Footnotes

CHAPTER 1 - Introduction

[1]        Journals of the Senate, 23 November 2011, p. 1912.

[2]        Journals of the Senate, 25 November 2011, p. 1961.

[3]        Journals of the Senate, 28 February 2012, p. 2138.

[4]        Crime Act 1914, section 3ZQB. The amending legislation was the Crimes Amendment (Age Determination) Act 2001. The committee examined this legislation prior to its enactment: Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Legislation Committee, Inquiry into the Provisions of the Crimes Amendment (Age Determination) Bill 2001, March 2001, available on the committee's website at www.aph.gov.au/senate_legalcon, (accessed 27 February 2012).

[5]        Mr Chris Craigie SC, Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions, Legal and Constitutional Affairs Legislation Committee Additional Estimates 2011-12, Committee Hansard, 14 February 2012, p. 40.

[6]        For example, Michael Gordon and Steve Butcher, 'People-smuggling case against Indonesian teen dropped', The Age, 2 December 2011, pp 1, 6; Mark Dodd, 'Under-age asylum traffickers sent home on public purse', Weekend Australian, 2 July 2011, p. 4.

[7]        United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Issue Paper on the Smuggling of Migrants by Sea, 2011, p. 30, available at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Migrant-Smuggling/Issue-Papers/Issue_Paper_-_Smuggling_of_Migrants_by_Sea.pdf (accessed 5 March 2012)

[8]        Australian Federal Police, Blue Line: Clarification on the AFP age determination process, 6 January 2011, available at http://www.afp.gov.au/media-centre/news/afp/2011/january/clarification-on-the-afp-age-determination-process.aspx, (accessed 9 January 2012).

[9]        Australian Federal Police, Blue Line: Clarification on the AFP age determination process, 6 January 2011, available at http://www.afp.gov.au/media-centre/news/afp/2011/january/clarification-on-the-afp-age-determination-process.aspx, (accessed 9 January 2012).

[10]      Attorney-General, the Hon Robert McClelland MP and Minister for Home Affairs and Justice, the Hon Brendan O'Connor MP, 'Improved process for age determination in people smuggling matters', Media Release, 8 July 2011, available at http://www.ag.gov.au/www/ministers/mcclelland.nsf/Page/MediaReleases_2011_ThirdQuarter_8July2011-Improvedprocessforagedeterminationinpeoplesmugglingmatters, (accessed 9 January 2012).

[11]      Australian Human Rights Commission, 'Commission announces inquiry into the treatment of suspected people smugglers who say that they are children', Media Release, 21 November 2011, available at http://www.hreoc.gov.au/about/media/media_releases/2011/109_11.html, (accessed 1 December 2011).

[12]      Minister for Home Affairs and Justice, the Hon Brendan O'Connor MP, 'Cooperation with Indonesia on people smuggling, human trafficking and age determination', Media Release, 6 December 2011, p. 1, available at http://www.ministerhomeaffairs.gov.au/Mediareleases/Pages/2011/Fourth%20Quarter/6-December-2011---Cooperation-with-Indonesia-on-people-smuggling-human-trafficking-and-age-determination.aspx, (accessed 9 December 2011). 

[13]      'Government promises to target people smugglers', ABC Radio, 7 December 2011, available at http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2011/s3385167.htm, (accessed 10 January 2012).

[14]      Deputy Commissioner Andrew Colvin, Australian Federal Police, Legal and Constitutional Affairs Legislation Committee Additional Estimates 2011-12, Committee Hansard, 14 February 2012, p. 56.

[15]      Deputy Commissioner Andrew Colvin, Australian Federal Police, Legal and Constitutional Affairs Legislation Committee Additional Estimates 2011-12, Committee Hansard, 14 February 2012, p. 56.

[16]      Mr Chris Craigie SC, Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions, Legal and Constitutional Affairs Legislation Committee Additional Estimates 2011-12, Committee Hansard, 14 February 2012, p. 42.

[17]      Submission 20, p. 7.

[18]      Senator Sarah Hanson-Young, Senate Hansard, 23 November 2011, p. 9387.

[19]      Senate Hansard, 23 November 2011, p. 9387.

CHAPTER 2 - Key issues

[1]        Prosecution Policy of the Commonwealth, p. 9, available at http://www.cdpp.gov.au/Publications/ProsecutionPolicy/ProsecutionPolicy.pdf, (accessed 10 January 2012)

[2]        Prosecution Policy of the Commonwealth, p. 9, available at http://www.cdpp.gov.au/Publications/ProsecutionPolicy/ProsecutionPolicy.pdf, (accessed 10 January 2012)

[3]        Attorney-General's Department, Answer to question on notice provided 16 November 2011 (as part of Deterring People Smuggling Bill 2011 inquiry), p. 3.

[4]        Submission 20, p. 7

[5]        Submission 20, p. 5.

[6]        Mr Iain Anderson, Attorney-General's Department, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 22.

[7]        Assistant Commissioner Ramzi Jabbour, Australian Federal Police, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 22.

[8]        For example, Australian Lawyers Alliance, Submission 17, p. 2; Australian Lawyers for Human Rights, Submission 11, p. 4.

[9]        Migration Act, sections 233B, 233C, 234A. Under section 236B, the mandatory minimum penalties for these offences is between five and eight years imprisonment (depending on the specifics of the offence) with a non-parole period of three to five years (depending on the specifics of the offence).

[10]      Migration Act, subsection 236B(2).

[11]      Migration Act, section 236A.

[12]      Submission 4, p. 7; also see Legal Aid NSW, Submission 19, p. 4.

[13]      Migrant and Refugee Rights Project, Submission 4, p. 7; Ms Bassina Farbeblum, Migrant and Refugee Rights Project, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 9.

[14]      Submission 12, p. 3.

[15]      Dr Jill Benson AM, Submission 15, p. 2.

[16]      Dr Jill Benson AM, Submission 15, p. 2.

[17]      Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee, Inquiry into the provisions of the Crimes Amendment (Age Determination) Bill 2001, March 2001, p. 23.

[18]      Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee, Inquiry into the provisions of the Crimes Amendment (Age Determination) Bill 2001, March 2001, p. 24.

[19]      Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee, Inquiry into the provisions of the Crimes Amendment (Age Determination) Bill 2001, March 2001, pp 31, 36.

[20]      For example, Professor Tim Cole, Submission 3, p. 1; Migrant and Refugee Rights Project, Submission 4, p. 3; Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Submission 7, p. 1; Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists, Submission 8, p. 1.

[21]      Submission 8, p. 1.

[22]      Submission 16, p. 7.

[23]      Submission 16, p. 30.

[24]      Submission 3, p. 1.

[25]      Submission 12, p. 6.

[26]      Submission 12, p. 6.

[27]      Submission 12, p. 6.

[28]      Migrant and Refugee Rights Project, Submission 4, p. 4; Victoria Legal Aid, Submission 14, p. 13.

[29]      Submission 4, p. 4 (emphasis in original).

[30]      Submission 19, pp 20-21.

[31]      Submission 20, p. 20.

[32]      Mr Iain Anderson, Attorney-General's Department, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 16.

[33]      Mr Iain Anderson, Attorney-General's Department, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 16.

[34]      Submission 20, p. 5.

[35]      Submission 20, p. 7.

[36]      Mr John Thornton, Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 17.

[37]      Submission 20, p. 19.

[38]      Submission 20, p. 3.

[39]      Submission 20, p. 19.

[40]      Submission 20, p. 27. On the other hand, the Australian Lawyers Alliance recommended retrospective application of the Bill's amendments and judicial review of previous cases where x-ray assessments of age had been relied upon, Submission 17, p. 5.

[41]      Submission 1, p. 3.

[42]      Submission 3, p. 13.

[43]      Submission 7, p. 1.

[44]      Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 12.

[45]      Submission 20, p. 19.

[46]      Assistant Commissioner Ramzi Jabbour, Australian Federal Police, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 19.

[47]      Submission 19, p. 12.

[48]      For example, some submissions referred to correspondence to the Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, the Hon Chris Bowen MP, on 19 August 2011 from the Royal Australasian College of Physicians, the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists, the Australian and New Zealand Society for Paediatric Radiology and the Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group, which stated that it is 'unethical to use x-rays for non-clinical purposes (immigration control), without consent, and where there is no therapeutic benefit to the subject'. The correspondence is available at http://www.apeg.org.au/Portals/0/documents/o_age%20assessment%20letter%20to%20immigration%20minister.pdf (accessed 27 February 2012). See also Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists, Submission 8, p. 1; Victoria Legal Aid, Submission 14, p. 12; Dr Jill Benson AM, Submission 15, p. 21; Professor Sir Al Aynsley-Green Kt, Submission 16, p. 21.

[49]      Submission 8, p. 1.

[50]      Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 12.

[51]      Submission 1, p. 3.

[52]      Submission 1, p. 3.

[53]      Submission 20, p. 22.

[54]      Submission 16, p. 30.

[55]      For example, Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Submission 7, p. 1; Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists, Submission 8, p. 2; ChilOut, Submission 9, p. 2; Victoria Legal Aid, Submission 14, p. 13; Dr Jill Benson AM, Submission 15, p. 2; Legal Aid NSW, Submission 19, pp 12-13; Mr Saul Holt, Victoria Legal Aid, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 3.

[56]      Submission 7, p. 1.

[57]      Submission 7, p. 1.

[58]      Submission 8, p. 2. 

[59]      Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 13.

[60]      Submission 15, p. 3.

[61]      Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 3.

[62]      Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 11.

[63]      Submission 20, p. 5.

[64]      Submission 20, pp 18, 30.

[65]      Assistant Commissioner Ramzi Jabbour, Australian Federal Police, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 20.

[66]      Assistant Commissioner Ramzi Jabbour, Australian Federal Police, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 19.

[67]      Assistant Commissioner Ramzi Jabbour, Australian Federal Police, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, pp 19-20.

[68]      Submission 20, p. 7.

[69]      Submission 20, p. 7.

[70]      Submission 14, pp 13-14.

[71]      Submission 19, p. 21.

[72]      Submission 4, p. 4 (emphasis in original); see also Victoria Legal Aid, Submission 14, pp 13-14.

[73]      Submission 19, p. 21.

[74]      Submission 19, p. 21.

[75]      Mr John Thornton, Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 18.

[76]      Submission 14, pp 14-15.

[77]      For example, Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 6, p. 1; State and Territory Children's Commissioners and Guardians (Qld, WA, Tas, SA, Vic, NSW, ACT, NT), Submission 10, p. 1; Australian Lawyers for Human Rights, Submission 11, p. 2; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 12, pp 4-5; Immigration Advice and Rights Centre, Submission 13, pp 1-2; Western Australian Commissioner for Children and Young People, Submission 21, pp 1-2.

[78]      Submission 21, pp 1-2.

[79]      Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 6, pp 4-5; see also Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 12, p. 5.

[80]      For example, Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 6, p. 2.

[81]      For example, Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 6, pp 6-7.

[82]      Submission 4, p. 4.

[83]      Submission 4, pp 5-6.

[84]      However, the Commonwealth joint submission also noted that Australia, upon ratification of these treaties, made reservations to the effect that 'Australia accepts the obligation to separate minors from adults, only to the extent such separation is considered by the responsible authorities to be feasible and beneficial to the minor or adults concerned': Submission 20, p. 11.

[85]      Submission 20, pp 11-12.

[86]      For example ChilOut, Submission 9, p. 2.

[87]      Submission 20, pp 23-24.

[88]      Submission 6, p. 4.

[89]      Submission 19, p. 25 (emphasis in original).

[90]      Submission 19, p. 22.

[91]      For example ChilOut, Submission 9, p. 2.

[92]      Submission 6, p. 7.

[93]      Submission 20, p. 25.

[94]      Submission 20, p. 22.

[95]      Submission 12, p. 9.

[96]      Submission 20, p. 12.

[97]      Submission 20, p. 12.

[98]      Submission 12, p. 4.

[99]      Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 2.

[100]    Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p 4-5.

[101]    Submission 20, p. 25.

[102]    Submission 20, p. 26.

[103]    Submission 20, p. 27.

[104]    Assistant Commissioner Ramzi Jabbour, Australian Federal Police, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, pp 20, 21, 23, 24.

[105]    Assistant Commissioner Ramzi Jabbour, Australian Federal Police, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 21.

[106]    Mr Saul Holt, Victoria Legal Aid, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 1.

[107]    Commonwealth joint submission, Submission 20, p. 19.

[108]    Mr Iain Anderson, Attorney-General's Department, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 17.

[109]    Commonwealth joint submission, Submission 20, p. 7.

DISSENTING REPORT BY SENATOR HANSON-YOUNG

[1]        With amendments to further clarify processes, which support and strengthen the aims of the Bill.

[2]        With amendments to the Bill to expand its coverage to adults as well as minors, and remove the mandatory sentencing aspects of the offences.

[3]        With recommendations which would serve to strengthen the rights of children and further clarify processes for people smuggling prosecutions as covered by the Bill.

[4]        With comments regarding the continued use of some bone x-rays; with additional recommendation for the raising of the burden of proof for age determination to beyond reasonable doubt; and with the additional recommendation that all people smuggling prosecutions whether adult or child be expedited.

[5]        With additional recommendations relating to family notification, retrospective application, garnishing of prison wages, and compensation.

[6]        With an amendment regarding 17 year olds in Queensland.

[7]        Mr Iain Anderson, Attorney-General's Department, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 20.

[8]        Victoria Legal Aid, Submission 14, p. 4.

[9]        Victoria Legal Aid, Submission 14, p. 2.

[10]      Victoria Legal Aid, Submission 14, p. 2.

[11]      Victoria Legal Aid, Submission 14, pp 14-15.

[12]      Senator Hanson-Young, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, pp 3-4.

[13]      Mr Saul Holt, Victoria Legal Aid, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 2.

[14]      New South Wales Legal Aid, Submission 19, p. 23.

[15]      Victoria Legal Aid, Submission 14, p. 15.

[16]      Migrant and Refugee Rights Project, Submission 4, p. 2.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 21.

[18]      Victoria Legal Aid, Submission 14, p. 5.

[19]      Migrant and Refugee Rights Project, Submission 4, p. 5.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, pp 4-5.

[21]      For a detailed analysis see Professor Sir Al Aynsley-Green Kt, Submission 16.

[22]      Australian Society of Forensic Odontology, Submission 1, pp 9-10.

[23]      Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Submission 7, p. 1.

[24]      Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists, Submission 8, p. 3.

[25]      Professor Tim Cole, Submission 3, p. 1.

[26]      Senate Estimates Hansard, 24 May 2011, Legal and Constitutional Affairs Legislation Committee, p. 93.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 13.

[28]      Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 6, p. 3.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 25.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 15.

[31]      Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 14.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 13.

[33]      Australian Society of Forensic Odontology, Submission 1, p. 11.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 16 March 2012, p. 17.

[35]      Attorney-General's Department, Australian Federal Police, Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions, Submission 20, p. 8.

[36]      Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Submission 7, p. 1.

[37]      Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists, Submission 8, p. 2.