Region’, Vancouver, 2 May 1995.
[7] Peter
Hartcher, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 335. See comments also by
Professor David Reid, Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999, pp. 193 and
195; Professor Teresa Morris-Suzuki, Committee Hansard, 24 May 1999, pp.
606–7.
[8] For
example see Dr Christopher Rawlings, QCT Resources Ltd, Committee Hansard,
16 April 1999, p. 503, who stated that business was also reluctant to
acknowledge the reality that the economy was turning bad.
[9] For
example see Bank of Japan, Reports and Statistics, Monthly Report of Recent
Economic and Financial Developments (March 2000) (The Bank’s View), 10
March 2000; Dai-Ichi Kangyo Research Institute, DKR Economic Report,
vol. 3, no. 3, 15 March 2000, p. 2.
[10] DKR
Economic Report, vol. 3, no. 5, 15 May 2000, p. 2.
[11] Economic
Planning Agency, ‘Outline of the Policy Measures for Economic Rebirth’,
(summary), 11 November 1999, http://www.epa.gojp/99/b/19991111b-taisaku-e2.html
(18 November 1999).
[12] Adam S.
Posen, Restoring Japan’s Economic Growth, Institute for International
Economics, Washington, 1998, pp. 6, 28–32, 41.
[13] Jon Choy,
‘Japanese Fiscal Policy: One Foot on the Gas, the Other Tied to the Brake’, JEI
Report No. 16A, Japan Economic Institute, April 1998, pp. 8–9.
[14] Nariai
Osamu, ‘Restructuring in a Deflating Japanese Economy’, Japan Echo,
August 1998, p. 39.
[15] Peter
Hartcher, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 329. DFAT argued that the
Japanese economy would have contracted more sharply if not for the packages. Ms
Karen Gilmour, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999, p. 10.
[16] For
example ABARE stated that ‘The consensus remains that this package (April 24)
may only be sufficient to prevent the Japanese economy from slipping further
into recession’, submission no. 21, p. 3.
[17] See also,
Jon Choy, ‘Japanese Fiscal Policy: One Foot on the Gas, the Other Tied to the
Brake’, JEI Report No. 16A, 24 April 1998; Hiroko Ishii and Erika Wada,
‘Local Government Spending: Solving the Mystery of Japanese Fiscal Packages’,
Institute for International Economics, Working Paper 98–5, http://www.iie.com/98-5.htm
(15 October 1998).
[18] The
Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report, Japan 1st
quarter 2000, p. 19.
[19] For
Example see Atsushi Takeda, ‘Japan Needs More Public Investments and Another
Economic Stimulus Package’, DKR Economic Report, vol. 2, No. 11, 15
November 1999, p. 9.
[20] Gavan
McCormack, ‘Is Japan Facing Financial Armageddon?’, New Asia Pacific Review,
vol. 3, no. 2 1997, p. 13.
[21] Professor
Robert Steven, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999, p. 289.
[22] Professor
Robert Steven, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999, p. 299.
[23] Peter
McGill, ‘Paving Japan—the Construction Boondoggle’, Japan Quarterly,
October–December 1998, p. 40.
[24] Peter
McGill, ‘Paving Japan—the Construction Boondoggle’, Japan Quarterly,
October–December 1998, p. 40.
[25] David D.
Hale, Global Chief Economist, Zurich Insurance Group, ‘The Financial Crises in
Japan and Asia: A Financial Insider’s View’, Japan Economic Institute Report,
No. 36A, 25 September 1998, p. 3. See also Christoper Pokarier, Committee
Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 428.
[26] Bradley
Treadwell, Osborne Associates, Committee Hansard, 19 February 1999, p.
68.
[27] Nariai
Osamu, ‘Restructuring in a Deflating Japanese Economy’, Japan Echo,
August 1998, p. 37. See also Comments of Professor Kazutoshi Kase, Tokyo
University and Kenneth Courtis, transcript of ‘Dateline’, 5 June 2000.
[28] Nariai
Osamu, ‘Restructuring in a Deflating Japanese Economy’, Japan Echo,
August 1998, p. 39.
[29] Hugh
Patrick, ‘The Causes of Japan’s Financial Crisis’, Pacific Economic Papers, no.
288, February 1999, p. 1.13. Just before the announcement of the November 1999
stimulus package a number of economists were calling on the government to
introduce another stimulus package as the effect of the earlier ones would
begin to taper off. See DKR Economic Report vol. 2, no. 11, 15 November
1999, pp. 8–9.
[30] The
Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd, EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter, 1998,
p. 19.
[31]
Keidanren, ‘A Prescription for the Revitalization of the Japanese
Economy’, 23 October 1998, The 21st Century Public Policy Institute,
http://www.keidanren.or.jp/21ppi/english/policy/19981023/recommendation.html
(2 February 1999). Mr Manuel Panagiotopoulos also commented on the lack of
enthusiasm for the packages—‘Even some of these meagre growth rates were
achieved through massive injections of public funds, which, however, proved to
have mainly short-term effects. It is more than likely that the latest such
package, a combination of temporary tax cuts and public works will have a
similar fate’, submission no. 9, p. 3.
[32] Jon Choy,
‘Japanese Fiscal Policy: One Foot on the Gas, the Other Tied to the Brake’, JEI
Report No. 16A, 24 April 1998, p. 11.
[33] Policy
speech by Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi to the 146th session of the
Diet, 29 October 1999, http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/souri/991029policy.html
(15 November 1999).
[34] Editorial,
Asahi, 12 November 1999, p. 5 in Daily Summary of Japanese Press, 16
November 1999, American Embassy Tokyo, http://wnsv.iuj.ac.jp/subscription/DailySummary/0544.html (18 November 1999).
[35] Jon Choy,
‘Japanese Fiscal Policy: One Foot on the Gas, the Other Tied to the Brake’, JEI
Report No. 16A, 24 April 1998.
[36] See
Professor David Reid, Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999, p. 192.
[37] Jim
Storey, Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada Round-table Report, ‘Japan at the
Crossroads?’, March 1999, no. 9, p. 2.
[38] See the
ideas of Dr Helmut Sohmen, ‘PBEC in a Changing World’, 17 May 1999, PBEC:
Speeches & Editorials: 1999, http://www.pbec.org/speeches/1999/990517helmut.htm (20 September 1999).
[39] Bank of
Japan, Monthly Report of Recent Economic and Financial Developments, January
and March 2000, http://www.boj.or.jp/en/siryo/siryo/gp9910.htm.
[40] Bank of
Japan, Monthly Report of Recent Economic and Financial Developments (May 2000).
[41] See
Christopher Pokarier, submission no. 10, p. 4 and Committee Hansard, 16
April 1999, p. 427.
[42] Queensland
Government, submission no. 18, p. 24.
[43] JETRO,
‘Japan’s Economy Present Situation and Prospects, 1998’; Dai-ichi Kangyo Research
Institute, DKR Economic Report, vol. 2, no. 10, 15 October 1999. Recent
unemployment figures are: 4.9% for February and March 2000, and 4.8% for April
2000. See DKR Economic Report, vol. 3, no. 7, 15 July 2000, p. 10.
[44] Luke
Gower, ‘What has Become of the Japanese Model?’, Agenda, vol. 5, no. 1,
1998. See also Professor David Reid, Committee Hansard, 25 February
1999, p. 194; and Tadashi Nakamae, ‘Japan’s Impending Financial Crisis will
Expedite the Necessary Shift of Resources from the Old to the New Economy’,
Presentation for the OECD Business and Industry Forum on Realising the
Potential of the Service Economy: Facilitating Growth, Innovation and
Competition, 28 September 1999.
[45] Brink
Lindsey and Aaron Lukas, ‘Revisiting the “Revisionists”: the Rise and Fall of
the Japanese Economic Model’, Centre for Trade Policy Studies, 31 July 1998.
Yashiro Naohiro, ‘Understanding Japan’s Unemployment’, Japan Quarterly, October–December
1998.
[46] Manuel
Panagiotopoulos, submission no. 9, pp. 64–5; Christopher Pokarier, submission
no. 10, pp.78–9.
[47] Darryl
McGarry, McGarry International Pty Ltd, supplementary submission no. 14A; also
see DKR Economic Report, vol. 2, no. 11, 15 November 1999, p. 2.
[48] Dai-Ichi
Kangyo Research Institute, Economic Report, 15 October 1999, p. 2. JEI’s
Spin on the News, 8 October 1999 stated ‘According to a mid-July survey of
1,164 firms by Nihon Keizai Shimbun, the average salaried Japanese worker’s
summer bonus was ¥720,046, a decline of nearly 5.8 percent from the year before.
The drop was the largest since the leading Japanese economic daily began
conducting such surveys in 1975 and was the first fall in five years...’
[49] Taichi
Sakaiya, ‘The Present and Future of the Japanese economy’, Singapore, 1
September 1999, http://www.epa.go.jp/99/b/19990903b-daijinkouen-e.html (1 October 1999).
[50] Krishan
Arun Radha, Committee Hansard, 24 February 1999, pp. 109–10. Mr
Christopher Pokarier notes that lifetime employment is a misnomer; that the
average retirement age for a core employee in a Japanese firm was between 52
and 55, and further that an employee could not access pension entitlements
until 65, so a post retirement income position was important, Committee
Hansard, 16 April 1999 p. 427. See also Professor Alan Rix, who noted that
the notion of lifetime employment has gone and cited the retiring age as 53, Committee
Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 451; Hiroshi Nakano, Japan External Trade
Organisation, Sydney Inc, Committee Hansard, 3 September 1999, pp.
787–8; Fuyuki Kitahara, Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Committee
Hansard, 3 September 1999, p. 808.
[51] Yashiro
Naohiro, ‘Understanding Japan’s Unemployment’, Japan Quarterly, October-December
1998.
[52]
Taichi Sakaiya, ‘The Present and Future of the Japanese Economy’,
Singapore, 1 September 1999, http://www.epa.go.jp/99/b/19990903b-daijinkouen-e.html, (1
October 1999). The public acknowledgment of the end of this tradition is
clearly spelt out in the November 1999 policy measures for Economic Rebirth
which asserted that talent-based system and performance based system would be
the guiding principle for employment practices. ‘Principles of the Policy
Measures for Economic Rebirth’, explanatory statement by Minister Taichi
Sakaiya, (provisional translation), 11 November 1999, http://www.epa.go.jp/99/b/1999b-taisaku-el.html (15 November 1999).
[53] See
Christopher Pokarier, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 426; Dr
Christopher Rawlings, QCT, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 504.
[54] See
Susumu Taketomi, ‘The Current Economic Situation in Japan and its Future’, Bank
of Japan, Speeches, Economic Seminar on the Japanese Economy in Bangkok, 29
June 1998, http://www.boj.or.jp/en/press/koen023.htm (18 January 1999). See also Christopher Pokarier,
submission no. 10, pp. 3–4.
[55]
See General Survey, Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 9 September 1999. It stated
that Japan’s total fertility rate has continued to fall since 1973 when it
reached 2.14 during the second baby boom. See also Arun Radha Krishan, 24
February 1999, Committee Hansard, p. 109; Fuyuki Kitahara, Japan Chamber
of Commerce and Industry, Sydney Inc., Committee Hansard, 3 September
1999, p. 803; Dr Carolyn Stevens, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p.
571. The Department of Family and Community Services gave the following
predictions for the proportion of the population aged 65 and over from 7% in
1970, through about 15.4% in 1997 and 28% by 2030, Graeme Hope, Department of
Family and Community Services, Committee Hansard, 21 June 1999, p. 745.
See also Ministry of Health and Welfare, Section 1. The public Pension System:
Its Significance and Mechanism, White Paper, http://www.mhw.go.jp/english/white_p/book1/p2_c2/c2_sect1.html
(23 June 2000)
[56] Commonwealth
Department of Social Security, submission no. 19; p. 2. See also Jill Miller, Committee
Hansard, 24 May 1999, p. 587; Department of Family and Community Services, Committee
Hansard, p. 745. Yuichi Shionoya, ‘Japan’s Grand Reforms: From an
Economic, Social and Political Perspective’, Transcript of a speech delivered
on 12 May 1997 at Asia Foundation and Public Policy Institute of California, http://www.infojapan.org_info/japan/socsec/sionoya.html (29 October 1999).
[57] Luke
Gower, ‘What has Become of the Japanese Model?’, Agenda, vol. 5, no. 1,
1998, p. 67. See also Professor Tessa Morris-Suzuki, submission no.3, pp. 3–4.
[58] For
example see, Professor Alan Rix, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 442.
[59] Yashiro
Naohiro, ‘Need for Structural Reform of the Economy’, Journal of Japanese
Trade & Industry, no. 3 1998; General Affairs Division, Industrial
Policy Bureau, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, ‘An Outline of
Economic Structure Reform’, Journal of Japanese Trade & Industry, no.
3, 1998. On pensions see also Ryoichi Tsunematsu, Japan Chamber of Commerce,
Sydney, Inc, Committee Hansard, 3 September 1999, p. 804.
[60] Professor
Tessa Morris-Suzuki, submission no. 3, p. 4. See Special Topic, Noriyasu
Watanabe, ‘Occupational Pension Systems in Japan’, Japan Labor Bulletin,
vol 37, no. 8, August 1998, http://www.jil.go.jp/bulletin/year/1998/vol37-08/04.htm
(22 November 1999); Professor Akira Goto, Committee Hansard, 23 August
1999, p. 777.
[61] Christopher
Pokarier, submission no. 10, p. 4. See also Professor Tessa Morris-Suzuki,
submission no. 3, p. 4; Charles Yuji Horioka, ‘Japan’s Public Pension
System in the Twenty-First Century’, Discussion Paper no. 482, Institute of
Social and Economic Research, Osaka University, June 1999, p.21.
[62] Christopher
Pokarier, submission no. 10, p. 4.
[63] The EIU
noted that there are fears that ‘many corporate pensions are now severely
under-funded and unable to meet future obligations’. The Economists
Intelligence Unit’s Country Analysis, Japan, 2000, p. 40. See also
Olivia S. Mitchell, ‘Managing Pensions in the 21st Century: Design
Innovations, Market Impact, and Regulatory Issues for Japan’, Pension Research
Council, PRC WP 99–20,University of Pennsylvania, August 1999, p. 1.
[64] Peter
Hartcher, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 326. See also Jill
Miller, Committee Hansard, 24 May 1999, p. 587 and Ryoichi
Tsunematsu, Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Sydney Inc., Committee
Hansard, 3 September 1999, p. 804.
[65] Kaoru
Yosano, ‘Japan’s Challenge Toward the 21st Century’, Speech at the
Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Japan, 18 December 1998.
[66] Christopher
Pokarier, submission no. 10, p. 4; Professor Teresa Morris-Suzuki, Committee
Hansard, 24 May 1999, p. 606.
[67] Shinobu
Nakagawa, Bank of Japan, Research Papers, ‘Why has Japan’s Household Savings
Rate Remained High even during the 1990?: Empirical Analysis on Risk Bias
Viewed by the Characteristics of the Household Sector’, July 1999.
[68] Queensland
Government, submission no. 18, p. 23. See also The Japan Research Institute
Ltd, Economics Department, ‘Prospects for the Japanese Economy’, January 1999,
p. 5.
[69] Ministry
of Health and Welfare, ‘Structural Reform of the Social Security Programs for
an Aged Society with Fewer Children: 1990–Present’, [1997] http://www.mhw.go.jp/english/ssp_inj_/services/6th.html
(29 October 1999).
[70] Jill
Miller, Committee Hansard, 24 May 1999, p. 587.
[71] Christopher
Pokarier, submission no. 10, p. 5.
[72] Christopher
Pokarier, submission no. 10, p. 5.
[73] Professor
Gavan McCormack is one of the most vocal analysts concerned about Japan’s large
public debt. In 1997 he pointed out that ‘a level of public indebtedness
running at around a quarter of any country’s GDP would be regarded as serious;
in Japan’s case, it is more than one quarter of global GDP’. Gavan McCormack,
‘Is Japan Facing Financial Armageddon?’, New Asia Pacific Review, vol.
3, no. 2 1997, p. 10 and Committee Hansard, 24 May 1999, p. 617–19. He
provided the following statistics to the Committee: the size of the debt comes
to between ¥700 and ¥800 trillion, although some figures put it much higher...the
national debt as a percentage of GDP was only 5% in 1965; 21% in 1975; 84% in
1995 and 102% in 1998. Austrade put the government deficit at about 110% to
120% of GDP, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 643. Dr Aurelia George
Mulgan agreed with Austrade’s figures stating that the Japanese government’s
financial situation has reached a level of actual bankruptcy in which the
accumulated fiscal deficit amounts to about 120% of GDP, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, p. 679. See also Professor Peter Drysdale, Committee Hansard,
23 August 199, p. 764. Total gross debt of general government (which includes
social security) is expected to reach about 114% of GDP in 2000; Peter Jarrett,
‘Japan’s economy: is the sun rising?’, OECD Observer, 27 January 2000.
[74] Press
conference by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto on the Final Report of the
Conference on Fiscal Structural Reform, 3 June 1997.
[75] Policy
speech by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto to the 141st Session of
the National Diet, 29 September 1997.
[76] IMF World
Economic Outlook, Financial Turbulence and the World Economy, A Survey by
the staff of the International Monetary Fund, October 1998, p. 117.
[77] OECD
Economic Outlook, no. 66, preliminary version, November 1999.
[78] Atsushi
Takeda, ‘Japan Needs More Public Investments and Another Economic Stimulus
Package’, DKR Economic Report, vol. 2, no. 11, 15 November 1999, p. 9.
[79] Taichi
Sakaiya, Minister of State, Economic Planning Agency, Government of Japan, ‘The
Present and Future of the Japanese Economy’, Speech at Yale University, New
Haven, Connecticut, May 2000, http://www.epa.go.jp/2000/b/0505b-daijinkouen-e.html
(5 July 2000).
[80] Christopher
Pokarier, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 428; and submission no.
10, pp. 4–5.
[81]
Ministry of Health and Welfare, ‘Structural Reform of the Social
Security Programs for an Aged Society with Fewer Children: 1990–Present’, http://www.mhw.go.jp/english/ssp_inj_/services/6th.html
(29 October 1999).
[82]
Ministry of Health and Welfare, ‘Structural Reform of the Social
Security Programs for an Aged Society with Fewer Children: 1990–Present’, http://www.mhw.go.jp/english/ssp_inj_/services/6th.html
(29 October 1999).
[83] See for
example, Michael Hutchison and Kathleen McDill, ‘Predicting Banking Crises:
Japan’s Financial Crisis in International Comparison’, Pacific Economic
Papers, no. 289, Australia-Japan Research Centre, March 1999, p. 22.
[84] Masaru
Hayami, ‘Issues Regarding the Japanese Financial System and Monetary Policy’,
Bank of Japan, Governor’s Speeches, 11 September 1998.
[85]
See Thomas Cargill, Michael Hutchison and Takatoshi Ito, ‘Japanese
reregulation: What You Should Know’, Japan Information Access Project, http://www.nmjc.org/jiap/deregulate/papers/deregcon/hutchison.html
(1 March 1999).
[86] Dr Craig
Freedman, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 342.
[87] Douglas
Ostrom, ‘Japan’s Banks and the Bad-Loan Problem: the Nightmare Continues’,
Japan Economic Institute Report, No. 25A, 3 July 1998, p. 9.
[88] Taichi
Sakaiya, Minister of State, Economic Planning Agency, Government of Japan,
Speech at Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Washington D.C.,
April 1999.
[89] Edward J.
Lincoln, ‘Japan’s Economic Mess’, a paper by Edward J. Lincoln, the Brookings
Institution, presented to the Japan Economic Seminar, Washington, D.C., 25
April 1998, in JEI Report, No. 18A, 8 May 1998, pp. 6–7.
[90] Ogino
Hiroshi, ‘Bureaucratic Prestige Imperilled by Selective Administration’, Japan
Quarterly, July-September, 1998.
[91] Michael
Backman, Asian Eclipse: Exposing the Dark Side of Business in Asia, John
Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pty Ltd, Singapore, 1999, p. 146.
[92] Donald
Macintyre, ‘Ministries of Shame, Time Asia, vol. 151, no. 11, 23 March
1998; http://cgi.pathfinder.com/time/asia/magazine/1998/980323/japan.html
(24 March 1999); Robert Uriu, ‘Japan in 1998’, Asian Survey, vol. 39,
no. 1, January/February 1999, p. 117. There have been numerous articles written
on this matter of corruption in the Japanese bureaucracy. See for example,
Sandra Sugawara, ‘For Japan Inc and its Regulators, the Dinner Date’s Off’, Washington
Post Foreign Service, 11 April 1998; Ueda Atsushi, ‘Neo-Bushido for
Tomorrow’s Japan’, Japan Echo, vol. 25, no. 3, June 1998; Andrew
Cornell, Australian Financial Review, 15 November 1999, p. 13.
[93] Policy
speech by Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori to the 147th Session of the
Diet, 7 April 2000, http://www.kantei,go.jp/foreign/souri/mori/2000/0407policy.html
( June 2000).
[94] Ogino
Hiroshi, ‘Bureaucratic Prestige Imperilled by Selective Administration’, Japan
Quarterly, July-September, 1998.
[95] Sam
Jameson in ‘Scandal hurts Big Bang reform’, Asia Timesnet, 1 September 1997,
defined sokaiya as a specialist—‘someone who extorts money from companies in
exchange for not revealing sensitive information about the firm or ask
embarrassing questions at shareholders’ meetings’. http://web3.asia1.com.sg/timesnet/data/about/docs/as1403.html
(4 November 1999).
[96] ibid.
[97] Yuichi
Shionya, ‘Japan’s Grand Reforms: From an Economic, Social and Political
Perspective’, Transcript of a speech delivered on 12 May 1997, at Asia
Foundation and Public Policy Institute of California, http://www.infojapan.org/j_info/japan/socsec/sionoya.html.
[98] Transcript:
Deputy USTR Fisher, June 16 Worldnet Program on APEC, 17 June 1999.
[99] DFAT,
submission no. 32, p. 7.
[100] OECD, Regulatory
Reform in Japan, Paris, 1999, pp. 11 and 16.
[101] Richard
Katz, ‘Economic Anorexia: Japan’s Real Demand Problem’, Challenge,
March-April 1999, p. 92. See also Philip Henry, Queensland Government, Committee
Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 409. Dr George Mulgan stated simply that the
Japanese Government has been ‘long on rhetoric and short on delivery’, Committee
Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 673.
[102] Lonny E.
Carlie, ‘Japanese Deregulation: What you should know’, Centre for Japanese
Studies, Asian Studies, University of Hawaii, Manoa, http://www.nmjc.org/jiap/dereg/papers/deregcon/carlile.html.
[103] Peter
Hartcher, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 326.
[104] Peter
Hartcher, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 326.
[105] Christopher
Pokarier, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 425.
[106] Dr Aurelia
George Mulgan, Committee Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 675. See also See
Stuart M. Chemtob, Special Counsel for International Antitrust Division, US
Department of Justice, Keynote Address ‘The ‘Frustration and Promise of
Japanese Deregulation’, 4 April 1997, in Japan Information Access Project;
Yasuo Kanzaki, ‘Deregulation in Japan: Big Bang or Big Whimper’, a talk
delivered at the Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars, the
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 7 March 1997.
[107] The
Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd, EIU Country Report, 3rd quarter 1999,
p. 20. See also Mr Shinji Sato, ‘English Translation of Minister Sato’s Speech
at the Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Japan, 16 June 1997, who acknowledged
that reform would generate friction within Japan. http://www.miti.jp/press-e/f300001e.html
(24 April 2000)
[108] DFAT,
submission no. 32, p. 6.
[109] Isao
Nakauchi, Text of speech by Mr Isao Nakauchi, Vice Chairman of Keidanren, at
the Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Japan, 19 September 1994.
[110] For
example see comments by Professor David Allen, Committee Hansard, 25
February 1999, p. 188.
[111] Taichi
Sakaiya, Minister of State, Economic Planning Agency, Government of Japan, ‘The
Present and Future of the Japanese Economy’, Speech at Yale University,
Connecticut, US, May 2000, http://www.epa.go.jp/2000/b/0505b-daijinkouen-e.html
(5 July 2000)
[112] DFAT,
submission no. 32, pp. 5, 7.
[113] Dr Yasuo
Takao, Committee Hansard, 24 February 1999, pp. 124–5.
[114] See
Terrence White, Australia-Japan Foundation, Committee Hansard, 19
February 1999, p. 42.
[115] Robert
Uriu, ‘Japan in 1998’, Asian Survey, vol. 39, no. 1, January/February
1999, p. 116.
[116] Dr Yasuo
Takao, Committee Hansard, 24 February 1999, p. 124.
[117] Larry
Crump, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 473.
[118]
Akira Kawamoto, Unblocking Japanese Reform’, OECD Observer, 2
April 1999, http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php3?aid=5 (25 October 1999).
[119] Queensland
Government, submission no. 18, p. 8.
[120] Transcript:
Deputy USTR Fisher, June 16 Worldnet Program on APEC, 17 June 1999.
[121] Arun Radha
Krishnan, Committee Hansard, 24 February 1999, p. 108.
[122] Karel Van
Wolferen, Professor for Comparative, Political and Economic Institutions,
University of Amsterdam, Holland, Transcript of Television Programme,
‘Lateline’, 2 November 1999.
[123] Presentation
by Ambassador Ove Juul Jorgensen, Head of the Delegation of the European
Commission in Japan, Tokyo, 6 June 2000, http://jpn.cec.eu.int/english/press-info/4-2-48.htm (8 June 2000).
[124] Akira Kawamoto, ‘Unblocking Japanese Reform’, OECD Observer, 2 April 1999, http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php3?aid=5 (25 October 1999). See also Professor Karel van Wolferen, transcript, ‘Lateline’, 2 November 1999; and Yoshio Ichiryu and Yuji Hosoya, MITI/RI Discussion Paper no. 98-DOF-29, ‘New Developments in Economic Policy: Complementarity between Government and the Market Place’, September 1998, p. 24.
[125] Austrade,
submission no. 35, p. 3.
[126]
Austrade, submission no. 35, p. 10. See also Douglas Ostrom, JEI
Report, no. 20—19 May 1999, ‘Corporate Japan’s restructuring Efforts: A
Progress Report’, http://www.jei.org/Reports?JEOR/00JEIRsummaries/s0020.html
(8 June 2000); and article ‘A New Japan?’ in Businessweek on Line, 25
October 1999, which was also concerned that the Japanese establishment ‘will
still find a way to preserve its cloistered economy’ and that reform may well
be ‘just enough to prevent another real crisis’, http://businessweek.competition/1999/99_43/b3652010.htm?scriptFramed
(8 June 2000).
[127] Christopher
Pokarier, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 426.
[128] Robert
Uriu, ‘Japan in 1998’, Asian Survey, vol. 39, no. 1, January/February
1999, p. 117. See also ‘The Japan Puzzle’, the Economist, 21 March 1998,
p. 24.
[129]
Lonny Carlie, Mark Tilton, ‘Japan’s Deregulation “Action Plan” and the
Deregulation’, Japan Information Access Project, April/May 1996.
[130] Dr Aurelia
George Mulgan, submission no. 20, p. 23.
[131] Dr Aurelia
George Mulgan, submission no. 20, p. 22.
[132] Dr Aurelia
George Mulgan, submission no. 20, p. 19.
[133] Dr Aurelia
George Mulgan, submission no. 20, pp. 19–20.
[134]
Akira Kawamoto, Unblocking Japanese Reform’, OECD Observer, 2
April 1999, http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php3?aid=5
(25 October 1999).
[135]
Dr Aurelia George Mulgan, submission no. 20, pp. 19–20. Mr Pokarier
supported this view—‘Japanese firms have responded rationally to the regulatory
settings within which they find themselves. Many have typically through their
industry associations, also made investments in political processes aimed at securing
the regulatory settings that served their own immediate interests but which
have imposed costs on other, politically less well organised groups.’ See
submission no. 10, p. 8; and ‘Corporate Efforts to Promote Deregulation’, text
of speech given by Mr Isao Nakauchi, Vice Chairman of Keidanren, at the Foreign
Correspondents’ Club of Japan, 19 September 1994, http://www.keidanren.or.jp/english/policy/pol001.html.
[136] Dr Aurelia
George Mulgan, submission no. 20, p. 20.
[137] Michael
Backman, Asian Eclipse, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pty Ltd, Singapore,
1999.
[138] Dr Aurelia
George Mulgan, submission no. 20, p. 8.
[139] Ogino
Hiroshi, ‘Bureaucratic Prestige Imperilled by Selective Administration, Japan
Quarterly, July–September 1998, p. 9.
[140] Robert
Uriu, ‘Japan in 1998’, Asian Survey, vol. 39, no. 1, January/February
1999, p. 117. See also, Sakaiya Taichi, ‘The Myth of the Competent Bureaucrat’,
Japan Echo, vol. 25, no. 4, February 1998; and Yoshihisa Murasawa,
‘Corporate governance: the turmoil continues’, Euro-Japanese Journal,
vol. 5, no. 1, Summer, 1998, p. 18.
[141] Terrence
White, Australia-Japan Foundation, Committee Hansard, 19 February 1999,
pp. 48–9; DFAT, submission no. 32, p. 26.
[142] Yuichi Shionya,
‘Japan’s Grand Reforms: From an Economic, Social and Political Perspective’,
Transcript of a speech delivered on 12 May 1997, at Asia Foundation and Public
Policy Institute of California,
http://www.infojapan.org/j_info/japan/socsec/sionoya.html.
[143] Noguchi
Yukio, ‘The Persistence of the 1940 Setup’, Japan Echo, vol. 24, Special
issue, 1997.
[144] See Dr
Keiko Morita, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 310.
[145] Keidanren,
‘Keidanren Urges the Government to Resolutely Carry out Sweeping Regulatory
Reforms’, 19 October 1999, http://www.keidanren.or.jp/english/policy/pol1107.html (5 November 1999).
[146] Jiro
Ushio, Chairman’s Address for the 1998 Annual Meeting, Keizai Doyukai, 22 April
1998.
[147]
Chester Dawson, ‘Brave New World’, Far Eastern Economic Review, 28
October 1999, http://www.feer.com/9910_28/p76economiesb.html (18 November 1999).
[148] For
example see Yuichi Shionoya, ‘Japan’s Grand Reforms: From an Economic, Social
and Political Perspective’, Transcript of a speech delivered on 12 May 1997 at
Asia Foundation and Public Policy Institute of California, http://www.infojapan.org_info/japan/socsec/sionoya.html
(29 October 1999); Michael Hirsh and E. Keith Henry, ‘The Unraveling of Japan
Inc.’, Foreign Affairs, March/April 1997, pp. 12–13.
[149] Yoshio
Ichiryu and Yuji Hosoya, MITI/RI Discussion Paper no. 98-DOF-29, ‘New
Developments in Economic Policy: Complementarity between Government and the
Market Place’, September 1998.
[150]
News Release, ‘Nissan unveils Revival Plan’, 18 October 1999, Tokyo, http://global.nissan.co.jp/Japan/NEWS/199991018_0e.html
(18 November 1999). See articles following the decision by Nissan to shut a
number of plants, Asia Time, 20 October, 1, 5 and 19 November 1999.
[151] In
September 1999, Ripplewood Holdings acquired the Long Term Credit Bank of Japan
(LTCB) which had been placed under temporary nationalization in October 1998.
The LTCB had retained Goldman Sachs as its financial adviser to facilitate its
sale. Memorandum of Understanding on Acquisition of LTCB, 28 September 1999, http://www.1tcb.co.jp/docsdir/en/news/press0928.html
(19 November 1999). See also Professor Morris-Suzuki, Committee Hansard,
24 May 1999, p. 604; and Professor Peter Drysdale, Committee Hansard, 23
August 1999, p. 765.
[152]
The Chuo Trust & Banking Co. Ltd, Announcement of Merger, 24 May
1999, http://www.chuotrust.co.jp/eng/may/2499a.html (18 November 1999).
[153] The Dai-Ichi
Kangyo Bank, Limited (“DKB”), the Fuji Bank, Limited (“Fuji”) and the
Industrial Bank of Japan, Limited (“IBJ”) to get consolidated to form a new
financial services group (“the New Group”) News Release, http://www.fujibank.co.jp/pub/news/news-e/news-e8-20.html
(18 November 1999).
[154] Christopher
Pokarier, submission no. 10, p. 6.
[155] In May 1998, the Ministry of Finance approved a securities
business licence for Merrill Lynch Japan Securities, a wholly owned subsidiary
of Merrill Lynch, the company’s new private client business serving individual
investors in Japan. Merrill Lynch press release, 12 February and 26 May
1998, http://www.ml.com/woml/press_release (21 January 2000).
[156] Austrade,
submission no. 35, p. 7.
[157] Michael
Hirsh and E. Keith Henry, ‘The Unravelling of Japan Inc.’, Foreign
Affairs, vol. 76, no. 2, March/April 1997, p.13.
[158] Keiko
Morita, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 310.
[159] Dr Aurelia
George Mulgan, submission no. 20, p. 24. See also Aurelia George Mulgan, ‘The
Politics of Deregulation and Japanese Agriculture, in T.J. Pemwel et al. Also, The
Politics of Economic Reform in Japan: Collected Papers, Pacific Economic
Papers, No. 270, August 1997.
[160] Christopher
Pokarier, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 429.
[161] Dr Aurelia
George Mulgan, submission no. 20, p. 25.
[162] Arthur J.
Alexander, ‘On-the-Ground Impressions of Japan’s Economic Problems’, Japan
Economic Institute Report, no. 8A, 26 February 1999, p. 9. The most recent
example of the Japanese Government bowing to public criticism involved the
government’s decision not to bail out department store giant Sogo by waiving
loan claims. See Daily Yomiuri Online, 14 July 2000 and AsiaNow Time,
31 July 2000, http://www.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/magazine/2000/0731/japan.seiyo.html
(26 July 2000).
[163] For
example see Financial Reconstruction Commission, ‘Basic Operating Policies for
the Financial Reconstruction Commission’, (Summary, Provisional translation) 20
January 1999.
[164] Some
examples of banks being placed under administrators are: Kokumin Bank Ltd in
April; Tokyo Sowa Bank, Ltd in June; the Namihaya Bank Ltd, in August; and the
Niigata Chuo Bank, Ltd in October 1999.
[165] Mr Ken
Curtis, Managing Director, Deutsche Bank Group, transcript, ‘Lateline’, 2
November 1999.
[166] Yasuo
Kanzaki, Chairman, Nikko Research Center Ltd, ‘Deregulation in Japan: Big Bang
or Big Whimper?’, a talk delivered at the Woodrow Wilson International Center
for Scholars, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Japan Information Access
Project, 7 March 1997.
[167] The
Economic Intelligence Unit, Country Report, Japan, 1st
quarter 2000. This report cited the following examples of the government’s
prevarication on reform—the postponement of the imposition of consolidated
accounting and the backtracking in the area of deposit insurance, p. 19.
[168] For example
see, Austrade, submission no. 35, p. 10.
[169] Mark
Tilton, ‘Japanese Deregulation: What you Should Know’, Japan Information Access
Project, http://www.nmjc.org/jiap/deregulate/papers/deregcon/tilton.html
(15 June 1999).
[170] Peter
Hartcher, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 332.
[171] Taichi
Sakaiya, Minister of State, Economic Planning Agency, Government of Japan. ‘The
Present and Future of the Japanese Economy’, Speech at Yale University,
Connecticut, US, May 2000, http://www.epa.go.jp/2000/b/0505b-daijinkouen-e.html (5 July 2000).
Chapter 5 - Australia and Japan—A trading tradition
[1] Alan
Rix, Coming to Terms: the politics of Australia’s trade with Japan 1945–57, Allen
& Unwin, Sydney, 1986, p. 20; and Peter Robinson, Towards a Total
Partnership: a View of Australian-Japanese Trade Relations, 1977, p. 13.
[2] Neville
Meaney, Towards a new Vision: Australia & Japan, Through 100 Years, Kangaroo
Press, Sydney, 1999, p. 56.
[3] Jim
Lewis, President, BHP Non Ferrous and Industrial Materials, The Broken Hill
Propriety Company Ltd, ‘Australian minerals sector partnership with Japan a
productive past—a challenging future’, http://www.ausimm.com.au/branches/canbl.html (7 December 1999).
[4] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, No.1—1908, Melbourne, 1908, pp.
501, 504, 506 and 508.
[5] Alan
Rix, Coming to Terms: the politics of Australia’s trade with Japan 1945–57, Allen
& Unwin, Sydney, 1986, p. 11.
[6] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1901–1907, No. 1—1908, pp. 503,
508, and 510 and No. 14—1921, pp. 500, 503, 508, 510.
[7] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, No. 24—1931, Melbourne, pp.
118, 120.
[8] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, No. 30—1937, Melbourne,
1908, p. 493.
[9] In
1934–35 Japan was importing Australian products valued at £Stg9,657 but
exporting only £Stg4,625 worth of goods to Australia. In 1935–36 the deficit
had increased—Japan was importing products from Australia valued at £Stg14,101
and in return exporting products valued at only £Stg4,970, Official Year
Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, No. 30—1937, p. 507.
[10] ibid.,
p. 494.
[11] For
example see: Mr Longfield Lloyd, Trade Commissioner in Japan to Mr
J. F. Murphy, Secretary of Department of Commerce, 6 October 1937, Documents
on Australian Foreign Policy 1937–38, R.G.Neale (ed.), AGPS, Canberra,
1975, pp.234–5.
[12] For
example see: Mr F. G. Shedden, Secretary of Department of Defence, to
LT Col W. R. Hodgson, Secretary of Department of External Affairs, 6
December 1937, Documents on Australian Foreign Policy 1937–38, R. G. Neale
(ed.), AGPS, Canberra, 1975, pp. 237–9 and Memordandum by Lt Col
W. R. Hodgson, Secretary of Department of External Affairs, for Mr
R. G. Casey, Minister in Charge of Development, Documents on
Australian Foreign Policy 1937–38, R.G.Neale (ed.), AGPS, Canberra, 1975,
pp.240–2.
[13] Memorandum
by Lt Col W.R. Hodgson, Secretary of Department of External Affairs for Mr
R.G. Casey, Minister in Charge of Development, 13 December 1937; Mr Torao
Wakamatsu, Japanese Consul-General in Sydney, to Mr J. A. Lyons,
Prime Minister, 5 April 1938; Mr Torao Wakamatsu, Japanese Consul-General in
Sydney, to Mr J. A. Lyons, Prime Minister, Sydney, 24 May 1838, Documents
on Australian Foreign Policy 1937–38, R. G. Neale (ed.) AGPS,
Canberra, 1975, pp. 240–242, 312–315, 356–357. Neville Meaney, Towards
a New Vision: Australia & Japan, Through 100 Years, Kangaroo Press,
Sydney, 1999, pp. 78–9.
[14] Exports
from Australia to Japan fell from 14.19% in 1935–36 to 6.54% in 1936–37; 4.16%
in 1937–38 and 3.97% in 1938–39. Imports fell from Japan though not as
significantly. In 1935–36 Australia imported 6.09% of its total imports from
Japan. This fell to 4.52% in 1936–37; 4.90% in 1937–38 and 4.22% in 1938–39. Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 34—1941, pp. 663, 665.
[15] Sandra
Tweedie, Trading Partners Australia and Asia 1970–1993, UNSW Press,
Sydney, 1994, pp. 143–6; Peter Robinson, Towards a Total Partnership: a
View of Australian-Japanese Trade Relations, 1977, p. 21.
[16] Cabinet
Submission by Evatt, Courtice and Pollard, Agendum 1343, 26 May 1947, in Australia
and the Postwar World, Documents 1947, Department of Foreign
Affairs, 1995, pp. 674–675.
[17] Department
of External Affairs to Embassy in Washington, Cablegram 628, Canberra, 2 June
1947, Australia and the Postwar World, Documents 1947, Department of
Foreign Affairs, 1995, p. 677.
[18] Minute
from Crawford to McEwen, Canberra, 1 June 1953, The Australia-Japan
Agreement of Commerce 1957, Department of Foreign Affairs, 1997, p. 47. See
Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, No. 44—1958,
p. 345.
[19] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, No. 44—1958, p. 346.
[20] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, No. 39—1953, p. 482; no.
44—1958, p. 354.
[21] Cablegram
from Walker to Watt, 9 June 1953, The Australia-Japan Agreement on Commerce
1957, Department of Foreign Affairs, 1997, p. 51.
[22] Submission
614 to Cabinet by McLeay, 30 January 1954, The Australia-Japan Agreement on
Commerce 1957, Department of Foreign Affairs, 1997, p. 87.
[23] Appendix
A, Submission 30 to Cabinet by Casey, Canberra, 28 July 1954, The
Australia-Japan Agreement on Commerce 1957, Department of Foreign Affairs,
1997, p. 118.
[24] Appendix
A, Submission no. 30 to Cabinet by Casey, 28 July 1954, The Australia-Japan
Agreement on Commerce 1957, Department of Foreign Affairs, 1997, p. 115.
[25] Cabinet
Decision 203, Canberra, 21 May 1956, The Australia-Japan Agreement on
Commerce 1957, Department of Foreign Affairs, 1997, p. 241.
[26] See
Appendix 3.
[27] Statement
by McEwen, 6 July 1957, The Australia-Japan Agreement on Commerce 1957, Department
of Foreign Affairs, 1997, pp. 449–455.
[28] Memorandum
from Eckersley to Department of External Affairs, Tokyo, 10 July 1957, The
Australia-Japan Agreement on Commerce 1957, Department of Foreign Affairs,
1997, p. 455.
[29] Letter
from Menzies to Home [Lord Home, Secretary of State for Commonwealth
Relations], 4 July 1957, The Australia-Japan Agreement on Commerce 1957, Department
of Foreign Affairs, 1997, p. 430.
[30] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 44—1958, p. 346 and no.
49—1963, p. 551.
[31] Taken
from Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 44—1958,
p. 354.
[32] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 46—1960, p. 483.
[33] J.G. Crawford,
Kenzo Hemmi, et al, ‘Australian Agriculture and Trade with Japan’, Australian
Japan Economic Relations Research Project, July 1975, p. 134.
[34] J.G. Crawford,
Kenzo Hemmi, et al, ‘Australian Agriculture and Trade with Japan’, Australian
Japan Economic Relations Research Project, July 1975, p. 86.
[35] Richard
Pomfret, ‘Australian Experience with Exporting to Asia’, Centre for International
Economic Studies, University of Adelaide, January 1996, p. 27.
[36] Peter
Robinson, Towards a Total Partnership: A View of Australian-Japanese Trade
Relations, 1977, p. 21.
[37] Peter
Robinson, Towards a Total Partnership: A View of Australian-Japanese Trade
Relations, 1977, p. 21.
[38] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 56—1970, p. 307.
[39] Figures
taken from Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no.
56—1970, p. 307 and no. 57—1971, p. 302.
[40] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 56—1970, p. 303.
[41] Figures
taken from Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no.
53—1967, p. 393 and no. 56—1970, p. 303.
[42] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 56—1970, p. 315.
[43] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 59—1973, p. 302; no. 63—1979,
p. 586.
[44] Saburo
Okita, ‘Japan’s High Dependence on Natural Resources Imports and its Policy
Implications’, Japan Economic Research Centre, Australia-Japan Economic Relations
Research Project, April 1975, p. 3.
[45] J.G. Crawford,
Kenzo Hemmi, et al, ‘Australian Agriculture and Trade with Japan’, Australian
Japan Economic Relations Research Project, July 1975, p. 110.
[46] Basic
Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation between Australia and Japan, signed in
Tokyo 16 June 1976 and came into force on 21 August 1977.
[47] Saburo
Okita, ‘Japan’s High Dependence on Natural Resources Imports and its Policy
Implications’, Japan Economic Research Centre, Australia-Japan Economic
Relations Research Project, April 1975, p. 6.
[48] Saburo
Okita, ‘Japan’s High Dependence on Natural Resources Imports and its Policy
Implications’, Japan Economic Research Centre, Australia-Japan Economic
Relations Research Project, April 1975, p. 1.
[49] Saburo
Okita, ‘Japan’s High Dependence on Natural Resources Imports and its Policy
Implications’, Japan Economic Research Centre, Australia-Japan Economic
Relations Research Project, April 1975, p. 11.
[50] Saburo
Okita, ‘Japan’s High Dependence on Natural Resources Imports and its Policy
Implications’, Japan Economic Research Centre, Australia-Japan Economic
Relations Research Project, April 1975, p. 11.
[51] Report
of the Ad Hoc Working Committee on Australia-Japan Relations, Canberra, May
1978, p. 78.
[52] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 65—1981, p. 639 and no. 68,
p. 616.
[53] Figures
taken from Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 56—1970,
p. 307; no. 57—1971, p. 302; no. 58—1972, p.306; no. 59—1973, p.
305; no. 60—1974, p. 327; no.61—1975 and 1976, p. 343;
no. 62—1978, p. 657; no. 63—1979, p. 595; no. 65—1981,
pp. 639–40. The high figure given for meat and meat preparations for
1972—73 is that given in the year book for 1974.
[54] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 59—1973, p. 302; no.
65—1981, p. 640.
[55] Jamie
Anderson, ‘Australia’s Market Access Agenda Towards Japan’, Pacific Economic
Papers, no. 291, Australia-Japan Research Centre, May 1999, p. 2. He
wrote that in 1993 iron ore, coal, wool and beef accounted for 62% of
Australia’s exports.
[56] Jamie
Anderson, ‘Australia’s Market Access Agenda Towards Japan’, Pacific Economic
Papers, no. 291, Australia-Japan Research Centre, May 1999, p. 2.
[57] This
policy statement appeared in Year Book Australia 1983 and in subsequent
editions. See Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 67—1983,
p. 664.
[58] Jamie
Anderson, ‘Australia’s Market Access Agenda Towards Japan’, Pacific Economic
Papers, no. 291, Australia-Japan Research Centre, May 1999, p. 2.
[59] Report
of the High-Level Trade Mission to Japan, July 1984, AGPS, Canberra 1984,
p. 1.
[60] Peter
Drysdale, Nancy Viviani, Akio Watanabe and Ippei Yamazawa, The
Australia-Japan Relationship: Towards the Year 2000, Australia-Japan
Research Centre and Japan Centre for Economic Research, Canberra & Tokyo,
1989, p. 18.
[61] Peter
Drysdale, Nancy Viviani, Akio Watanabe and Ippei Yamazawa, The
Australia-Japan Relationship: Towards the Year 2000, Australia-Japan
Research Centre and Japan Centre for Economic Research, Canberra & Tokyo,
1989, p. 18.
[62] H.S.
Kehal, ‘Implications for Australian Trade of the Recession in Japan’, Current
Affairs Bulletin, vol. 69, no. 1, June 1992, p. 29.
[63] Foreword
to Report of the High-Level Trade Mission to Japan, July 1984.
[64] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no.63, 1973, p. 595; no. 65,
1981, p. 639.
[65] Figures
taken from Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 66—1982,
p. 648; no. 67—1983, p. 687; no. 68—1984, p. 616; no. 70—1986,
p. 610.
[66] Peter Drysdale,
Nancy Viviani, Akio Watanabe and Ippei Yamazawa, The Australia-Japan
Relationship: Towards the Year 2000, Australia-Japan Research Centre and
Japan Center for Economic Research, Canberra & Tokyo, 1989, pp. 59–61.
[67] Year
Book Australia, 1991, no. 74, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra,
1991, pp. 378–9.
[68] Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 67—1983, p. 748; no.
75—1992, p. 388.
[69] Figures
taken from Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no.
64—1980, p. 745; no. 67—1983, p. 748; no. 70—1986, p. 684;
no. 71—1988, p. 482; no. 73—1990, p. 381; no. 75—1992,
p. 388.
[70] Purnendra
Jain and Donna Weeks, ‘Australia and Japan: Banking on the “Constructive
Partnership” ’, Current Affairs Bulletin, vol. 69, no. 9, February 1993,
p. 14. Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia,
no. 71—1988, p. 909. See figures given for levels of investment in Official
Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no.72, 1992, p. 725. Note these
figures differ slightly from Table 5.8—see footnote 71 for explanation.
[71] Purnendra
Jain and Donna Weeks, ‘Australia and Japan’, Current Affairs Bulletin, vol.
69, no. 9, February 1993, p. 14. Official Year Book of the Commonwealth
of Australia, no. 71—1988, p. 909. See also Year Book Australia
1991, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, 1991, p. 379.
[72] Purnendra
Jain and Donna Weeks, ‘Australia and Japan’, Current Affairs Bulletin, vol.
69, no. 9, February 1993, pp. 13–14.
[73] Year
Book Australia 1994, no. 76, p. 791. These figures are subject to review by
the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The Year Book for 1997 shows that although
Japan was certainly narrowing the gap between its level of investment in
Australia with that of the US and the UK, it did not eclipse the UK in 1989–90
or 1990–91. In 1990–91 Japan remained third in rank with $51 billion behind the
UK with 54.3 billion and the US with 55.3 billion, Year Book Australia,
1997, p. 734. The changes in part are due to a change in collection
methodology.
[74] Jammie
Penm and industry analysts, ‘Japan: Implications of Japan’s low economic growth
for Australian exports’, Australian Commodities, vol. 6, no. 2 1999.
Chapter 6 - Japan’s economic woes and Australia’s prospects
[1]
Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Australia Now—A Statistical
Profile, International Accounts and Trade, Feature Article–Australia’s
Merchandise Trade with Japan’, (March 1999) http://www.abs.gov.Australia/websitedbs/c311/BDE7ACE2081C70E6CA25677B00077C49
(30 November 2000). The US is Australia’s second most important trading
partner, it takes around 19% of Australia’s total exports and supplies
Australia with over 20% of its imports.
[2] By 1990,
Japanese tourists had eclipsed the number of New Zealand visitors who made up
18.9% of the market; Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, no. 75—1992,
p. 389.
[3] The
official figures produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics show the
following levels of investment in Australia for 1989–90 in $ million:
US—46,386; UK—46,092 and Japan—45,364, Official Year Book of the
Commonwealth of Australia, no. 75—1992, p. 711.
[4] DFAT,
submission no. 32, pp. 64–5; NSW Government, submission no. 25, p. 10.
[5] Barry
Jones, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, pp. 690 and 695.
[6] Trade
Analysis Branch, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, June 1999, Exports
of Primary and Manufactured Products, Australia 1996, Canberra, p. 12.
[7] NSW
Government, submission no. 25, p. 1; Market Information and Analysis Unit,
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Composition of Trade Australia,
1998, Canberra, p. 44; Trade Analysis Branch, Department of Foreign Affairs
and Trade, Exports of Primary and Manufactured Products Australia, 1997, p.
7; Barry Jones, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, Committee
Hansard, 28 May 1999, pp. 689–90; DFAT, submission no. 32, p. 33 (DFAT gave
the figure of 19.5% of total exports for 1997 and 13% of total imports).
Additional information supplied to the Committee by DFAT, 18 May 2000.
[8] Market
Information and Analysis Unit, Trade Development Branch, Department of Foreign
Affairs and Trade, February 1999, Australian Basic Trade Statistics 1997–98.
[9]
Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Australia Now—A Statistical
Profile’, International Accounts and Trade, Feature Article—Australia’s
merchandise trade with Japan,
http://www.statistics.gov.Australia/w.../bde7ace2081c70e6ca25677b00077c49?OpenDocumen
(30 November 1999) (page 2 of 15).
[10] Greg
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 628; Colin
Heseltine, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999, pp. 2–3; NSW
Government, submission no. 25, p. 1.
[11] Additional
information supplied to the Committee by DFAT, 18 May 2000.
[12] DFAT,
submission no. 32, pp. 65–7; ABARE, submission no. 21, p. 10.
[13] DFAT,
submission no. 32, p. 65; Dr Terence Sheales, ABARE, Committee Hansard,
21 June 1999, p. 731.
[14] Queensland
Government, submission no. 18, p. 1; Dr Terence Sheales, ABARE, Committee
Hansard, 21 June 1999, p. 731.
[15] Fuyuki
Kitahara, Japan Chamber of Commerce, Sydney Inc, Committee Hansard, 3
September 1999, p. 802.
[16] ABARE,
submission no. 21, p.10 and comments by Dr Sheales, ABARE, Committee
Hansard, 21 June 1999, p. 732; NSW Government, submission no. 25,
pp. 10 and 14.
[17] Dr
Terence Sheales, ABARE, Committee Hansard, 21 June 1999, p. 731.
[18] Richard
Pomfret, ‘Australian Experience with Exporting to Asia’, Seminar paper
96–01, Centre for International Economic Studies, University of Adelaide,
January 1996, p. 9.
[19] Dr
Terence Sheales, ABARE, Committee Hansard, 21 June 1999, p. 731. See
also Barry Jones, Department of Industry, Science and Resource, Committee
Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 690.
[20] Commonwealth
Department of Primary Industries and Energy, submission no. 31, p. 7.
[21] Barry
Jones, Department of Industry, Science and Resource, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, pp. 691–2.
[22] DKR, Economic
Report, vol. 3, no. 2, 15 February 2000, p. 2; Barry Jones, Department of
Industry, Science and Resources, Committee Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 691.
[23] Year
Book, no. 77—1995, p. 774; no. 78—1996, p. 680; no. 79—1997, p. 707; no.
80—1998, p. 775; no. 81—1999, p. 745; no. 82—2000, p. 791.
[24] The
Australian Bureau of Statistics suppresses some detailed trade statistics for
confidentiality reasons. The classification ‘confidential items’ in this table
covers commodities such as sugar, rice, wheat and LNG.
[25] Market
Information and Analysis Unit, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Composition
of Trade Australia, 1998, June 1999, p. 203. The value of wool exported to
Japan has declined sharply from $324,698 million in 1996, to $310,032 million
in 1997 to $192,553 million in 1998.
[26] Additional
information supplied to the Committee by DFAT, 18 May 2000.
[27]
Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Australia Now—A Statistical Profile’,
International Accounts and Trade, Feature Article—Australia’s merchandise trade
with Japan,
http://www.statistics.gov.Australia/w.../bde7ace2081c70e6ca25677b00077c49?OpenDocumen
(30 November 1999) (page 8 of 15).
[28] Additional
information supplied to the Committee by DFAT, 18 May 2000.
[29] Dr
Christopher Rawlings, QCT Resources Ltd, Committee Hansard, 16 April
1999, p. 492.
[30] See Denis
Porter, NSW Minerals Council, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999, p. 264.
[31] Dr
Christopher Rawlings, QCT Resources Ltd, Committee Hansard, 16 April
1999, p. 492.
[32]
Karen Gilmour, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999, p. 7;
Denis Porter, New South Wales Minerals Council, Committee Hansard, 14
April 1999, p. 265; Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Australia Now—A
Statistical Profile’, International Accounts and Trade, Feature
Article—Australia’s merchandise trade with Japan, http://www.statistics.gov.Australia/w.../bde7ace2081c70e6ca25677b00077c49?OpenDocumen
(30 November 1999).
[33] Denis
Porter, New South Wales Minerals Council, Committee Hansard, 14 April
1999, pp. 267–8.
[34] James F.
Collins, policy adviser of the Steel Manufacturers Association, 48th
Annual Meeting of the American Institute for International Steel, 30 November
1999, in New Steel, January 2000, http://www.newsteel.com/news/NW990114.html (11 February 2000).
[35] Ben
Ready, ‘Coal prices forced down 5pc’, Canberra Times, 8 February 2000,
Business, p. 13.
[36] Dr
Christopher Rawlings, QCT Resources Ltd, Committee Hansard, 16 April
1999, p. 492.
[37] Denis
Porter, New South Wales Minerals Council, Committee Hansard, 14 April
1999, pp. 266–7.
[38] Dr
Christopher Rawlings, QCT Resources Ltd, Committee Hansard, 16 April
1999, p. 492; Denis Porter, New South Wales Minerals Council, Committee
Hansard, 14 April 1999, p. 268.
[39]
United States Energy Information Administration, May 1999,
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/japan.html
(16 February 2000); Katsuyoshi Ando, President JCOAL at 24th ICCR
Meeting, Wellington, 18 and 19 October 1999, JCOAL Topics, no. 43, November
1999, http://www.jcoal.or.jp/e/Topics_E43.html
(9 February 2000).
[40] Mr Porter
supplied the figures of 60% for steaming coal and between 40 and 50% for coking
coals. Denis Porter, New South Wales Minerals Council, Committee Hansard,
14 April 1999, p. 273.
[41] MITI
states that nuclear power accounts for 12% of Japan’s energy supply and 34% of
electricity supply, MITI, ‘Energy in Japan’, (Overview), http://www.miti.go.jp/introduction-e/a231201e.html
(16 February 2000). The United States Energy Information Administration, May
1999 states that ‘Of Japan’s total generation of electricity about 69% came
from thermal (oil, gas and coal) plants, 20% from nuclear reactors, 10% from
hydroelectric stations and 0.3% from geothermal, solar and wind’; United States
Energy Information Administration, ‘Japan’, May 1999, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/japan.html
(16 February 2000). The Department of Primary Industries and Energy informed
the Committee that Japan has undertaken to reduce its greenhouse emissions by 6
per cent from 1999 levels by 2008–12, Department of Primary Industries and
Energy, submission no. 31, p. 23.
[42] United
States Energy Information Administration, May 1999; IEA, ‘Energy Policies of
IEA Countries’, Japan, 1999, http://www.iea.org/new/releases/1999/japan.htm
(16 February 2000); MITI, ‘Energy in Japan’, (Overview), http://www.miti.go.jp/introduction-e/a231201e.html
(16 February 2000).
[43] Dr
Christopher Rawlings, QCT Resources Ltd, Committee Hansard, 16 April
1999, p. 495. See also for example, ‘Cracks appear in nuke power policy’, Mainichi
Daily News, 25 July 2000, http://www.mainichi.company.jp/english/news/news03.html
(26 July 2000).
[44] Craig
Burns, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, p. 692.
[45]
United States Energy Information Administration, ‘Japan’, May 1999, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/japan.html
(16 February 2000); Dr Christopher Rawlings, QCT Resources Ltd, Committee
Hansard, 16 April 1999, pp. 494–5.
[46] MITI,
‘Energy in Japan’, Overview, http://www.miti.go.jp/introduction-e/a231201e.html
(16 February 2000)
[47] Dr
Christopher Rawlings, QCT Resources Ltd, Committee Hansard, 16 April
1999, p. 495.
[48] Robert
Cameron, ‘The Australian Coal Industry—Meeting the Challenges’, Fifth APEC Coal
Flow Seminar, Yokohama, Japan, 4 February 1999, pp. 9–10.
[49] See
Senator Warwick Parer, Minister for Resources and Energy, Media Release, ‘Joint
Australia-Japan Project to Develop Ultra Clean Coal’, 2 June 1998, DPIE
98/322P.
[50] See for
example Craig Burns, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, Committee
Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 693.
[51] Dr
Christopher Rawlings, QCT Resources Ltd, Committee Hansard, 6 April
1999, p. 493.
[52] Denis
Porter, New South Wales, Minerals Council, Committee Hansard, 14 April
1999, p. 264.
[53] Dr Mark
Beeson, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 476. See Chapter 7, paras
7.70–7.77 for more information on how sale prices are negotiated between
Japanese customers and Australian commodities producers.
[54] Denis
Porter, New South Wales Minerals Council, Committee Hansard, 14 April
1999, p. 275.
[55] Denis
Porter, New South Wales Minerals Council, Committee Hansard, 14 April
1999, p. 265.
[56] Dr
Christopher Rawlings, QCT Resources Ltd, Committee Hansard, 16 April
1999, p. 505.
[57]
Commonwealth Year Book, no. 7—1995, p. 774;
no. 78—1996, p. 680; no. 79—1997, p. 707; no. 80—1998, p. 775;
no. 81—1999, p. 745; no. 82—2000, p. 791. See also Australian Bureau
of Statistics, ‘Australia Now—A Statistical Profile’, International Accounts
and Trade, Feature Article—Australia’s merchandise trade with Japan, http://www.statistics.gov.Australia/w.../bde7ace2081c70e6ca25677b00077c49?OpenDocumen
(30 November 1999).
[58]
Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Australia Now—A Statistical Profile’,
International Accounts and Trade, Feature Article—Australia’s merchandise trade
with Japan, http://www.statistics.gov.Australia/w.../bde7ace2081c70e6ca25677b00077c49?OpenDocumen
(30 November 1999) (page 9 of 15). Hamersley told the Committee that
Australia’s market share in Japan has, over the last five years, recovered from
roughly 48% to 53% to 54%, Philip Mitchell, General Manager, Strategic
Marketing, Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 24 February 1999,
p. 102.
[59] Additional
information supplied to the Committee by DFAT, 18 May 2000.
[60] Philip
Mitchell, General Manager, Strategic Marketing, Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd, Committee
Hansard, 24 February 1999, p. 91.
[61] Prices
were down 11% for fine ore, 10.2% for lump ore and 7.5% for lump premium, AME
Mineral Economics, Monthly Outlooks, Iron Ore, February 1999.
[62] Denis
Porter, New South Wales Minerals Council, Committee Hansard, 14 April
1999, p. 268.
[63] Nippon
Steel, Business, Steel, http://www.nsc.co.jp/english/business/steel.html
(15 February 2000). See also Timothy Marney, Treasury Department of Western
Australia, Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999, p. 160.
[64] Timothy
Marney, Treasury Department of Western Australia, Committee Hansard, 25
February 1999, p. 160.
[65] Philip
Mitchell, General Manager, Strategic Marketing, Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd, Committee
Hansard, 24 February 1999, p. 99 and Timothy Marney, Treasury
Department of Western Australia, Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999, p.
160.
[66] See
chapter 7, paras 7.70–7.75 for information on recent developments in the
relationship between Australian iron ore producers and their Japanese
customers.
[67] Karen
Gilmour, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999, p. 7.
[68] Dr
Christopher Rawlings, QCT Resources Ltd, Committee Hansard, 16 April
1999, pp. 489–90. The US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodities Summaries,
January 1999, provided the following statistics for raw steel production in
Japan—1997: 105 million tonnes and in 1998: 95.1 million tonnes. DKR Economic
Report, vol. 3, no. 2, 15 February 2000, p. 12.
[69]
Metals News, 15 July 1999, http://www.manufacturing.net/magazine/purchasing/archives/1999/pur...071mnews.ht (2 February 2000). See chapter 8 for a more detailed
explanation about trade tensions arising from Japan’s exports of steel.
[70]
North Ltd, Media Release, 29 February 2000, http://www.north.com.au/news-releases/rel-2000022900.html
(7 March 2000); Financial Review, 4–5 March 2000, p. 12.
[71]
BHP, Press Release, 29 March 2000, http://www.bhp.com.au/press/bhp_press/data/20000329a.htm
(30 March 2000). See also Ian Howarth, ‘Strong Asian demand for iron ore
steels Rio’s quarter’, Australian Financial Review, 29–30 April 2000,
Business, p. 15.
[72] Philip
Mitchell, General Manager, Strategic Marketing, Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd, Committee
Hansard, 24 February 1999, p. 92.
[73] Timothy
Marney, Treasury Department of Western Australia, Committee Hansard, 25
February 1999, p. 160. See also Department of the Treasury, submission no.
63, p. 28.
[74] Philip
Mitchell, General Manager, Strategic Marketing, Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd, Committee
Hansard, 24 February 1999, pp. 91 and 102.
[75] For
example, see comments by Mr Simon Wensley, Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd, Committee
Hansard, 24 February 1999, p. 89.
[76] Market
Information and Analysis Unit, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Composition
of Trade, 1998, June 1999, pp. 13, 32.
[77] Additional
information supplied to the Committee by DFAT, 18 May 2000.
[78]
Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Australia Now—A Statistical Profile’,
International Accounts and Trade, Feature Article—Australia’s merchandise trade
with Japan,
http://www.statistics.gov.au/w.../bde7ace2081c70e6ca25677b00077c49?OpenDocumen
(30 November 1999) (page 11 of 15). Additional information supplied to the
Committee by DFAT, 18 May 2000.
[79] ABARE,
submission no. 21, p. 21.
[80]
Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Australia Now—A Statistical Profile’,
International Accounts and Trade, Feature Article—Australia’s merchandise trade
with Japan,
http://www.statistics.gov.au/w.../bde7ace2081c70e6ca25677b00077c49?OpenDocumen
(30 November 1999) (page 8 of 15). The term confidentiality as explained in
footnote 20 states that the Australian Bureau of Statistics suppresses some
detailed trade statistics for confidentiality reasons and included commodities
such as sugar, rice, wheat and LNG.
[81]
Woodside, ‘Business and Finance News’, 25 August 1999,
http:/www.woodside.competition.Australia/business/News.cfm?ID=19990920115240 (18 February
2000). DFAT showed that, in 1999, Australia’s share of Japan’s LNG imports was
14.6%, additional information supplied to the Committee by DFAT, 18 May 2000.
Erica Smyth, told the Committee that LNG generates about $3 billion worth of
annual export income. Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999, p. 205.
[82] The six
equal participants in the North West Shelf Venture are: Woodside Energy Ltd
(operator); BHP Petroleum (North West Shelf) Pty Ltd; BP Developments Australia
Pty Ltd; Chevron Asiastic Limited; Japan Australia LNG (MIMI) Pty Ltd; and
Shell Development (Australia) Proprietary Limited. See also Erica Smyth,
Woodside Energy Ltd, Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999, p. 211 and
Timothy Marney, Treasury Department of Western Australia, Committee Hansard,
25 February 1999, p. 161.
[83] Erica
Smyth, Woodside Energy Ltd, Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999, p. 207.
[84] Erica
Smyth, Woodside Energy Ltd, Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999, p. 205.
[85]
Woodside, ‘Business and Finance News’, 25 August 1999,
http://www.woodside.competition.au/business/News.cfm?ID=19990920115240 (18
February 2000).
[86]
Woodside, ‘Business and Finance News’, 25 August 1999,
http://www.woodside.competition.au/business/News.cfm?ID=19990920115240 (18
February 2000).
[87] Barry
Jones, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, p. 692.
[88] Erica
Smyth, Woodside, Energy Ltd, Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999, p.
206.
[89] Erica
Smyth, Woodside, Energy Ltd, Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999, pp.
206–7.
[90] Dr
Christopher Rawlings, QCT Resources Ltd, Committee Hansard, 16 April
1999, pp. 505–6.
[91] The
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Annual Report on Japanese
Agriculture FY1998 (Summary) (Provisional translation).
[92] Keiji
Ohga, World Food Security and Agricultural Trade, paper presented in the OECD
Workshop on Emerging Issues in Agriculture, Paris, October 1998.
[93] The
Report submitted to the Prime Minister by the Investigative Council on Basic
Problems Concerning Food, Agriculture, and Rural Areas, September 1998, http://www.maff.go.jp/ekihon/Report.html
(3 May 1999). See also Keiji Ohga, World Food Security and Agricultural
Trade, paper presented in the OECD Workshop on Emerging Issues in Agriculture,
Paris, October 1998.
[94]
Year Book Australia, no. 77—1995, p.774, no. 78—1996,
p. 680. Market Information and Analysis Unit, Department of Foreign Affairs and
Trade, Composition of Trade, 1998, June 1999, p. 203. Australian Bureau
of Statistics, ‘Australia Now—A Statistical Profile’, International Accounts
and Trade, Feature Article—Australia’s merchandise trade with Japan, http://www.statistics.gov.Australia/with.../bde7ace2081c70e6ca25677b00077c49?OpenDocumen
(30 November 1999) (page 10 of 15).
[95] Dr Peter
Barnard, Meat and Livestock Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999,
pp. 378 and 383.
[96]
Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Australia Now—A Statistical Profile’,
International Accounts and Trade, Feature Article—Australia’s merchandise trade
with Japan, http://www.statistics.gov.Australia/with.../bde7ace2081c70e6ca25677b00077c49?OpenDocumen
(30 November 1999) (page 10 of 15).
[97]
Meat and Livestock Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999,
pp. 378 and 381; and Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Australia Now—A
Statistical Profile’, International Accounts and Trade, Feature
Article—Australia’s merchandise trade with Japan, http://www.statistics.gov.Australia/with.../bde7ace2081c70e6ca25677b00077c49?OpenDocumen
30 November 1999 (page 10 of 15).
[98] Dr Peter
Barnard, Meat and Livestock Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999,
p. 379. The Meat and Livestock Association is a new company and supersedes the
Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation and the Meat Research Corporation.
[99] Additional
information supplied to the Committee by DFAT, 18 May 2000.
[100] Dr Peter
Barnard, Meat and Livestock Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999,
p. 380.
[101] Dr Peter
Barnard, Meat and Livestock Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999,
p. 385.
[102] Dr Peter
Barnard, Meat and Livestock Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999,
p. 384.
[103] Stephen
Martyn, Australian Meat Council, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p.
381.
[104]
See Embassy of Japan to the United States, ‘ “Rice Tariffication”
Q&A’ http://www.embjapan.org/sf/rice.htm
(25 February 2000); David Askew, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 544;
Denis Gregory, ‘Ricegrowers boil at Tariff’, Sun-Herald, 2 May 1999, p.
71. See also Margaret Smee, submission no. 1, pp. 1–2.
[105] Murata
Yasuo, ‘Working Around Rice Imports’, Japan Quarterly, April-June 1999,
p. 10; Shinichi Shogenji, ‘Towards a Balanced Policy Framework for Food,
Agriculture and Rural Areas: The case of Japan’,
http:www2.hasaii.education/apfat/PP09/iep_p09.htm (19 August 1999); Daily
Summary of Japanese press, 14 December 1998.
[106] In
1998–99, the US supplied Japan with 48% of its rice imports and Thailand with
21%, Australia had a 16% share and China a 11% share. FAS Outline, ‘Foreign
Countries’ Policies and Programs’, http://www.fas.usda.gov/grain/circular/1999/99-02/dtricks.htm (24 February 2000). See also Milton Bazley,
Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 531.
[107] Milton
Bazley, Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999,
pp. 531–2.
[108] Milton
Bazley, Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p.
2.
[109] Dr Aurelia
George Mulgan, Committee Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 680; Milton Bazley,
Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, pp. 531–2.
[110] Milton
Bazley, Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p.
532.
[111] Colin
Heseltine, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999, p. 12.
[112] Milton
Bazley, Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p.
532.
[113] The Hon
Tim Fischer, MP, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade, Media Release,
‘WTO Rice Tarrification Response’, 19 March 1999 and WTO Summary Report of the
Meeting held 12–26 March 1999, G/AG/R/18. The level of tariff has been
calculated by comparing the value of imports in the Uruguay Round base period,
1986–88, with the value of the local product over the same period. At the time
of the base period being set, Japan was only importing lower quality broken
rice, particularly from Thailand, for industrial use.
[114] Country
Information, Japan, ‘Australia’s Rice Exports Continue to Perform Strongly’,
Article from Asialine, June 1999, http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/na/japan/articles_asialine_rice.html (28 February 2000).
[115] Aurelia
George Mulgan Committee Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 684; Milton Bazley,
Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 539; Dr
Dennis Gebbie, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Committee
Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 664.
[116] Bernard
Bazley, Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p.
540.
[117] Warren
Males, Queensland Sugar Corporation, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999,
p. 454.
[118] Additional
information supplied to the Committee by DFAT, 18 May 2000.
[119] Warren
Males, Queensland Sugar Corporation, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999,
p. 454.
[120] Warren
Males, Queensland Sugar Corporation, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999,
p. 456.
[121] Warren
Males, Queensland Sugar Corporation, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999,
p. 454.
[122] Warren
Males, Queensland Sugar Corporation, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999,
p. 467.
[123] Philippe
Ingram, Department of State Development, Queensland, Committee Hansard,
16 April 1999, p. 412.
[124] Year
Book no. 79—1997, p. 707; no. 80—1998, p. 775; no. 81—1999, p. 745 and no.
82—2000, p.791. Note principal market information is confidential—see footnotes
20 and 78.
[125] Simon
Burgess, Australian Wheat Board, Committee Hansard, 19 February 1999,
pp. 76, 83; Dr Terence Sheales, ABARE, Committee Hansard, 21 June 1999,
p. 732; Australian Wheat Board Ltd, submission no. 27, p. 6.
[126] Simon
Burgess and Andrew McConville, Australian Wheat Board Ltd, Committee Hansard,
19 February 1999, pp. 75–6, 81; Grains Council of Australia, submission no. 24,
p. 1.
[127] Simon
Burgess, Australian Wheat Board Ltd, Committee Hansard, 19 February
1999, pp. 80–1.
[128] Dr Terence
Sheales, ABARE, Committee Hansard, 21 June 1999, p. 732.
[129] Simon
Burgess, Australian Wheat Board Ltd, Committee Hansard, 19 February
1999, p. 85.
[130] Andrew
McConville, Australian Wheat Board Ltd, Committee Hansard, 19 February
1999, pp. 86–87.
[131] Simon
Burgess, Australian Wheat Board Ltd, Committee Hansard, 19 February
1999, pp. 77–8, 80–81.
[132] Andrew
McConville, Australian Wheat Board Ltd, Committee Hansard, 19 February
1999, p. 82 and the Grains Council of Australia, submission no. 24, p. 2.
[133] Andrew
McConville, Australian Wheat Board Ltd, Committee Hansard, 19 February
1999, pp. 83–4.
[134] Christopher
Wilcox, The Woolmark Company, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 507.
[135] Christopher
Wilcox, The Woolmark Company, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 508.
[136] Market
Information and Analysis Unit, Department of Foreign Affairs & Trade, Composition
of Trade Australia, 1998, Canberra, p, 30. The value of Australian wool
exported in 1998 was $2.872 billion with China taking $591 million and Italy
$539 million.
[137]
Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Australia Now—A Statistical Profile’,
International Accounts and Trade, Feature Article—Australia’s merchandise trade
with Japan, http://www.statistics.gov.Australia/with.../bde7ace2081c70e6ca25677b00077c49?OpenDocumen (30 November 1999) (page 10 of 15). The ABS gave
the unusually high figure of 79% for Australia’s share of Japan’s wool imports
in volume terms for 1997–98. According to Woolmark, a decade ago wool had about
a 17% share of Australia’s exports. By 1997–98 it had fallen to fifth place
with a 6% share. Australian exports to Japan totalled about $259 million in
1997–98 compared with 1.29 billion 10 years ago. Christopher Wilcox, The
Woolmark Company, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 508. DFAT stated
that Australia’s wool share fell in 1998, but it was still almost 48% of the
Japanese market. See Karen Gilmour, DFAT Committee Hansard, 15 February
1999, p. 21.
[138]
Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Australia Now—A Statistical Profile’,
International Accounts and Trade, Feature Article—Australia’s merchandise trade
with Japan, http://www.statistics.gov.Australia/with.../bde7ace2081c70e6ca25677b00077c49?OpenDocumen
(30 November 1999) (page 10 0f 15) and Mr Christopher Wilcox, The Woolmark
Company, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 508.
[139] Dr Terence
Sheales, ABARE, Committee Hansard, 21 June 1999, p. 732.
[140] Christopher
Wilcox, The Woolmark Company, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 508.
[141] Christopher
Wilcox, The Woolmark Company, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 508.
[142] Christopher
Wilcox, The Woolmark Company, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, pp. 508–9.
[143] Christopher
Wilcox, The Woolmark Company, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 509.
[144] Christopher
Wilcox, The Woolmark Company, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 512.
[145] Cathy
Bolt, ‘Japan wool buyer bales out from Australia’, Financial Review, 4
May 1999.
[146] Christopher
Wilcox, The Woolmark Company, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 511.
[147] Christopher
Wilcox, The Woolmark Company, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 517.
[148] Dr Dennis
Gebbie, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, pp. 659–60.
[149] For a
definition of ‘multifunctionality of agriculture’ see, MAFF Update, No. 309, 14
May 1999, http://www.maff.go.jp/mud/309.html (17 March 2000).
[150] MAFF
Update, No. 309, 14 May 1999, http://www.maff.go.jp/mud/309.html
(17 March 2000).
[151] Dr Dennis
Gebbie, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, p. 661.
[152] Statement
by H.E. Mr Yohei Kono, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Ministerial Conference,
1 December 1999, WTO WT/MIN(99)/ST/26.
[153] Richard
Pomfret, ‘Australian Experience with Exporting to Asia’, Seminar paper
96–01, Centre for International Economic Studies, University of Adelaide,
January 1996, pp. 11–13.
[154] Department
of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Trade in Services, 1995–96, p. 5.
[155] Market Information
and Analysis Unit, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Trade in
Services 1996–1997, p. 6; Trade in Services, 1997–98, pp. 9, 13.
[156] Additional
information supplied to the Committee by DFAT, 18 May 2000.
[157] Australian
Tourist Commission, submission no. 48, p. 1.
[158] Year
Book 2000, no. 82, p. 589; Australian Tourist Commission, submission
no. 48, p. 1; Margaret Hudson, Australian Tourist Commission, Committee
Hansard, 14 April 1999, p. 251; Junzo Yamaguchi, Japan Travel Bureau
Australian Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 3 September 1999, p. 813.
[159] Junzo
Yamaguchi, Japan Travel Bureau, Australia Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 3
September 1999, p. 813.
[160] Australian
Bureau of Statistics, No. 3401.0—Overseas Arrivals and Departures, Australia,
December 1999; Australian Tourist Commission, Short Term Overseas Visitor
Arrivals, Year Ending December 1999, http://www.atc.net.au/intell/data/99end.htm (18 April 2000). In 1999, there were 707,463 short-term
visitors from Japan and 728,798 from New Zealand.
[161] Australian
Bureau of Statistics, No. 3401.0—Overseas Arrivals and Departures, Australia,
December 1999.
[162] Karen
Gilmour, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999, p. 34.
[163] Junzo
Yamaguchi, Japan Travel Bureau Australia Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 3
September 1999, p. 813.
[164] Jeffrey
Riethmuller, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, Committee
Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 703.
[165] Damien
Wallace, Qantas Airways, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999, pp. 233–6.
[166] Australian
Tourist Commission, submission no. 48, pp. 4–5.
[167] Janet
Tomi, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999, p. 8; Margaret Hudson,
Australian Tourist Commission, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999, p. 258.
[168] Junzo
Yamaguchi, Japan Travel Bureau Australia Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 3
September 1999, p. 815.
[169] Margaret
Hudson, Australian Tourist Commission, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999,
p. 250 and Australian Tourist Commission, submission no. 48, p. 4.
[170] Terence
White, Australia-Japan Foundation, Committee Hansard, 19 February 1999,
p. 51.
[171] Australian
Tourist Commission, submission no. 48, pp. 3–4.
[172] Alan Loke,
Qantas Airways, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999, p. 247 and Margaret
Hudson, Australian Tourist Commission, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999,
p. 254.
[173] Margaret
Hudson, Australian Tourist Commission, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999,
p. 254.
[174] See
comments by Yoshihiro Tabe, Japan Local Government Centre, Committee Hansard,
14 April 1999, p. 285.
[175] Junzo
Yamaguchi, Japan Travel Bureau Australia Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 3
September 1999, pp. 814–15.
[176] Australian
Tourist Commission, submission no. 48, p. 4.
[177] Junzo
Yamaguchi, Japan Travel Bureau Australia Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 3
September 1999, p. 815.
[178] Barry
Jones, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, p. 690.
[179] Australian
Tourist Commission, submission no. 48, pp. 2–3.
[180] Margaret
Hudson, Australian Tourist Commission, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999,
p. 257.
[181] Junzo
Yamaguchi, Japan Travel Bureau Australia Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 3
September 1999, p. 815 and see comments by Jeffrey Riethmuller, Department
of Industry, Science and Resources, Committee Hansard, 28 May 1999, p.
703.
[182] Junzo
Yamaguchi, Japan Travel Bureau Australia, Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 3
September 1999, p. 816.
[183] Yoshihiro
Tabe, Japan Local Government Centre, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999,
p. 286.
[184] Damien
Wallace, Qantas Airways, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999, p. 233.
Qantas told the Committee: ‘In 1998, it, in conjunction with Australian tourism
interests, provided educational trips to Australia for over 1,000 Japanese
travel agency staff and media representatives. Qantas will provide
approximately 1,500 further educational visits for agents and media during
calendar 1999. We believe that the provision of a hands-on look at the
Australian product is a very valuable tool to put in the hands of those in a
position to sway the consumer’s choice of destination.’
[185] Junzo
Yamaguchi, Japan Travel Bureau Australia Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 3
September 1999, pp. 814–15;
[186] Margaret
Hudson, Australian Tourist Commission, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999,
p. 251.
[187] Barry
Jones, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, p. 690.
[188] Robert
Horne, Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Committee
Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 707.
[189] Robert
Horne, Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Committee
Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 707.
[190] Professor
Yoshio Sugimoto, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, pp. 520–1.
[191] David
Askew, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 555.
[192] Professor
Yoshio Sugimoto, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 525; Professor
William Coaldrake, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, pp. 579–81; See also
comments by Professor Alan Rix, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999,
pp. 452–3.
[193] Dr Carolyn
Stevens, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 572.
[194] Robert
Horne, Department of Education, Training and Youth Affair, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, pp. 707–8.
[195] Rebecca
Cross, Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Committee
Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 711.
[196] Rebecca
Cross, Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Committee
Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 711.
[197] Professor
Yoshio Sugimoto, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 525. He told the
Committee that ‘anecdotal evidence suggests that some private language
institutions are not providing good quality education because of the relatively
poor quality of teachers’.
[198] Sara Cowan,
Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, p. 709.
Chapter 7 - Recession, reform and opportunities
[1] ‘Restoration
in Progress’, A survey of business in Japan, The Economist, vol. 35, no.
8147, November 1999, p. 19.
[2] For
example see: Queensland Government, submission no. 18, p. 3; Hiroshi Nakano,
Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Sydney Inc, Committee Hansard, 3
September 1999, pp. 789–80.
[3] ‘Restoration
in Progress’, A survey of business in Japan, The Economist, vol. 35, no.
8147, November 1999, p. 19.
[4] John
Longworth, ‘Understanding our customers: Hidden socio-political realities in
Japan and China which influence trade with Australia’, Australasian Agribusiness
Review, vol. 1, no. 1, May 1993,
pp. 25–6.
[5] John
Sainsbury, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Committee
Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 662.
[6] JETRO, Japanese
Market Report No. 30—Regulations & Practice—Cheese, March 1999, p. 5.
[7] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 635.
[8] Hiroshi
Nakano, JETRO, Committee Hansard, 3 September 1999, pp. 795–6, 798.
[9] JETRO, Japanese
Market Report No. 30—Regulations & Practice—Cheese, March 1999, p. 14.
[10] Milton
Bazley, Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999,
pp. 533–4. The NSW Department of Agriculture research station at Yanco
developed the ‘opus’ rice variety with assistance from Ricegrowers Cooperative
Ltd. Ricegrowers has supported the rice research and development activities of
NSW Agriculture for more than 15 years, and it has contributed in excess of $15
million to rice research over the period, pp. 534 and 542.
[11] JETRO, Japanese
Market Report—Regulations & Practices—Fresh Vegetables, No. 31, March
1999, p. 17.
[12] John
Sainsbury, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Committee
Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 665.
[13] JETRO, Japanese
Market Report—Regulations & Practices—Jam & Canned Fruit, No. 32,
March 1999, p. 17.
[14] See for
example JETRO, Japanese Market Report—Regulations & Practices—Jam &
Canned Fruit, No. 32, March 1999, p. 17.
[15] Milton
Bazley, Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999,
pp. 534, 537.
[16] Paul
Riethmuller, ‘Major Trends Affecting Australia’s Agricultural Industries: Have
they Taken a Turn for the Worse?’, Economic Issues No. 3, November 1998,
p. 13.
[17] Dr Peter
Barnard, Meat and Livestock Association, Australia, Committee Hansard,
15 April 1999, p. 378.
[18] Stephen
Martyn, Australian Meat Council, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p.
381.
[19] Stephen
Martyn, Australian Meat Council, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p.
383.
[20] Stephen
Martyn, Australian Meat Council, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p.
390.
[21] Stephen
Martyn, Australian Meat Council, and Samantha Jamieson, Meat and Livestock
Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, pp. 379–80.
[22] Gary
Humphries, Australia-Japan Foundation, Committee Hansard, 19 February
1999, p. 53.
[23] Milton
Bazley, Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p.
536.
[24] Milton
Bazley, Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p.
541.
[25] Christopher
Pokarier, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 434.
[26] Professor
William Coaldrake, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 573.
[27] Professor
William Coaldrake, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 573.
[28] Terence
White, Australia-Japan Foundation, Committee Hansard, 19 February 1999,
p. 46.
[29] Terence
White, Australia-Japan Foundation, Committee Hansard, 19 February 1999,
p. 46.
[30] Milton
Bazley, Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p.
535.
[31] Milton
Bazley, Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p.
536.
[32] Submission
of the Australian Government to the Japanese Government on the Deregulation
Promotion Program, see Appendix 4, p. 9.
[33] JETRO, Japanese
Market Report—Regulations & Practices—Beer, No. 23, December 1998, p.
15.
[34] Christopher
Pokarier, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 423; Hiroshi Nakano,
Japan External Trade Organisation, Sydney Inc, Committee Hansard, 3
September 1999, p. 788.
[35] Janet
Tomi, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999, p. 8.
[36] Timothy
Marney, Treasury Department of Western Australia, Committee Hansard, 25
February, pp. 160, 164.
[37] See
statement by Dr Craig Freedman, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, pp.
345–6.
[38] Queensland
Government, submission no. 18, p. 37.
[39] Dr
Carolyn Stevens, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 570.
[40] Hiroshi
Nakano, Japan External Trade Organisation, Committee Hansard, 3
September 1999, p. 788. See also BT Funds Management Limited, Newsletter, Cherry
Picking in Japan, February, 2000.
[41] Professor
Peter Drysdale, Committee Hansard, 23 August 1999, p. 767.
[42] For
example see Professor David Allen, Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999,
p. 181; Dr Craig Freedman, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 350;
Perce Butterworth, New South Wales Department of State and Regional
Development, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 394.
[43] Mr
Tadashi Nakamae, President, Nakamae International Economic Research,
Presentation for the OECD Business and Industry Policy Forum on ‘Realising the
Potential of the Service Economy: Facilitating Growth, Innovation and
Competition’, Paris, 28 September 1999, p. 2.
[44] JETRO, The
Changing Service Industries of Japan, Tokyo, 2000, p. 2.
[45] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 641.
[46] Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development, Regulatory Reform in Japan, OECD,
Paris, 1999, p. 15.
[47] DFAT,
submission no. 32, p. 64.
[48] See
Articles 2 and 3, ‘Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary
Measures’ in Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.
[49] John
Sainsbury and Dennis Gebbie, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry,
Committee Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 665.
[50] Media
Release, Judith Troeth, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for
Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, AFFA99/62T, 16 June 1999.
[51] John
Sainsbury, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Committee
Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 665.
[52] Department
of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Japan, ‘Ripe Future for Mandarin Exports to
Japan’, 15 July 1999. There are a number of examples of further breakthroughs
in quarantine regulations. See Media Release, Mark Vaile, Trade Minister,
‘Citrus juice exports to Japan set to grow’, 26 August 1999.
[53] John
Sainsbury and Dr Dennis Gebbie, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Forestry, Committee Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 665.
[54] Dr Dennis
Gebbie, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, p. 659.
[55] Dr Dennis
Gebbie, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, p. 660.
[56] Jamie
Anderson, ‘Australia’s Market Access Agenda Towards Japan’, Pacific Economic
Papers, no. 291, Australia-Japan Research Centre, May 1999, p. 11.
[57] Submission
of the Australian Government to the Japanese Government on the Deregulation
Promotion Program, 1998, http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/na/japan/981106_japan_deregulate.pdf
(8 February 1999).
[58] Graham
Huxley, Australia Japan Housing Ltd, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999,
p. 361. See also statement by Philip Henry, Department of State, Queensland, Committee
Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 419.
[59] Submission
of the Australian Government to the Japanese Government on the Deregulation
Promotion Program.
[60] Graham
Huxley, Japan Australia Housing Ltd, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999,
pp. 359–60.
[61] Graham
Huxley, Australia Japan Housing Ltd, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999,
p. 366.
[62] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, pp. 637–8.
[63] Graham
Huxley, Australia Japan Housing Ltd, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999,
pp. 360, 375. See also Australia Japan Housing Ltd, submission no. 6, p. 3.
[64] Graham
Huxley, Australia Japan Housing Ltd, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999,
p. 376. Also see comments on p. 368.
[65] Austrade,
submission no. 35, p. 9. See also Jonathan Coppel and Martine Durand, ‘Trends
in Market Openness’, Economics Department Working Paper no. 221,
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, August 1999, p. 5.
[66] Commission
of the European Communities, List of EU Deregulation Proposals for Japan,
12 October 1998, p. 8.
[67] Dr Mark
Beeson, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, pp. 482–3.
[68] DFAT,
submission no. 32, pp. 21–3.
[69] Professor
Teresa Morris-Suzuki, Committee Hansard, 24 May 1999, p. 606.
[70] For
example see Australian Department of Trade, ‘Persistence, Performance and
Price’, Report of the Japanese Market Access Promotion Mission to Australia,
November 1984, AGPS, Canberra, 1985, pp.16–17.
[71] JETRO, Japanese
Market Report—Regulations & Practices—Cheese, No. 30, March 1999, p. 9;
see also advice offered in JETRO Reports, no. 10, p, 13; no. 15, p. 23; no. 23,
p.19.
[72] See Paul
Riethmuller, ‘Major Trends Affecting Australia’s Agricultural Industries: Have
they Taken a Turn for the Worse?, Economic Issues no. 3, Department of
Economics, the University of Queensland, November 1998, pp. 14—15.
[73] Paul
Riethmuller, ‘Major Trends Affecting Australia’s Agricultural Industries: Have
they Taken a Turn for the Worse?’, Economic Issues No. 3, November 1998,
pp. 14–15.
[74] Dr
Christopher Rawlings, QCT Resources Ltd, Committee Hansard, 16 April
1999, p. 491.
[75] Denis
Porter, New South Wales Minerals Council, Committee Hansard, 14 April
1999, p. 272.
[76] Denis
Porter, New South Wales Minerals Council, Committee Hansard, 14 April
1999, p. 274.
[77] Dr
Christopher Rawlings, QCT Resources Ltd, Committee Hansard, 16 April
1999, pp. 490–1.
[78] See David
Uren, Weekend Australian, 29–30 July 2000, p. 42; Andrew Cornell, Tokyo,
Australian Financial Review, 19 July 2000, p. 15, 24 July 2000, p. 1 and
13, 27 July 2000, p. 11, 1 August 2000, p. 18; Stewart Oldfield, Australian
Financial Review, 4 August 2000, p. 46; Jane Counsel, Sydney Morning
Herald, 4 August 2000.
[79] Ian
Howarth and Andrew Cornell, Tokyo, ‘Cartel wars: Rio targets Japanese in North
battle’, Australian Financial Review, 26 July 2000, p. 1.
[80] Andrew
Cornell wrote an interesting article on the nature of Japan’s steel cartel,
‘The family nature of Japan’s steel cartel’, Australian Financial Review, 31
July 2000, p. 8.
[81] Erica
Smyth, Woodside Energy Ltd, Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999, p. 207.
[82] Dr Mark
Beeson, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 487.
[83] Queensland
Government, submission no. 18, p. 34.
[84] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 629.
[85] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 632.
[86] JETRO
explained that the Large-Scale Retail Store Law was amended in January 1992 to
ease many of the regulations that made it difficult to open large stores. The
law has been amended on successive occasions but as of June 2000 will be
replaced by a newly enacted Large-Scale Retail Store Location Law. It stated
‘Of all the various deregulation policies currently being implemented, it has
been among the first sectors to undergo significant change and to have a
significant impact on the lives of ordinary people.’ JETRO, The Changing
Service Industries of Japan’, JETRO, 2000, p. 15.
[87] Hiroshi
Nakano, Japan External Trade Organisation, Sydney Inc, Committee Hansard,
3 September 1999, p. 788.
[88] Austrade,
submission no. 35, p. 63.
[89] Austrade,
submission no. 35, p. 63.
[90] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 633.
[91] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 629.
[92] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 634.
[93] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 630.
[94] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 639.
[95] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 632.
[96] Milton
Bazley, Ricegrowers Co-operative Ltd, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p.
537.
[97] Terence
White, Australia-Japan Foundation, Committee Hansard, 19 February 1999,
p. 46.
[98] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 636.
[99] Shinji
Sato, English Translation of Minister Sato’s Speech at the Foreign
Correspondents’ Club of Japan, 16 June 1997, http://www.miti.go.jp/press-e/f300001e.html (24 April 2000).
[100] Commission
of the European Communities, List of EU Deregulation Proposals for Japan, 12
October 1998, p. 6.
[101] Hiroshi
Nakano, Japan External Trade Organisation, Sydney, Ltd, Committee Hansard,
3 September 1999, p. 789.
[102] Austrade,
submission no. 35, p. 9.
[103] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, pp. 629–630.
[104] JETRO
White Paper on Foreign Direct Investment (1999), p. 60. See also Paper
‘Prospects for the Japanese Economy’, The Japan Research Institute Ltd,
Economics Department, July 1999, p. 9.
[105] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 638.
[106] AsiaNow,
5 November 1999, vol. 25, no. 44.
[107] JETRO, JETRO
White Paper on Foreign Direct Investment 2000, p. 63.
[108] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 639.
[109] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 639.
[110] Professor
David Allen, Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999, p. 181; Dr Craig
Freedman, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, pp. 345–6; Perce
Butterworth, New South Wales Department of State and Regional Development, Committee
Hansard, pp. 394–95.
[111] Christopher
Pokarier, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, pp. 423, 432.
[112] Peter Drysdale,
Toshi Naito, Ray Trewin and Dominic Wilson, ‘The Changing Climate for Foreign
Direct Investment into Japan’, Pacific Economic Papers, no. 293, Australia-Japan
Research Centre, July 1999, p. 37.
[113] Peter
Drysdale, Toshi Naito, Ray Trewin and Dominic Wilson, ‘The Changing Climate for
Foreign Direct Investment into Japan’, Pacific Economic Paper, no. 293, Australia-Japan
Research Centre, July 1999, p. 39.
[114] Paul
Riethmuller, ‘Major Trends Affecting Australia’s Agricultural Industries: Have
they Taken a Turn for the Worse?’, Economic Issues No. 3, November 1998,
p. 14.
[115] Paul
Riethmuller, ‘Major Trends Affecting Australia’s Agricultural Industries: Have
They Taken a Turn for the Worse?’, Economic Issues No. 3, November 1998,
p. 14; and Terence White, Australia-Japan Foundation, Committee Hansard,
19 February 1999, p. 46.
[116] Manuel
Panagiotopoulos, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999, pp. 215, 219.
[117] Manuel
Panagiotopoulos, Japanese and Australian Trade 1988–1997, Manuel
Panagiotopoulos, AJEI Communications, Sydney, p. 19.
[118] See
chapter 5, para 5.55.
[119] Owen
Clare, Senior Equities Adviser, Saw James Capel Ltd, Committee Hansard,
24 February 1999, p. 150.
[120] Kenneth
Court, Committee Hansard, 24 February 1999, p. 144.
[121] Kenneth
Court, Committee Hansard, 24 February 1999, pp. 138, 140.
[122] Craig
Burns, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, p. 693.
[123] Hiroshi
Nakano, Japan External Trade Organisation, Sydney Inc, Committee Hansard,
3 September 1999, p. 795. See also comments by Manuel Panagiotopoulos who
acknowledged that value adding to Australian commodities in Australia was not
happening because ‘it is not economically viable for corporations to do that
here’. He suggested Australians need to ask the right questions to find out why
this is not the case, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999, p. 220.
[124] Dr Craig
Freedman, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 354.
[125] Timothy
Marney, Treasury Department of Western Australia, Committee Hansard, 25
February 1999, p. 166.
[126] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 634.
[127] Timothy
Marney, Treasury Department of Western Australia, Committee Hansard, 25
February 1999, p. 166.
[128] Dr Terence
Sheales, Committee Hansard, 21 June 1999, p. 741.
[129] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, pp. 634–5.
[130] Timothy
Marney, Treasury Department of Western Australia, Committee Hansard, 25
February 1999, pp. 161–2.
[131] Robert
Cameron ‘The Australian Coal Industry—Meeting the Challenges’, Fifth APEC Coal
Flow Seminar, Yokohama, Japan, 4 February 1999.
[132] Dr Craig
Freedman, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 352.
[133] Peter
Hartcher, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, pp. 327.
[134] Peter
Hartcher, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 328.
[135] Peter
Hartcher, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 329.
[136] Christopher
Pokarier, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 437.
[137] Hiroshi
Nakano, Japan External Trade Organisation, Sydney Inc, Committee Hansard,
3 September 1999, p. 798.
[138] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, pp. 636, 642.
[139] Ian
McLean, Australia Japan Housing Ltd, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999,
p. 365.
[140] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 635.
[141] See
Whitehorse City Council, submission no. 2, p. 1; Hastings Council, submission
no. 4, pp. 1–2; Lismore City Council, submission no. 11, p. 2.
[142] Professor
Alan Rix, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 449.
[143] Peter
Drysdale and Robert Farrell, ‘Perspectives on Japanese Investment, Employment
and Management in Australia’, Pacific Economic Papers no. 290, Australia-Japan
Research Centre, April 1999, pp. 42–3. FDI is the acronym for foreign
direct investment.
[144] Yukio
Satoh, ‘From Distant Countries to Partners: The Japan-Australia Relationship’, Working
Paper no. 312, November 1997, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,
1997, p. 3. See also Purnendra Jain and Donna Weeks, ‘Banking on the
“Constructive Partnership” ’, Current Affairs Bulletin, vol. 69, No. 9,
February 1993, pp. 14–16.
[145] For
example see Austrade, submission no. 35, pp. 7–8, 16. See also, Peter Drysdale
and Robert Farrell, ‘Perspectives on Japanese Investment, Employment and
Management in Australia’, Pacific Economic Papers no. 290, Australia-Japan
Research Centre, April 1999, pp. 42–3; Manuel Panagiotopoulos told the
Committee that ‘A large proportion of investment in real estate has since left
due to the financial troubles of the parent companies in Japan. However,
Japanese investment in Australia is well established and will remain for the
long term’, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999, p. 215.
[146] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 641.
[147] Hiroshi
Nakano, Japan External Trade Organisation, Committee Hansard, 3
September 1999, p. 797.
[148] See Peter
Drysdale and Robert Farrell, ‘Perspectives on Japanese Investment, Employment
and Management in Australia’, Pacific Economic Papers no. 290, Australia-Japan
Research Centre, April 1999, p. 2.
[149] Manuel
Panagiotopoulos, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999, p. 223.
[150] Quote
taken from CEDA, Japanese Trading Companies: Their Role in Australia’s
Economic Development, a study undertaken by INSTATE Pty Ltd, Sydney, 1997,
p. 70.
[151] CEDA, Japanese
Trading Companies: Their Role in Australia’s Economic Development, a study
undertaken by INSTATE Pty Ltd, Sydney, 1997, p. 69. See also comments by Owen
Clare, Senior Equities Advisor, Saw James Capel Ltd, Committee Hansard,
24 February 1999, p. 156.
[152] Terence
White, Australia-Japan Foundation, Committee Hansard, 19 February 1999,
p. 38.
[153] See
Purnendra Jain and Donna Weeks, ‘Banking on the “Constructive Partnership” ’, Current
Affairs Bulletin, vol. 69, no. 9, February 1993, pp. 14–16 for views on
this matter of Japanese investment.
[154] NSW
Government, submission no. 25, p. 4.
[155] For
example see David Askew, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 552.
[156] Commonwealth
of Australia, In the National Interest: Australia’s Foreign and Trade
Policy White Paper, 1997, p. 78.
[157] Terence
White, Australia-Japan Foundation, Committee Hansard, 19 February 1999,
p. 51. See also views of Philip Henry, Department of State Development,
Queensland, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 410.
Chapter 8 - Japan’s Relations with its leading trading partners
[1] Figures
taken from Speech given by Consul-General Shimanouchi, March 1999, ‘Economic
Crisis in Asia and What Japan is Doing’, http://www.embjapan.org/miami/speech4.html
(3 April 2000)
[2] DFAT, submission
no. 32, p. 7; Austrade, submission no. 35, p. 5.
[3] DFAT,
submission no. 32, p. 5.
[4] Hisamitsu
Arai, Vice-Minister for International Affairs, MITI, ‘A Scenario for Dynamic
Recovery from the Asian Economic Crisis’, 21 August 1998, http://www.miti.go.jp/report-e/g311002e.html
(19 November 1998).
[5] Stephen
Thomsen, ‘Southeast Asia: the Role of Foreign Direct Investment Policies in
Development’, Working Papers on International Investment, 1999/1, OECD, 1999,
pp. 4–5, 12.
[6] Hisamitsu
Arai, Vice-Minister for International Affairs, MITI, ‘A Scenario for Dynamic
Recovery from the Asian Economic Crisis’, Thailand-Japanese Association and
JETRO, Bangkok, 21 August 1998.
[7] Edward
J. Lincoln, ‘Japan’s Rapidly Emerging Strategy Toward Asia’, Technical Paper
No. 58, Research Programme on Globilisation and Regionalisation, OECD, April
1992, pp. 9, 27–8.
[8] ‘Japan
and Asia: developing ties’, OECD Observer,1 August 1999.
[9] JETRO, JETRO
White Paper on International Trade, 1999, p. 26. See also evidence
presented by Colin Haseltine, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999,
pp. 23–4.
[10]
Haruo Shimada, Professor of Economics, Keio University, ‘The Prospect
and Challenges of Japanese Economy, Politics, Society After the Financial
Crisis in an International Perspective’, 1999, http://www.ndu.education/inss/symposia/pc99/shimada.html
(3 April 2000).
[11] Marcus
Noland, Sherman Robinson and Zhi Wang, International Economics Policy Briefs,
‘The Depressing News from Asia’, September 1998. See also Transcript: Deputy
Secretary of the Treasury, Lawrence H. Summers 2/26 Q&A at Japan
National Press CLUB, 26 February 1999.
[12] Professor
Peter Drysdale, Committee Hansard, 23 August 1999, p. 765.
[13]
Haruo Shimada, Professor of Economics, Keio University, ‘The Prospect
and Challenges of Japanese Economy, Politics, Society After the Financial
Crisis in an International Perspective’, 1999, http://www.ndu.education/inss/symposia/pc99/shimada.html
(3 April 2000)
[14] Policy
speech by Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi to the 144th Session of the
Diet, 27 November 1998, http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/souri/981204policy-speech.html
(19 October 1999). See also Takashi Imai, Chairman of Keidanren and Kezai Koho
Center, ‘Japanese and Asian Economies Recovering Together’, Occasional Paper
Series no. 8, Keizai Koho Center, January 1999.
[15]
USIA, Washington File, Transcript: ‘Treasury’s Summers Jan. 21 Pres
Briefing in Tokyo’, 21 January 2000,
http://www.usia.gov/cgi-bin/washfile/display.pl?p=/products/washfile/.../newsitem.shtm
(25 January 2000)
[16]
USIA, Washington File, ‘Text: Statement of the G-7 Finance Ministers
Tokyo Meeting’, 24 January 2000,
http://www.usia.gov/cgi-bin/washfile/display.pl?p=/products/washfile/.../newsitem.shtm
(25 January 2000).
[17] Colin
Haseltine, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999, pp. 23–4.
[18] For
example see, Consul-General Shimanouchi, ‘Economic Crisis in Asia and What
Japan is Doing’, May 1999 and Policy speech by Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi to
the 144th Session of the Diet, 27 November 1998 http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/souri/981204policy-speech.html
(19 October 1999).
[19] United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Report, 1998, Overview, p.
vi.
[20] Address
by Japanese Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi to the 143rd session of the Diet, 7
August 1998, http://www.infojapan.org/announce/announce/1998/8/807-0.html
(25 April 2000). See also Consul-General Shimanouchi, ‘Economic Crisis in Asia
and What Japan is Doing’, May 1999; Sei Nakai, Senior Deputy Director-General
of the International Bureau, Ministry of Finance, ‘Efforts Toward Recovery of
the Japanese Economy and Japan’s Response to the Asian Currency Crisis’, The
National Investment Company Service Association, 1999.
[21] Address
by Japanese Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi to the 143rd session of the Diet, 7
August 1998, http://www.infojapan.org/announce/announce/1998/8/807-0.html
(25 April 2000).
[22] The
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Joint Statement of the Meeting of Heads
of State/Government of the Member States of ASEAN and the Prime Minister of
Japan, Kuala Lumpur, 16 December 1997. The ASEAN member states also thanked
Japan in 1999 for its continued assistance. See Joint Ministerial Statement of
the Third ASEAN Finance Ministers Meeting, Hanoi, 20 March 1999.
[23] Comprehensive
Economic Measures, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 24 April 1998, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/measure98/measures.html
(15 February 1999).
[24] Sei
Nakai, Senior Deputy Director-General of the International Bureau, Ministry of
Finance, Japan, ‘Efforts Toward Recovery of the Japanese Economy and Japan’s
Response to the Asian Currency Crisis’, the National Investment Service
Association, http://www.us-japan.org/JapanBoston/nakai.htm
(3 April 2000).
[25] See
statements by Michel Camdessus, Managing Director of the International Monetary
Fund, ‘World Economic Outlook: Implications of Reform for Japan and the IMF’,
at the International Finance Seminar, 18 May 1999. Economic Planning Agency,
‘Follow-up and Future Schedule for Implementation of the Emergency Economic
Package: Pursuing the Revitalization of the Japanese Economy’, 23 April 1999.
[26] Speech by
Mr Kiichi Miyazawa at the APEC Finance Ministers Meeting, Malaysia, 15 May
1999, http://www.mof.go.jp/english/if/e1b068.htm
(4 April 2000).
[27] Speech by
Mr Kiichi Miyazawa at the APEC Finance Ministers Meeting, Malaysia, 15 May
1999, http://www.mof.go.jp/english/if/e1b068.htm
(4 April 2000).
[28] Colin
Heseltine, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999, p. 3; DFAT,
submission no. 32, p. 51.
[29] Sei
Nakai, Senior Director-General of the International Bureau, Ministry of
Finance, Japan, ‘Efforts Toward Recovery of the Japanese Economy and Japan’s
Response to the Asian Currency Crisis’, New Delhi, http://www.us-japan.org/JapanBoston/nakai.htm
(3 April 2000).
[30] Michel
Camdessus, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, transcript of
a Press Briefing at the Japan Press Club, 18 May 1999.
[31] DFAT,
submission no. 32, p. 51.
[32] Professor
David Reid, Committee Hansard, 25 February 1999, p. 192.
[33] Dr Wendy
Smith, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, pp. 557–8.
[34] Keidanren,
‘For Asia’s Economic Renewal: A Proposal by Japan’s business community’, 13
March 2000, http://www.keidanren.or.pj/english/policy/2000/007/proposal.html
(31 March 2000).
[35] United
States Information Agency, Transcript: Deputy USTR Fisher—16 June Worldnet
Program on APEC (U.S. to continue pushing trade liberalization at APEC), 17
June 1999.
[36] See
United States Information Agency, Transcript: Deputy USTR Fisher—16 June
Worldnet Program on APEC (U.S. to continue pushing trade liberalization at
APEC), 17 June 1999; Remarks of Ambassador David L. Aaron, Under Secretary of
Commerce for International Trade before the American Chamber of Commerce of
Japan, Tokyo American Club, 29 July 1999.
[37] DFAT,
submission no. 32, p. 65.
[38] DFAT,
submission no. 32, p. 65.
[39] Colin
Heseltine, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999, p. 1; DFAT
submission no. 32, p. 51. Mr Ian Macfarlane, Governor of the Reserve Bank of
Australia, also observed that Australia, apart from Japan, was the only country
to contribute to all three financial assistance packages. He stated further
‘the Australian authorities were able to play a useful role because they had
been building an understanding of regional developments for many years, in part
reflecting the strong trade links with the region, but also a more general
interest on the part of business and academic communities’. Speech to the Asia
Pacific Forex Congress, Sydney, 27 November 1998, http://www.rba.gov.au/speech/sp_gov_271198.html (18 December 1998).
[40] Basic
Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation between Australia and Japan, signed in
Tokyo 16 June 1976 and entered into force on 21 August 1977.
[41] See
Remarks of Ambassador David L. Aaron, Under Secretary of Commerce for
International Trade before the American Chamber of Commerce of Japan, Tokyo
American Club, 29 July 1999.
[42] Professor
Teresa Morris-Suzuki, Committee Hansard, 24 May 1999, pp. 601–2. See
also views of David Askew, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 545.
[43] Professor
Teresa Morris-Suzuki, Committee Hansard, 24 May 1999, p. 605.
[44] Professor
Teresa Morris-Suzuki, Committee Hansard, 24 May 1999, p. 601.
[45] Peter
Drysdale, ‘Where is the Japan Economy Heading’, Summary of APSEM Public seminar
presentation, 19 May 1999.
[46] Professor
Peter Drysdale, Committee Hansard, 23 August 1999, pp. 767–8; and
Professor Peter Drysdale, ‘Where is the Japanese economy headed?’, summary of
APSEM Seminar Presentation, 19 May 1999.
[47] Professor
Peter Drysdale, Committee Hansard, 23 August 1999, p. 768.
[48] Rodolfo
C. Severino, Secretary-General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations,
at the regional conference on ‘Common Currency for East Asia: Dream or
Reality’, Penang, 5 August 1999, http://www.asean.or/id/secgen/sg_eac.htm
(2 August 2000); Press Release, ‘ASEAN to Promote Comprehensive Development, http://www.asean.or.id/amm/amm33pre1.htm
(26 July 2000.
[49] The
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, ‘Joint statement on East Asia
Cooperation’, 28 November 1999; Financial Review, article by Bruce
Cheeseman, ‘Mahathir finally wins push for East Asia trade zone’, 27 July and
editorial, 28 July 2000; Manuel F. Montes, Kevin F.F. Quigley and Donald E.
Weatherbee, ‘Growing Pains: ASEAN’s Economic and Political Challenges’, Asia
Society Publications, December 1997, http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/asean_challengers.html
(2 August 2000). See also Press Conference by the Press secretary, 11 December
1998, ‘Significance of the goals of the ASEAN Summit Meeting’,
http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/press/1998/12/1211.html (28 July 2000); Joint
Communique of the Thirty Third ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, Bangkok, Thailand,
24–25 July 2000. See Report of the Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade
References Committee, Australia and APEC: A Review of Asia Pacific Economic
Cooperation, July 2000, paras 9.77–9.84.
[50] See
Report of the Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Australia
and APEC: A Review of Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, July 2000, para
9.79.
[51] Yukio
Satoh, ‘Japan-Australia Relations: Emerging Partnership’, Speech of the
Japanese Ambassador at the Foreign Correspondents’ Association in Sydney, 1 November
1996.
[52] For
example see Address by Japanese Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi to the 143rd
session of the Diet, 7 August 1998, http://www.infojapan.org/announce/announce/1998/8/807-0.html
(25 April 2000). See also Policy speech by Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi to the
144th Session of the Diet, 27 November 1998.
[53] Peter
Hartcher, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 340.
[54] Gregory
Dodds, Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 633. Austrade told
the Committee that Japan’s trading surplus has increased by 23% and although
Japan’s exports are down, its imports are down further. So Japan is losing on
exports, but infuriating the Americans and other trading partners by buying
much less from them.
[55] Deficit
figures in Bruce Odessey, USIA Staff writer, ‘1998 US Trade Deficit Sets
Record; Trend Continues in ’99’, http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/econ/new1.htm
(7 April 2000).;See for example, International Monetary Fund, Press
Conference by Michael Mussa on the Interim Assessment of the World Economic
Outlook and International Capital Markets, 21 December 1998, http://www.imf.int/external/np/tr/1998/TR981221.htm (18 November 1999); and Marcus Noland, Sherman
Robinson and Zhi Wang, International Economics Policy Briefs, ‘The Depressing
News from Asia’, September 1998 and MITI, White Paper on International Trade
1999, Chapter 2, ‘The Changing Japanese Trade Structure and Recent Trade
Trends’. Also and Christopher Pokarier, submission no. 10, p. 8.
[56] MITI, White
Paper on International Trade 1999, Chapter 2, ‘The Changing Japanese Trade
Structure and Recent Trade Trends’.
[57] Bruce
Odessey, USIA Staff writer, ‘1998 US Trade Deficit Sets Record; Trend Continues
in ’99’, http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/econ/new1.htm
(7 April 2000).
[58] Text:
Deputy USTR Richard Fisher on US-Japan Trade, Testimony of Ambassador Richard
Fisher Deputy United States Trade Representative, House Ways & Means Trade
Subcommittee Executive Session, 15 July 1998.
[59] Colin
Heseltine, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999, p. 2.
[60] Text:
Barshefsky to House Subcommittee on Steel Imports—Testimony of Ambassador
Charlene Barshefsky, United States Trade Representative, to Trade Subcommittee
of the House Committee on Ways and Means, 25 February 1999.
[61] Philip
Mitchell, Hamersley Iron Ltd, Committee Hansard, 24 February 1999, p.
90. Hamersley told the Committee that Japanese exports into the US in 1998 went
up by 260% from roughly 2½ million tonnes to 8 million tonnes and exports into
South-East Asia fell by about 24%.
[62] Text:
Barshefsky to House Subcommittee on Steel Imports—Testimony of Ambassador
Charlene Barshefsky, United States Trade Representative, to Trade Subcommittee
of the House Committee on Ways and Means, 25 February 1999.
[63] Ambassador
Charlene Barshefsky, United States Trade Representative, Tokyo American Center,
Tokyo, Japan 13 May 1999, http:/www.usia.gov/regional/ea/apec/barsh513.htm (23
July 1999).
[64] Ambassador
Charlene Barshefsky, United States Trade Representative, Tokyo American Center,
Tokyo, Japan 13 May 1999, http:/www.usia.gov/regional/ea/apec/barsh513.htm
(23 July 1999).
[65] Secretary
of Commerce for International Trade before the American Chamber of Commerce of
Japan, Tokyo American Club, 29 July 1999.
[66] USIA,
Washington file, ‘Text: Trade Administration News Release on Japanese
Construction’, 14 January 2000,
http:www.usia.gov/cgi-bin/washfile/display.pl?p=/products/washfile/.../newsitem.shtm
(25 January 2000).
[67] Robert G.
Lees, ‘Report from Seattle’, Secretary-General’s Letter, in Pacific Journal,
February 2000.
[68]
WTO Trade Policy Review of Japan, 19 January 1998, http://www.tradepolicy.com/_tradenews/0000000d.htm (21 February 2000).
[69] Jamie
Anderson, ‘Australia’s Market Access Agenda Towards Japan’, Pacific Economic
Paper no. 291, May 1999, p. 12.
[70] See Jamie
Anderson, ‘Australia’s Market Access Agenda Towards Japan’, Pacific Economic
Paper no. 291, May 1999, p. 113 and Julia Lowell, ‘Free Trade Champion?
Australian Views of the US Trade Crusade against Japan’, Pacific Economic
Paper no. 295, September 1999, pp. 15–16.
[71] Timothy
Marney, Treasury Department of Western Australia, Committee Hansard, 25
February 1999, p. 161. See also Julia Lowell, ‘Free Trade Champion?
Australian Views of the US Trade Crusade against Japan’, Pacific Economic
Paper no. 295, September 1999, p. 15.
[72] C. Fred
Bergsten, ‘The New Asian Challenge’, Institute For International Economies
Working Paper
00-4, March 2000, http://iie.com/CATALOG/WP/2000/00-4.htm (8 June 2000)
[73] See for
example David Askew, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 545.
[74] Christopher
Pokarier, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 436.
[75] USIA,
Washington File, ‘Text: Ambassador Foley Remarks to Foreign Correspondents Club
of Japan’, 18 January 2000, http://www.usia.gov/cgi-bin/washfile/display.pl?p=/products/washfile
/.../newsitem.shtm (25 January 2000). See also Professor Tessa Morris-Suzuki,
submission no. 3, p. 5; and the views of Peter Hartcher, Committee Hansard, 15 April
1999, p. 340.
[76] Michael
Borrus, Stephen S. Cohen and John Zysman, ‘The American Perspective on the
Liberalization of Trade and Investment’, The Policy Study Group on
China-Japan-US Cooperation in Asia-Pacific Regional Trade and Investment
Liberalization, Interim Report, 1998, http://socrates.berkeley.education/~briewww/pubs/wp/135.htm
(12 January 2000).
[77] Dr
Richard Rigby, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999, p. 13; DFAT,
submission no. 32, p. 52.
[78] See
Report of the Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Australia
and APEC: A Review of Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, July 2000, paras
2.149 and 2.150.
[79] Yoichi
Funabashi and Peter Drysdale, Report on a Roundtable discussion
‘Australia-Japan New Initiative for APEC 1999’, July 1999.
Chapter 9 - Understanding and partnership
[1] See
Terence White, Australia-Japan Foundation, Committee Hansard, 19
February 1999, p. 51.
[2] Leon
Wolff, Committee Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 647.
[3] Professor
William Coaldrake, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 582.
[4] Christopher
Pokarier, submission no. 10, p. 15.
[5] Leon Wolff,
Committee Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 646.
[6] Leon
Wolff, Committee Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 647.
[7] Christopher
Pokarier, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, pp. 429–430.
[8] Professor
Peter Drysdale, Committee Hansard, 23 August 1999, p. 763.
[9] Terence
White, Australia-Japan Foundation, Committee Hansard, 19 February 1999,
p. 47.
[10] Colin
Heseltine, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 15 February 1999, p. 4.
[11] DFAT,
submission no. 32, p. 6.
[12] Profesor
Alan Rix, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 447.
[13] Katsumi Kakazu,
Japan Foundation, Sydney Language Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 September
1999, p. 822 and David Askew, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 552.
[14] Katsumi Kakazu,
Japan Foundation, Sydney Language Centre, Committee Hansard, p. 822.
[15] Robert
Horne, Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Committee
Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 715.
[16] Paper
prepared by Katsumi Kakazu, Manager, the Japan Foundation Sydney Language
Centre, p. 2.
[17] Katsumi Kakazu,
Japan Foundation, Sydney Language Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 September
1999, p. 825.
[18] Professor
Wiliam Coaldrake, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 574.
[19] Professor
William Coaldrake, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 574.
[20] Professor
William Coaldrake, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 574.
[21] Katsumi Kakazu,
Japan Foundation, Sydney Language Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 September
1999, pp. 825, 827.
[22] Dr
Aurelia George Mulgan, Committee Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 688.
[23] Dr
Aurelia George Mulgan, Committee Hansard, 28 May 1999, p. 687.
[24] Professor
William Coaldrake, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 575.
[25] Professor
Yoshio Sugimoto, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 521.
[26] Professor
Yoshio Sugimoto, Committee Hansard, 17 May 1999, p. 528.
[27] Leon
Wolff, Committee Hansard, 28 May 1999, pp. 647–648. See also Professor
Gavan McCormack, Committee Hansard, 24 May 1999, p. 625. He stressed it
was important to have a small cadre of highly trained and highly competent
people who basically function in Japanese just like Japanese people do and that
Australia had few such qualified people.
[28] Peter
Drysdale, Nancy Viviani, Akio Watanabe and Ippei Yamazawa, The
Australia-Japan Relationship: Towards the Year 2000, Australia-Japan
Research Centre and Japan Center for Economic Research, canberra and Tokyo,
September 1989, p. 12.
[29] David Longworth,
‘Understanding our Customers: Hidden socio-political realities in Japan and
China which influence trade with Australia, Australasian Agribusiness
Review, vol. 1 no. 1, May 1993, p. 27.
[30] Dr Craig
Freedman, Committee Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 351.
[31] Gregory Dodds,
Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 642.
[32] Gregory Dodds,
Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 639.
[33] Barry
Jones, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, p. 694.
[34] Barry
Jones, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, p. 694.
[35] Barry
Jones, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, Committee Hansard,
28 May 1999, p. 695.
[36] David McGeachie,
New South Wales Department of State and Regional Development, Committee
Hansard, 15 April 1999, p. 397.
[37] Australian
National Audit Office, Coordination of Export Development and Promotion
Activities Across Commonwealth Agencies, Audit Report no. 39, 1999–2000, Performance
Audit, Canberra 2000, pp. 13, 16.
[38] Christopher
Pokarier, submission no. 10, p. 13.
[39] Christopher
Pokarier, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 437.
[40] Christopher
Pokarier, submission no. 10, p. 14.
[41] Richard Pomfret,
‘Australian Experience with Exporting to Asia’, Seminar Paper 96–0, Department
of Economics and Centre for International studies, University of Adelaide,
January 1996, p. 18.
[42] Hiroshi
Nakano, JETRO, Committee Hansard, 3 September 1999, p. 790.
[43] Hiroshi
Nakano, JETRO, Committee Hansard, 3 September 1999, p. 793.
[44] Gregory Dodds,
Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, pp. 636–7.
[45] Professor
Alan Rix, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 448.
[46] Gregory Dodds,
Austrade, Committee Hansard, 27 May 1999, p. 635.
[47] Larry
Crump, Committee Hansard, 16 April 1999, p. 475.
[48] See
comments by Manuel Panagiotopoulos, Committee Hansard, 14 April 1999, p.
228.
[49] See
chapter 7, para 7.80.