Footnotes

[1] M Fullilove and C Flutter, Diaspora: the world wide web of Australians, Lowy Institute Paper 04, Lowy Institute for International Policy, November 2004, (Lowy report), p. x.

[2] Journals of the Senate 108, 16 October 2003, p. 2580.

[3] M Fullilove and C Flutter, Diaspora: the world wide web of Australians, Lowy Institute Paper 04, Lowy Institute for International Policy, November 2004 (Lowy report).

[4] G Hugo, D Rudd and K Harris, Australia's Diaspora: Its Size, Nature and Policy Implications, Final Report, Committee for Economic Development of Australia, July 2003 (Hugo report), pp. 32-35; see also Professor Graeme Hugo, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 2.

[5] Hugo report, p. 36.

[6] ibid, pp. 33-35.

[7] ibid, p. 11; see also DFAT, Submission 646, p. 5.

[8] Hugo report, p. 22; see also DFAT, Submission 646, p. 5.

[9] Hugo report, p. 11.

[10] Lowy report, p. 15.

[11] B Birrell et al., Skilled Movement in the New Century: Outcomes for Australia, Centre for Population and Urban Research, Monash University, 2004, p. 50.

[12] See for example, Ms Jacqueline Mowbray, Submission 319, p. 1.

[13] See for example, Mr David Guilfoyle, Submission 338; Ms Denise Curnow and Dr Michael Dutch, Submission 607, p.1.

[14] See, for example, Mr Phil Wilson, Submission 65, p.1; Ms Noeleen Segal, Submission 203, p. 2; Australasian Taxation Services Pty Ltd, Submission 629, p. 3.

[15] Mr Mark Mitchell, Submission 27, p. 1; see also Dr Melissa Butcher, Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 22.

[16] Ms Suzan Bennet, Submission 187, p. 5.

[17] Mr Bruce Rogers, Submission 230, p. 1.

[18] Submission 483, pp. 4 & 6-7.

[19] See, for example, Mr Dean Lowney, Submission 427, p. 1.

[20] See, for example, Dr Peter Andry, Submission 41, p.1.

[21] See, for example, Mr Dave Mincey, Submission 267, p. 1.

[22] Submission 79, p. 1.

[23] Submission 412, p. 1.

[24] See, for example, Mrs Vanessa Cusumao, Submission 63; Dr Ron Hackney, Submission 349; see also Professor Hugo, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 2.

[25] See, for example, Mr Richard Middelman, Submission 356, p. 1.

[26] See for example, Ms Frances Colley, Submission 460, pp. 2-3; Ms Robyn Stephenson, Submission 533, pp. 2-3; Ms Catherine Rawson, Submission 650, p. 1.

[27] See, for example, Mr Rhys Weekly, Submission 435; and Dr George Botha, Submission 415.

[28] See, for example, Ms Margo Huxley, Submission 397; and Dr Alan Offer, Submission 485.

[29] Hugo report, pp. 39-43.

[30] The sample in the Hugo survey was a cross-section of recent overseas-based graduates from 12 Australian universities; respondents could reply online or by hard copy. In addition a number of relevant groups publicised the survey on their websites. Some 2072 useable questionnaires were received, representing a creditable response rate of 33.5 per cent. A number of in-depth interviews were also held in several locations: Hugo report, pp. 39-41.

[31] Lowy report, p. 17.

[32] Hugo report, p. 44.

[33] B Birrell et al., Skilled Movement in the New Century: Outcomes for Australia, Centre for Population and Urban Research, Monash University, 2004, p. 33.

[34] See for example, Ms Susan Moriaty, Submission 149, p. 1; Mr Graeme Hudson, Submission 192, p. 1; Ms Jillian Dacyk, Submission 424, p. 1.

[35] Submission 9, p. 1.

[36] Submission 516, p. 3.

[37] Submission 352, p. 2.

[38] Submission 459, p. 1.

[39] Submission 197, p. 1.

[40] Mr Michael Garrett, Submission 627, p. 1.

[41] See, for example, Ms Gaye Rochow, Submission 484, p. 1.

[42] Submission 152, p. 2.

[43] See, for example, Ms Maria Butler, Submission 586, p. 1; and Mr Andres Vecchiet, Submission 497, p. 2.

[44] See, for example, Ms Georgina Wright, Submission 496, p. 1; Mr Keith Walker, Submission 649, p.1; and Mr Kenneth McKenzie, Submission 23, p. 1.

[45] Submission 538, p. 2.

[46] Submission 232, p. 1.

[47] Submission 412, p. 10.

[48] Submission 28, p. 1.

[49] See, for example, Mr Brad Tyler-West, Submission 117; and Ms Sally Goers Fox, Submission 350; see also Lowy report, p. 37.

[50] Submission 399, p. 2.

[51] See, for example, Mr Raymond Viers, Submission 367, p. 2; Ms Allison Bennett, Submission 474, p. 2; and Mr Mark Pennay, Submission 623, p. 2.

[52] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 2.

[53] Hugo report, p. 46.

[54] ibid, p. 20.

[55] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), International Mobility of the Highly Skilled, OECD, 2002.

[56] Submission 656, p. 4.

[57] B Birrell et al., Skilled Movement in the New Century: Outcomes for Australia, Centre for Population and Urban Research, Monash University, 2004, p. 50.

[58] ibid, pp.14-15; see also Lowy report, pp. 28-30.

[59] Hugo report, p. 37; see also Professor Hugo, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 9.

[60] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 9.

[61] Lowy report, p. 29.

[62] Hugo report, p. 13; see also Mr John MacGregor, Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 6.

[63] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 9.

[64] ibid.

[65] Dr Rowan Gilmore, Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 1.

[66] Hugo report, p. 19.

[67] Submission 645, p. 1.

[68] ibid.

[69] Hugo report, p. 20.

[70] ibid, p. 19.

[71] ibid.

[72] ibid.

[73] Submission 665, Appendix G, footnote 2, p. 2.

[74] Submission 646, pp. 5-6.

[75] ibid, p. 4.

[76] ibid, p. 3.

[77] ibid.

[78] ibid.

[79] ibid.

[80] ibid, p. 5.

[81] ibid.

[82] ibid, p. 6.

[83] ibid.

[84] ibid.

[85] ibid.

[86] Submission 610, p. 1.

[87] Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 34.

[88] Hugo report, p. 28.

[89] ibid, p. 19.

[90] ibid.

[91] Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, The (not quite) White Paper, Australia's foreign affair and trade policy, Advancing the National Interest, December 2003.

[92] Submission 646, p. 4.

[93] http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/senrep_wp.html (accessed 9 September 2004), pp. 3-4.

[94] Submission 645, p. 1.

[95] ibid.

[96] ibid.

[97] ABS cat. no. 3401.0.

[98] ibid.

[99] Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, pp. 34-35.

[100] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 1.

[101] Submission 665, Appendix G, p. 4.

[102] Submission 645, p. 1.

[103] Submission 665, Appendix G, p. 1.

[104] ibid, p. 2.

[105] Submission 637, p. 1.

[106] Submission 665, Appendix G, p. 4.

[107] ibid, p. 7.

[108] Statement by Charles Kincannon, Director, US Census Bureau, Counting Americans Overseas: Lessons Learned From the 2004 Overseas Enumeration Test, 14 September 2004, http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2004/testimony9-14-04.html (accessed 19 November 2004); see also the Lowy report, p. 72.

[109] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 5.

[110] Submission 665, p. 151.

[111] ibid.

[112] Submission 676, p. 37.

[113] AGIMO website http://www.agimo.gov.au/services/portals/ (accessed 26 November 2004).

[114] 'Customer Focussed Portal Framework', available at AGIMO website http://www.agimo.gov.au/services/portals/framework (accessed 26 November 2004).

[115] SCG, Submission 665, p. 153; Advance, Submission 676, p. 48.

[116] DFAT, Submission 646, p. 7.

[117] Ms Faye Burton, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 27.

[118] Submission 665, p. 152.

[119] Irish Taoiseach Bertie Ahern quoted in the Lowy report, p. 47.

[120] Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee quoted in the Lowy report, p. 47.

[121] Lowy report, p. 47.

[122] ibid., p. 47.

[123] Hugo report, p. 72.

[124] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 4.

[125] Submission 675, p. 48.

[126] Submission 676, p. 47.

[127] Submission 676, p. 48.

[128] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 8.

[129] Lowy report, pp. 49-50.

[130] Mr John MacGregor, SCG, Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 3.

[131] Committee Hansard, 4 August 2004, p. 6.

[132] Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 19.

[133] ibid.

[134] Mr Ron Delmenico, ANZACC, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 39.

[135] Ms Barbara Montjouris, Office of Multicultural Affairs, Victoria, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 28.

[136] The then Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs, the Hon. Gary Hardgrave MP, Media Release H128/2004, 7 July 2004; see also DIMIA, Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, pp. 28-30.

[137] Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 30.

[138] Australian Citizenship Council, Australian Citizenship for a New Century, Canberra, 2000, p. 31.

[139] K Rubenstein, Australian Citizenship Law in Context, Lawbook Co, Sydney, 2002, p. 10.

[140] Australian Citizenship Council, Australian Citizenship for a New Century, Canberra, 2000, pp. 31-33.

[141] DIMIA, Fact Sheet 90: Australian Citizenship, http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/90citizenship.htm (accessed 13 September 2004).

[142] Enrolment requirements relating to Australian citizens living overseas is discussed later in this chapter.

[143] DIMIA, Fact Sheet 90: Australian Citizenship, http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/90citizenship.htm (accessed 13 September 2004); http://www.citizenship.gov.au/why.htm#rights (accessed 13 September 2004); Australian Citizenship Council, Australian Citizenship for a New Century, Canberra, 2000, Appendix 4, p. 111.

[144] See also K Rubenstein, Australian Citizenship Law in Context, Lawbook Co, Sydney, 2002, p. 11.

[145] Australian Citizenship Act 1948, s 10.

[146] Australian Citizenship Act 1948, s 10B.

[147] Australian Citizenship Act 1948, s 10A.

[148] Australian Citizenship Act 1948, s 13.

[149] Australian Citizenship Act 1948, ss 23AA-23B.

[150] Australian Citizenship Act 1948, s 19.

[151] Australian Citizenship Act 1948, s 21.

[152] Australian Citizenship Act 1948, s 18.

[153] Australians All: Enhancing Australian Citizenship, September 1994, p. 207.

[154] Former Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, Senator the Hon. Nick Bolkus, New guidelines on resumption of Australian citizenship, Media Release B76/1995, 25 August 1995.

[155] ACC, Australian Citizenship for a New Century, Canberra, 2000, p. 3.

[156] ACC, Australian Citizenship for a New Century, Canberra, 2000.

[157] ibid, p. 61.

[158] ibid, pp. 61-62.

[159] ibid, p. 65.

[160] ibid.

[161] ibid.

[162] ibid.

[163] See, for example, Ms Michelle Kelleher, Submission 600, pp. 16-17; Submission 459, p. 1; SCG, Submission 665, p. 52.

[164] See, for example, MidAtlantic Australian New Zealand Chamber of Commerce, Submission 119, p. 5; Sydney University Graduates Union of North America (SUGUNA), Submission 193, p. 5; SCG, Submission 665, pp. 51-89.

[165] See, for example, SCG, Submission 665, p. 52; Mr Maxwell Hughes, Submission 51, p. 2; Mr Geoffrey Cullen, Submission 239, p. 4; Ms Helen Burnard, Submission 576, p. 1; SUGUNA, Submission 193, p. 7; see also ACC, Australian Citizenship for a New Century, Canberra, 2000, p. 60.

[166] Submission 353, p. 3.

[167] See, for example, Mr Geoffrey Cullen, Submission 239, p. 4; Ms Helen Burnard, Submission 576, p. 1; Sydney University Graduates Union of North America (SUGUNA), Submission 193, p. 7.

[168] Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 31.

[169] "Australian Citizenship: Then And Now", Speech to the Sydney Institute, 7 July 2004, www.minister.immi.gov.au/cam/media/speeches/sydinstitute_07_04.htm (accessed 9 September 2004), p. 5.

[170] See, for example, Ms Lorraine Buckland, Submission 651, p. 1; Mr Graeme Hudson, Submission 192, p. 1; Ms Camille Hughes, Submission 353, p. 2. In contrast, some had successfully regained their Australian citizenship such as Mr Tim Loreman, Submission 143, p. 1.

[171] Australian Citizenship Act 1948, s 23AA.

[172] See, for example, Ms Lorraine Buckland, Submission 651, p. 1; Mr Graeme Hudson, Submission 192, p. 1; Ms Camille Hughes, Submission 353, p. 2; SCG, Submission 665, pp. 83-89.

[173] Submission 119, p. 5; see also SUGUNA, Submission 193, p. 5.

[174] Submission 192, p. 1.

[175] Submission 353, p. 2.

[176] Submission 665, p. 84.

[177] ibid, p. 85.

[178] ibid, pp. 88-89.

[179] ibid, p. 88.

[180] Submission 651, p. 3.

[181] Submission 665, p. 83; see also Australian Citizenship Act 1948, subpara 23AA(1)(b)(iii).

[182] Submission 665, p. 81.

[183] Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs, the Hon. Mr Gary Hardgrave MP, Media Release H128/2004, 7 July 2004; also DIMIA, Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, pp. 28-29.

[184] Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs, the Hon. Mr Gary Hardgrave MP, Media Release H128/2004, 7 July 2004, p. 1.

[185] Submission 665D, p. 4.

[186] See, for example, MidAtlantic Australian New Zealand Chamber of Commerce, Submission 199, p. 5; Ms Camille Hughes, Submission 353, pp. 1-3; Mr Maxwell Hughes, Submission 51, p. 2; Ms Elizabeth Norton, Submission 471, p. 1; SCG, Submission 665, pp. 97-100.

[187] Submission 119, p. 5; see also SUGUNA, Submission 193, p. 5.

[188] DIMIA, Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 29; see also DIMIA, Submission 656, p. 2.

[189] Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs, the Hon. Mr Gary Hardgrave MP, Media Release H128/2004, 7 July 2004, pp. 1-2.

[190] SCG, Submission 665, p. 97; see also SCG, Submission 665D, pp. 6-9.

[191] ibid.

[192] Submission 665, p. 97.

[193] Australian Citizenship Act 1948, s 23B; see also SCG, Submission 665, p. 97.

[194] ibid, pp. 97-98.

[195] Ms Camille Hughes, Submission 353, pp. 1-2.

[196] Submission 665, p. 100.

[197] ibid, p. 98.

[198] Submission 665D, p. 7.

[199] ibid, p. 15.

[200] SCG, Submission 665, p. 95.

[201] SCG, Submission 665, p. 95; The Malta Cross Group, Submission 452, p. 2.

[202] Mr Lawrence Dimech, Maltese Welfare (NSW), Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 32; The Malta Cross Group, Submission 452, p. 2; Maltese Welfare (NSW) Inc, Submission 77, p. 1; SCG, Submission 665, p. 95.

[203] SCG, Submission 665, p. 95.

[204] The Malta Cross Group, Submission 452, pp. 4-5; Maltese Welfare (NSW) Inc, Submission 77, p. 1; SCG, Submission 665, p. 95.

[205] The Malta Cross Group, Submission 452, p. 3; Maltese Community Council of Victoria, Submission 214, p. 1; Mr Lawrence Dimech, Maltese Welfare (NSW), Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 32.

[206] Submission 499, p. 1.

[207] Maltese Welfare (NSW) Inc, Submission 77, p. 3; see also The Malta Cross Group, Submission 452, p. 6.

[208] See, for example, The Malta Cross Group, Submission 452, p. 2; SCG, Submission 665, p. 96; Ms Anne Marie Galea, Submission 499, p. 2; Maltese Welfare (NSW) Inc, Submission 77, p. 1.

[209] The Malta Cross Group, Submission 452, p. 2; SCG, Submission 665, p. 96.

[210] The Malta Cross Group, Submission 452, p. 2; SCG, Submission 665, p. 96; Ms Anne Marie Galea, Submission 499, p. 2; Maltese Welfare (NSW) Inc, Submission 77, p. 1.

[211] Submission 452, p. 2.

[212] ibid.

[213] The Malta Cross Group, Submission 452, pp. 2 & 6; Maltese Welfare (NSW) Inc., Submission 77, p. 1; Mrs Ann Marie Galea, Submission 499, p. 2; SCG, Submission 665, p. 96; Mr Lawrence Dimech, Maltese Welfare (NSW), Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 34.

[214] Submission 452, pp. 2-3.

[215] Australian Citizenship Act 1948, subpara 23AB(2)(d)(ii); see also The Malta Cross Group, Submission 452, p. 7; Maltese Community Council of Victoria, Submission 214, p. 2; SCG, Submission 665, p. 96.

[216] Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs, the Hon. Mr Gary Hardgrave MP, Media Release H128/2004, 7 July 2004, p. 1; see also DIMIA, Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, pp. 28-29.

[217] Ms Anne MacGregor, SCG, Committee Hansard, 4 August 2004, p. 1; Mr John MacGregor, SCG, Committee Hansard, 19 July 2004, p. 8; see also SCG, Submission 665D, pp. 4 & 10-13; Mr Lawrence DiMech, Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, pp. 32 & 34.

[218] Committee Hansard, 4 August 2004, pp. 1-2.

[219] ibid, p. 2.

[220] Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 30.

[221] Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 31.

[222] Submission 665, pp. 91-92.

[223] ibid, p. 92.

[224] Submission 399, p. 2.

[225] Submission 70, pp. 1-2.

[226] Submission 665, p. 92.

[227] ibid.

[228] Mr Clive Pillinger, Submission 534; Mr Anthony Alexander, Submission 548; see also DIMIA, Submission 656, p. 2.

[229] DIMIA, Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 29; see also Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs, the Hon. Mr Gary Hardgrave MP, Media Release H128/2004, 7 July 2004.

[230] Mr Michael Young, Submission 156 and 156A; Mr Phillip Cheetham, Submission 326; Mr Michael Jack, Submission 455; see also SCG, Submission 665D, pp. 16-20.

[231] ibid.

[232] For example, Mr Michael Young, Submission 156A, p. 1.

[233] Submission 326, p. 2.

[234] Submission 156, p. 1 and Submission 156A, p. 3.

[235] Submission 665D, p. 18.

[236] ibid, p. 19.

[237] ibid, p. 20.

[238] Submission 665D, p. 5; see also Ms Anne MacGregor, Committee Hansard, 4 August 2004, p. 1.

[239] Submission 665, p. 104.

[240] See, for example, Ms Camille Hughes, Submission 353, p. 3; Mr Maxwell Hughes, Submission 51, p. 2; SCG, Submission 665, pp. 56-64.

[241] Submission 459, pp. 1-2.

[242] Submission 665, pp. 65 & 67.

[243] ibid, p. 67; see also Submission 665D, p. 31.

[244] Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, pp. 31-32.

[245] ibid, p. 32.

[246] A Blais, L Massicotte and A Yoshinaka, 'Deciding who has the right to vote: a comparative analysis of election laws', Electoral Studies, Vol 20, No 1, March 2001, p. 59.

[247] SCG, Submission 665, pp. 106 & 115-116; Gilbert & Tobin Centre of Public Law, Submission 286, p. 4; Professor George Williams, Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 46.

[248] AEC, Behind the Scenes: the 2001 Election Report, Canberra, 2002, pp. 15 & 59; see also Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters, 2001 Federal Election: Report of the inquiry into the 2001 Federal Election and Matters Related Thereto (JSCEM report), 23 June 2003, pp. 64-65.

[249] AEC, Election 2001: Behind the Scenes: the 2001 Election Report, Canberra, 2002, p. 9; see also JSCEM report, p. 67.

[250] AEC, Submission 186 to the JSCEM inquiry into the 2001 Federal Election, p. 6; see also JSCEM report, p. 67.

[251] Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 46.

[252] Submission 665, pp. 115-116.

[253] ibid, p. 106.

[254] See, for example, Mr Jeff Bowman, Submission 78, p. 2; Ms Sharon Readon, Submission 196, p. 2; Mr Simon Robinson, Submission 79, p. 2; Mr Michael Laird, Submission 298, p. 1; Dr Anthony Linden, Submission 375, p. 5; Mr John Griffin, Submission 512, p. 1; Mr Mark Pennay, Submission 623, p. 3; Mr Michael Garrett, Submission 627, p. 2; Ms Doris Schulze, Submission 517, p. 1; Mr Julian Callachor, Submission 520, p. 3; Mr Neil McLaurin, Submission 528, p. 1; Ms Maria Butler, Submission 586, p. 1.

[255] Submission 623, p. 3.

[256] Submission 298, p. 1.

[257] Submission 512, p. 1.

[258] There is no express right to vote for Australian citizens in the Australian Constitution. The SCG suggested that the Constitution be amended to include a broad and explicit constitutional right to vote for all Australian citizens: Submission 665, p. 111.

[259] Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 49.

[260] Commonwealth Electoral Act, subs 94A(3).

[261] Commonwealth Electoral Act, subs 94(8) and 94(9).

[262] Commonwealth Electoral Act, subs 94(13).

[263] Electoral and Referendum Amendment (Access to Electoral Roll and Other Measures) Act 2004, Schedule 1, cls 10-12.

[264] JSCEM report, p. 76.

[265] See, for example: Gilbert & Tobin Centre of Public Law, Submission 286, p. 4; SCG, Submission 665, pp. 106-117; Submission 466, p. 5; Ms Georgina Wright, Submission 496, p. 1; Mr Michael Laird, Submission 298, p. 1; Dr Anthony Linden, Submission 375, p. 5; Mr John Griffin, Submission 512, p. 1; Mr Ronald Delmenico, Australian New Zealand-American Chambers of Commerce, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, pp. 39 & 41-42; Mr Richard Baxter, Submission 538, p. 2; Mr Julian Callachor, Submission 520, p. 3; Mr Shannon Tobin, Submission 480, p. 2.

[266] Submission 286, p. 2.

[267] See, for example, Mr Mark Pennay, Submission 623, p. 2; Mr Michael Garrett, Submission 627, p. 2; Mr Bryan Mercurio, Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 48; Professor Graeme Hugo, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 2.

[268] Mr Mark Pennay, Submission 623, p. 2.

[269] Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 48.

[270] See for example, SCG, Submission 665, p. 106; Mr Michael Laird, Submission 298, p. 1; Gilbert & Tobin Centre of Public Law, Submission 286, p. 1; Submission 466, p. 4; Dr Anthony Linden, Submission 375, p. 5; Mr John Griffin, Submission 512, p. 1; Mr Ronald Delmenico, Australian New Zealand-American Chambers of Commerce, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, pp. 41-42; Mr Richard Baxter, Submission 538, p. 2.

[271] Submission 286, p. 1.

[272] Submission 79, p. 2.

[273] See, for example, Mr Jeff Bowman, Submission 78, p. 2; Ms Sharon Readon, Submission 196, p. 2; Australian Chamber of Commerce, Singapore, Submission 369, p. 7.

[274] Submission 78, p. 2.

[275] SCG, Submission 665, p. 116; Mr Ronald Delmenico, Australian New Zealand-American Chambers of Commerce, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 39; see also A Blais, L Massicotte and A Yoshinaka, 'Deciding who has the right to vote: a comparative analysis of election laws', Electoral Studies, Vol 20, No 1, March 2001, pp. 41-61 at p. 56.

[276] Submission 665, p. 116.

[277] Submission 627, p. 2.

[278] JSCEM report, pp. 79-80; see also A Blais, L Massicotte and A Yoshinaka, 'Deciding who has the right to vote: a comparative analysis of election laws', Electoral Studies, Vol 20, No 1, March 2001, pp. 41-61 at p. 56.

[279] See, for example, Dr Anthony Linden, Submission 375, p. 5; Mr Mark Pennay, Submission 623, p. 3; Dr Jill Walker, Submission 399, p. 2.

[280] Gilbert & Tobin Centre of Public Law, Submission 286, pp. 3-4; JSCEM report, p. 73; see also A Blais, L Massicotte and A Yoshinaka, 'Deciding who has the right to vote: a comparative analysis of election laws', Electoral Studies, Vol 20, No 1, March 2001, pp. 41-61 at p. 56.

[281] Professor George Williams, Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 47; see also see also A Blais, L Massicotte and A Yoshinaka, 'Deciding who has the right to vote: a comparative analysis of election laws', Electoral Studies, Vol 20, No 1, March 2001, pp. 41-61.

[282] Submission 286, p. 4.

[283] Gilbert & Tobin Centre of Public Law, Submission 286, p. 4; Professor George Williams, Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 47.

[284] Submission 286, p. 4.

[285] ibid.

[286] Mr Julian Callachor, Submission 520, p. 3; Mr Ronald Delmenico, Australian New Zealand-American Chambers of Commerce, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 39; Mr Shannon Tobin, Submission 480, p. 2.

[287] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 39.

[288] Submission 665, p. 107.

[289] Mr Bryan Mercurio, Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 49; Professor George Williams, Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, pp. 49-50.

[290] Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 12.

[291] Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, pp. 49-50.

[292] Mr Bryan Mercurio, Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 49; Professor George Williams, Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, pp. 49-50.

[293] Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 49.

[294] ibid.

[295] ibid, p. 51.

[296] ibid.

[297] Mr Simon Robinson, Submission 79, p. 2; Ms Sharon Readon, Submission 196, p. 2; Mr Andrew Wettern, Submission 457, p. 2; Submission 466, p. 5; China-Australia Chamber of Commerce, Submission 637, p. 4; Submission 459, p. 3.

[298] Submission 665, p. 112; see also Commonwealth Electoral Act, subs 94A(3).

[299] Submission 665, p. 112.

[300] Submission 286, p. 5.

[301] See, for example, Mr Ronald Delmenico, Australian New Zealand-American Chambers of Commerce, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 38; SCG, Submission 665, p. 112.

[302] Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 52.

[303] ibid, pp. 52-53.

[304] Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 3.

[305] http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/what/faqs/vote_os.htm#3 (accessed 7 September 2004).

[306] Submission 627, p. 2.

[307] Submission 480, p. 2.

[308] SCG, Submission 665, p. 108; Submission 466, p. 5; AustCham Bejing, Submission 637, p. 4; Professor George Williams, Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 47.

[309] Submission 637, p. 4.

[310] AEC and Victorian Electoral Commission, eVolution not revolution, Electronic Voting Status Report 2, September 2002, p. 20.

[311] JSCEM report, p. 267.

[312] ibid.

[313] AEC and Victorian Electoral Commission, eVolution not revolution, Electronic Voting Status Report 2, September 2002, p. 2, 17; see also B Mercurio, 'Beyond the Paper Ballot: Exploring Computerised Voting', in G Orr, B Mercurio, G Williams (eds), Realising Democracy: Electoral Law in Australia, The Federation Press, Sydney, 2003, p. 241.

[314] Australian Electoral Commission and Victorian Electoral Commission, eVolution not revolution, Electronic Voting Status Report 2, September 2002, pp. 16-17; see also http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/what/faqs/vote_os.htm (accessed 7 September 2004).

[315] See, for example, SCG, Submission 665, pp. 109-111; Ms Georgina Wright, Submission 496, p. 1; Mr Peter Thompson, Submission 531, p. 1; Professor George Williams, Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 47; Advance, Submission 676, p. 37; Ms Jo Anne Ray, Submission 370, p. 16; see also Lowy report, pp. 66-69.

[316] Submission 496, p. 1.

[317] Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 47.

[318] Submission 665, pp. 109-111; see also Lowy report, which also suggests that the AEC should notify EOEs automatically when an election is called: p. 69.

[319] ibid, p. 109.

[320] ibid, pp. 115-116.

[321] JSCEM report, pp. 76-78.

[322] ibid, p. 78.

[323] Government Response to the Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters: The 2001 Federal Election, Senate Hansard, Thursday 16 October 2003, p. 16687; see also SCG, Submission 665, pp. 113-114.

[324] "AEC launches campaign to get expatriates to vote", Australian Financial Review, 31 May 2004, p. 5.

[325] AEC, Annual Report 2002-2003, p. 58.

[326] AEC, Annual Report 2003-2004, p. 54 & 193.

[327] Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 18.

[328] JSCEM report, p. 81; Dr Anthony Linden, Submission 375, p. 5; AustCham Singapore, Submission 369, p. 7.

[329] SCG, Submission 665, p. 110.

[330] ibid, p. 111.

[331] JSCEM report, p. 81.

[332] G Hugo, 'International mobility of the highly skilled', in FQ Wood, ed, Beyond Brain Drain, UNE, 2004, p. 82.

[333] Hugo report, p. 50.

[334] Submission 557, p. 2.

[335] Submission 23.

[336] Submission 293, p. 2.

[337] Submission 149, p. 1.

[338] Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 19.

[339] Hugo report, p. 53.

[340] ibid, p. 50.

[341] See, for example, Mr Patrick Mitchell, Submission 205, Ms Lucy Van Der Wall, Submission 556.

[342] Mr Timothy Neslen, Submission 52, p. 41.

[343] Mr Andrew Wettern, Submission 457.

[344] Mr Timothy Neslen, Submission 52, p. 40.

[345] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 31.

[346] Committee Hansard, 4 August 2004, p. 4.

[347] Connectivity, Submission 644, p. 2.

[348] Lowy Institute for International Policy, Australians' Attitudes to Expatriates: preliminary opinion poll research, UMR Research, 2004.

[349] Submission 650.

[350] ibid.

[351] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 16.

[352] Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 8.

[353] Submission 312, p. 2.

[354] Ms Cynthia Balogh, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 21.

[355] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 24.

[356] See, for example, Submission 373.

[357] See www.jobsearch.gov.au.

[358] In tax law, expatriates are referred to as 'non-residents'. In this section 'non-residents' will be used where appropriate to maintain consistency with the legislation, and 'expatriates' will be used in a more general sense. For the purposes of this report, the two terms have identical meanings.

[359] Submission 208, p. 1.

[360] Submission 665, p. 117.

[361] Mr Louis Cooper, Submission 167, p. 3.

[362] Submission 500, p. 1.

[363] Submission 415, p. 2.

[364] Submission 369, p. 9.

[365] Mr Barry Petersen, Submission 190, p. 1.

[366] Mr Mitchell Ellis, Submission 419, p. 2.

[367] Mr Martin Walsh, Australian Trade Commission, Committee Hansard, Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, 21 June 2004, p. 13.

[368] See, for example, Dr Ron Hackney, Submission 349, who describes similar concerns in Germany.

[369] Mr Frank Orban, Submission 14, p.2.

[370] Senate Select Committee on Superannuation, Taxation Treatment of Overseas Superannuation Transfers, July 2002, p. 25, para 3.29.

[371] Mr Michael Blake, Submission 598, p. 3.

[372] A list of recognised countries can be found at http://www.austroads.com.au/overseas.html (accessed 26 November 2004).

[373] Submission 665A, Attachment, p. 11.

[374] ibid.

[375] Committee Hansard, 4 August 2004, p. 3.

[376] See the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, http://www.aamva.org/drivers/mnu_drvIntlIssues.asp (accessed 26 November 2004).

[377] Submission 665A, Attachment, p. 12.

[378] Submission 665, p. 136.

[379] Submission 665A, Attachment, p. 12.

[380] ibid.

[381] ibid, p. 13.

[382] ibid.

[383] See further: http://www.health.gov.au.

[384] Submission 463, p. 1.

[385] Submission 566, p. 9.

[386] Submission 665, p. 135.

[387] Submission 566, p. 9.

[388] ibid.

[389] Submission 665, p. 135.

[390] ibid, p. 133.

[391] ibid, pp. 133-134.

[392] Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 39.

[393] ibid, p. 40.

[394] Submission 665, p. 134.

[395] Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, 'Links between Europeans living abroad and their countries of origin', Document 8339, 5 March 1999, p. 13; SCG, Submission 665, p. 141.

[396] Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, 'Links between Europeans living abroad and their countries of origin', Document 8339, 5 March 1999, p. 13.

[397] ibid.

[398] JSCEM report, p. 73.

[399] Mr Simon Robinson, Submission 79, p. 2; Ms Sharon Readon, Submission 196, p. 2; Mr Andrew Wettern, Submission 457, p. 2; Submission 466, p. 5; AustCham Beijing, Submission 637, p. 4.

[400] Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 52.

[401] Dr Brian Simpson, Submission 544, p. 2.

[402] JSCEM report, pp.73-74.

[403] ibid.

[404] AEC, Submission 181 to the JSCEM inquiry into the 2001 Federal Election, p. 7.

[405] Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, 'Links between Europeans living abroad and their countries of origin', Document 8339, 5 March 1999, p. 15.

[406] ibid, p. 13.

[407] Submission 665, Appendix M, p. 7.

[408] ibid, pp. 7-8.

[409] Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, 'Links between Europeans living abroad and their countries of origin', Document 8339, 5 March 1999, pp. 16-17.

[410] See organisation chart of the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad at http://www.ggae.gr/ggae/chart.en.asp (accessed 18 October 2004).

[411] Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora, 19 December 2001, p. 319. Available at http://www.indiandiaspora.nic.in/contents.htm.

[412] ibid.

[413] Ms Linda Reeb, Submission 545, p. [7]; Ms Jo Ann Ray, Submission 370, p. 25.

[414] Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, 'Links between Europeans living abroad and their countries of origin', Document 8339, 5 March 1999, p. 15.

[415] See http://www.revue.ch/en/content/ (accessed 15 September 2004).

[416] Submission 545, p. [8].

[417] Submission 370, p. 25.

[418] Submission 665, p. 148.

[419] Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora, 19 December 2001, p. 537. Available at http://www.indiandiaspora.nic.in/contents.htm

[420] Hugo report, p. 61.

[421] See website of Ireland's Department of Foreign Affairs at http://foreignaffairs.gov.ie/information/display.asp?ID=1238 (accessed 18 October 2004).

[422] ibid.

[423] Ireland and the Irish Abroad, Report of the Task Force on Policy regarding Emigrants to the Minster for Foreign Affairs, August 2002, p. 3.

[424] ibid, p. 4.

[425] See http://www.politics.ie/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4021.

[426] Tye McMahon, "The Australian Diaspora", report prepared for Australian National Internship Program, April 2004, p. 31.

[427] Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora, 19 December 2001, p. 323. Available at http://www.indiandiaspora.nic.in/contents.htm. Information also available from Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, 'Links between Europeans living abroad and their countries of origin', Document 8339, 5 March 1999, p. 16.

[428] Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora, 19 December 2001, p. 323. Available at http://www.indiandiaspora.nic.in/contents.htm.

[429] ibid, p. 327.

[430] ibid.

[431] ibid, p. 329.

[432] ibid.

[433] ibid, p. 351.

[434] Submission 665, p. 156.

[435] Indian High Commission to Australia website http://www.highcommissionofindiaaustralia.org/PIO_pg_.htm (accessed 12 October 2004).

[436] ibid.

[437] See http://www.investnewzealand.govt.nz/section/3140/5294.aspx (accessed 14 October 2004).

[438] ibid.

[439] Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora, 19 December 2001, p. 385. Available at http://www.indiandiaspora.nic.in/contents.htm.

[440] ibid.

[441] SCG submission to the National Australia Day Committee, 24 September 2002, available at http://www.southern-cross-group.org/expataustralian/intro.html; see also SCG, Submission 665A, p. 1.

[442] Submission 277, p. 4.

[443] AustCham Beijing, Submission 637, p. [3].

[444] Hugo report, p. 64.

[445] Submission 590, p. 3.

[446] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 8.

[447] ibid, p. 5.

[448] Submission 352, p. 2.

[449] Hugo report, p. 60.

[450] ibid, p. 61.

[451] ibid.

[452] ibid.

[453] ibid, p. 62.

[454] See, for example, Submission 459, p. 2.

[455] Research Australia 2003, Health and Medical Researcher Opinion Poll 2003, p. 4, as quoted in A Pettigrew, 'Nurturing and Supporting our Greatest Asset', in FQ Wood, ed, Beyond Brain Drain, UNE, 2004, p. 113.

[456] A Sinclair, 'Recruiting and Retaining Scientists: Issues, Dilemmas, Diaspora and Strategies', in FQ Wood, ed, Beyond Brain Drain, UNE, 2004, p. 145.

[457] http://www.arc.gov.au.

[458] DEST, Submission 664, pp. 21-22.

[459] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 33.

[460] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 35.

[461] L Field and B Gaensler, 'The New South Wales Expatriate Return Awards Program and the Network of Expatriate Australian Researchers', in FQWood, ed, Beyond Brain Drain, UNE, 2004, p. 156.

[462] ibid.

[463] Lowy report, p. 59.

[464] SUGUNA, Submission 193, p. 1.

[465] Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 58.

[466] Lowy report, p. 60.

[467] ibid, pp. 59-60.

[468] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 18.

[469] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 23.

[470] Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 22.

[471] Submission 646, p. 9.

[472] ibid, p. 10.

[473] Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 17.

[474] ibid, p. 21.

[475] Ms Elena Douglas, Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 16.

[476] ibid, p. 11.

[477] ibid, p. 16.

[478] Submission 193, p. 6.

[479] Mr Ron Delmenico, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 39.

[480] See, for example, Ms Merran Lowenthal, Submission 317, p. 2.

[481] Lowy report, p. 50.

[482] ibid, p. 46.

[483] See website for the Australian High Commission in London at http://www.australia.org.uk/welcome/html/index.html (accessed 26 November 2004).

[484] Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 27.

[485] ibid, p. 27.

[486] Lowy report, pp. 61-64.

[487] http://www.expatriateconnect.com.

[488] Committee Hansard, 27 July 2004, p. 1.

[489] Committee Hansard, 4 August 2004, p. 5.

[490] Advance, Submission 676, p. 24.

[491] Ms Faye Burton, Victorian Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Development, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 27.

[492] Committee Hansard, 29 July 2004, p. 24.

[493] Ms Barbara Montjouris, Victorian Office of Multicultural Affairs, Committee Hansard, 28 July 2004, p. 28.

[494] Lowy report, p. 25.