Footnotes: Chapter 3 – National and international experience
[1]
Electoral Council of Australia and New Zealand (ECANZ), 10 September
2013, Internet voting in Australian election systems, p. 34, accessed 26
August 2014, <eca.gov.au/research/files/internet-voting-australian-election-systems.pdf>.
[2]
R Smith, July 2009, International Experiences of Electronic Voting and
Their Implications for New South Wales, p. 3, NSW Electoral Commission
(NSWEC), Sydney, accessed 13 November 2014, <elections.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/103207/International_Experiences_of_Electronic_Voting_and_Their_Implications_for_New_South_Wales_Report_2009.pdf
>.
[3]
Australian Electoral Commission (AEC), Submission 20.3, p. 61.
[4]
Vision Australia Ltd and Blind Citizens, Transcript of Evidence, 15
April 2014, Melbourne, p. 49.
[5]
Vision Australia Ltd and Blind Citizens, Transcript of Evidence, 15
April 2014, Melbourne, p. 49.
[6]
Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters, Report of the Inquiry
into the conduct of the 2004 federal election and matters related thereto,
September 2005, pp. 257-272.
[7]
ECANZ, 10 September 2013, Internet voting in Australian election
systems, p. 22, accessed 26 August 2014, <eca.gov.au/research/files/internet-voting-australian-election-systems.pdf>.
[8]
ECANZ, 10 September 2013, Internet voting in Australian election
systems, pp. 22-23, accessed 26 August 2014, <eca.gov.au/research/files/internet-voting-australian-election-systems.pdf>.
[9]
ECANZ, 10 September 2013, Internet voting in Australian election
systems, p. 23, accessed 26 August 2014, <eca.gov.au/research/files/internet-voting-australian-election-systems.pdf>.
[10]
Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters, March 2009, Report on the
2007 federal election electronic voting trials, Canberra, p. iii.
[11]
Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters, March 2009, Report on the
2007 federal election electronic voting trials, Canberra.
[12]
Allen Consulting Group (2011), Evaluation of Technology Assisted voting
provided at the New South Wales State General Election March 2011, NSW
Electoral Commission, Sydney, p. 20, accessed 6 August 2014, <elections.nsw.gov.au/about_us/plans_and_reports/ivote_reports>.
[13]
NSW Electoral Commission, iVote, accessed 17 November 2014, <elections.nsw.gov.au/voting/ivote>
[14]
By-election results and the numbers of iVote votes received can be viewed
at <elections.nsw.gov.au/past_results/by_elections>.
[15]
Rajeev Gore and Vanessa Teague, Submission 114, p. 13.
[16]
J Taylor, ‘NSW e-voting shuns perfection for good, practical security’, ZDNet,
21 May 2014, accessed 29 August 2014, <zdnet.com/au/nsw-e-voting-shuns-perfection-for-good-practical-security-7000029703/>.
[17]
Elections ACT , June 2002, The 2001 ACT Legislative Assembly election
electronic voting and counting system review, Canberra, p. 3, accessed 14
July 2014, <elections.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/1798/2001electionreviewcomputervoting.pdf>.
[18]
Phillip Green, ACT Electoral Commissioner, Transcript of Evidence,
Canberra, 29 July 2014, p. 2.
[19]
Phillip Green, ACT Electoral Commissioner, Transcript of Evidence,
Canberra, 29 July 2014, p. 2.
[20]
Elections ACT, Electronic Voting and Counting, accessed 1 July 2014,
<elections.act.gov.au/elections_and_voting/electronic_voting_and_counting>.
[21]
Phillip Green, ACT Electoral Commissioner, Transcript of Evidence,
Canberra, 29 July 2014, p. 2.
[22]
Phillip Green, ACT Electoral Commissioner, Transcript of Evidence,
Canberra, 29 July 2014,
pp. 8-9.
[23]
Elections ACT, Electronic voting and counting system: review 2004, June
2005, p.14, accessed 14 July 2014, <elections.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/1797/2004electionreviewcomputervoting.pdf>.
[24]
Phillip Green, ACT Electoral Commission, Transcript of Evidence, 29
July 2014, Canberra, p. 6.
[25]
T Buchsbaum, 2004, ‘E‐Voting:
International Developments and Lessons Learnt’, in A Prosser and R Krimmer
(eds), Electronic Voting in Europe—Technology, Law, Politics and Society,
Proceedings of the Workshop of the ESF TED Programme Together with GI and OCG,
Bonn, GI‐Edition
p. 41.
[26]
National Democratic Institute, Overview of Brazil case study,
accessed 19 August 2014, <ndi.org/e-voting-guide/brazil-CS/overview>.
[27]
BBC News, 1 October 2008, ‘How Brazil has put an ‘e’ in vote’,
accessed 20 August 2014, <news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7644751.stm>.
[28]
National Democratic Institute, Brazil: Decision making process on
electronic voting, accessed 20 August 2014, <ndi.org/e-voting-guide/brazil-CS/decision-making-process>.
[29]
J Filho, 2009, ‘E-Voting and the Creation of Trust for Socially
Marginalized Citizens in Brazil’, Journal of Democracy and Open Government, accessed
20 August 2014, <jedem.org/article/view/26>, p. 187.
[30]
National Democratic Institute, Brazil: Lessons learned, accessed 20
August 2014, <ndi.org/e-voting-guide/brazil-CS/lessons-learned>.
[31] J Halderman et al, May 2014, Security analysis of
the Estonian internet voting system, accessed 27 August 2014, <estoniaevoting.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/IVotingReport.pdf>.
[32]
Freedom House, Estonia, accessed 20 August 2014,<freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/estonia>.
[33]
L Constantin, ‘Estonian electronic voting system vulnerable to attacks,
experts say’, CIO, 13 May 2014, accessed 19 August 2014, <cio.com.au/article/544862/estonian_electronic_voting_system_vulnerable_attacks_researchers_say/>.
[34]
National Democratic Institute, Internet voting in Estonia, accessed
21 August 2014, <ndi.org/e-voting-guide/examples/internet-voting-in-estonia>.
[35]
J Halderman et al, May 2014, Security analysis
of the Estonian internet voting system, accessed 27 August 2014, <estoniaevoting.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/IVotingReport.pdf>.
[36]
Independent Report on E-voting in Estonia, Our Findings, accessed 20
August 2014, <estoniaevoting.org/findings/>.
[37] J Halderman, et al, May 2014, Security analysis of
the Estonian internet voting system, accessed 27 August 2014, <estoniaevoting.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/IVotingReport.pdf>,
p. 11.
[38]
National Election Committee of Estonia, 13 May 2014, Comment on the
article published in The Guardian, accessed 11 November 2014, <vvk.ee/valimiste-korraldamine/vvk-uudised/vabariigi-valimiskomisjoni-vastulause-the-guardianis-ilmunud-artiklile/>.
[39]
Independent Report on E-voting in Estonia, Our Response to the National
Election Committee’s Statement, accessed 11 November 2014, <
https://estoniaevoting.org/press-release/response-national-election-committees-statement/>.
[40]
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, 16 May 2011, OSCE/ODIHR
Election Assessment Mission Report, pp. 8-15.
[41]
C MacCárthaigh, Irish Citizens for Trustworthy E-voting, Electronic
voting in Ireland, accessed 3 October 2014, <stdlib.net/~colmmacc/e-voting-ireland.pdf>.
[42]
As quoted in The Register, 30 April 2004, ‘Ireland to scrap e-voting
plan: Accuracy and secrecy in question’, <theregister.co.uk/2004/04/30/ireland_evote/>
accessed 3 October 2014.
[43]
Rajeev Goré, Transcript of Evidence, 26 March 2014, Canberra, p. 7.
[44]
Department of Environment, Community and Local Government (Ireland), Media
Release, Minister Gormley announces Government decision to end electronic
voting and counting project, 23 April 2009, accessed 3 October 2014, <environ.ie/en/LocalGovernment/Voting/News/MainBody,20056,en.htm>.
[45]
P Melia and L Bryne, ‘€54m voting machines scrapped for €9 each’, Irish
Independent,
29 June 2012, accessed 3 October 2014, <independent.ie/irish-news/54m-voting-machines-scrapped-for-9-each-26870212>.
[46]
P Melia and L Bryne, ‘€54m voting machines scrapped for €9 each’, Irish
Independent,
29 June 2012, accessed 3 October 2014, <independent.ie/irish-news/54m-voting-machines-scrapped-for-9-each-26870212>.
[47]
Rajeev Goré, Transcript of Evidence, 26 March 2014, Canberra, p. 7.
[48]
F Sheahan, ‘Sell dud e-voting machines to pubs as scrap, say TD’, Irish
Independent, 28 April 2006, accessed 3 October 2014, <independent.ie/irish-news/sell-dud-evoting-machines-to-pubs-as-scrap-say-tds-
26391467>.
[49]
R Smith, July 2009, International Experiences of Electronic Voting and Their
Implications for New South Wales, NSWEC, Sydney, accessed 13 November 2014,
<elections.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/103207/International_Experiences_of_Electronic_Voting_and_Their_Implications_for_New_South_Wales_Report_2009.pdf
>, p. 16.
[50]
R Smith, July 2009, International Experiences of Electronic Voting and Their
Implications for New South Wales, NSWEC, Sydney, accessed 13 November 2014,
<elections.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/103207/International_Experiences_of_Electronic_Voting_and_Their_Implications_for_New_South_Wales_Report_2009.pdf
>, p. 17.
[51]
National Democratic Institute, undated, Re-evaluation of the use of
electronic voting in the Netherlands, accessed 3 October 2014, <ndi.org/e-voting-guide/examples/re-evaluation-of-e-voting-netherlands>.
[52]
National Democratic Institute, undated, Re-evaluation of the use of
electronic voting in the Netherlands, accessed 3 October 2014, <ndi.org/e-voting-guide/examples/re-evaluation-of-e-voting-netherlands>.
[53]
J Libbenga, ‘Dutch ban voting computers over eavesdropping fear’, The
Register, 20 May 2008, accessed 1 September 2014, <theregister.co.uk/2008/05/20/dutch_ban_on_voting_computers/>.
[54]
International IDEA, Introducing Electronic Voting: Essential
Considerations, p. 25, accessed 22 August 2014 , <http://www.idea.int/publications/introducing-electronic-voting/upload/pp_e-voting.pdf>.
The paper audit trail is often referred to as a Voter Verifiable Paper Audit
Trail and is one of the central aspects of most static electronic voting
systems that are considered sustainable and transparent. See also Rajeev Gore
and Vanessa Teague, Submission 114, p. 13.
[55]
C Bennett, ‘States ditch electronic voting machines’, The Hill, 2
November 2014, accessed 6 November 2014, <thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/222470-states-ditch-electronic-voting-machines>.
[56]
K Knibbs, ‘Nearly 70 percent of voters this election are casting paper
ballots’, Gizmodo,
4 November 2014, accessed 6 November 2014, <factually.gizmodo.com/nearly-70-percent-of-voters-this-election-are-casting-p-1654239045>.
[57]
K Knibbs, ‘Nearly 70 percent of voters this election are casting paper
ballots’, Gizmodo,
4 November 2014, accessed 6 November 2014, <factually.gizmodo.com/nearly-70-percent-of-voters-this-election-are-casting-p-1654239045>.
[58]
K Knibbs, ‘Nearly 70 percent of voters this election are casting paper
ballots’, Gizmodo,
4 November 2014, accessed 6 November 2014, <factually.gizmodo.com/nearly-70-percent-of-voters-this-election-are-casting-p-1654239045>.
[59] Senate
Race, Global Research, 4 November 2014, accessed 6 November 2014, <globalresearch.ca/touch-screen-flips-votes-in-key-us-senate-race/5411804>.
[60]
C. Bennett, ‘States ditch electronic voting machines’, The Hill, 2
November 2014, accessed
17 November 2014, <thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/222470-states-ditch-electronic-voting-machines>.
[61]
B Holmes, Parliamentary Library, e-voting: the promise and the practice,
15 October 2012, pp. 20-21.
[62]
Independent Commission on Alternative Voting Methods (UK), January 2002, Elections
in the 21st Century: from paper ballot to e-voting, accessed 12
November 2014, <electoral-reform.org.uk/downloadfile.php?PublicationFile=3p>.
[63]
The Electoral Commission (UK), Key issues and conclusions: May 2007
electoral pilot schemes, August 2007, accessed 12 November 2014, <electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/electoral_commission_pdf_file/0015/13218/Keyfindingsandrecommendationssummarypaper_27191-20111__E__N__S__W__.pdf>
2014.
[64]
B Holmes, Parliamentary Library, e-voting: the promise and the practice,
15 October 2012, p. 22.
[65]
The Electoral Commission (UK), How to Vote, accessed 12 November
2014, <http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/i-am-a/voter/how-to-vote>.
[66]
Election Commission of India, EVM, accessed 20 August 2014, <http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/evm1.aspx>.
[67]
Bhatkallys, undated, ‘US scientists ‘hack’ India electronic voting
machines,, accessed 20 August 2014, <bhatkallys.com/دنیوی/us-scientists-hack-india-electronic-voting-machines/>.
[68]
BBC News, 27 September 2013, ‘India voters get right to reject
election candidates’, accessed 1 September 2014, <bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24294995>.
[69]
R Smith, July 2009, International Experiences of Electronic Voting and Their
Implications for New South Wales, NSWEC, Sydney, accessed 13 November
2014, <elections.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/103207/International_Experiences_of_Electronic_Voting_and_Their_Implications_for_New_South_Wales_Report_2009.pdf
>, pp. 12-13.
[70]
S Fenazzi, ‘Direct democracy enters new phase of digital era’, SWI,
15 August 2013, accessed
7 November 2014, <swissinfo.ch/eng/direct-democracy-enters-new-phase-of-digital-era/36655004>.
[71]
S Fenazzi, ‘Direct democracy enters new phase of digital era’, SWI,
15 August 2013, accessed
7 November 2014, <swissinfo.ch/eng/direct-democracy-enters-new-phase-of-digital-era/36655004>.
[72]
A Baumann and D Häberli, University of Fribourg (Switzerland), 1 December
2013, A Security Analysis of the Swiss Electronic Voting System,
accessed 7 November 2014, <diuf.unifr.ch/main/is/student-projects/thesis/security-analysis-swiss-electronic-voting-system>.
[73]
BBC technology News, 27 June 2014, ‘E-voting experiments end in
Norway amid security fears’, accessed 12 November 2014, <bbc.com/news/technology-28055678>.