Footnotes

Executive Summary - Recommendations

[1]        Mr Nunis, Department of State Development, WA Government, Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 27.

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        Dr Sam Bateman, Dr Anthony Bergin and Professor Russell Trood, Submission 21, p. 3.

[2]        Journals of the Senate, 24 November 2011, p. 1936.

[3]        Journals of the Senate, 1 November 2012, p. 3241.

Chapter 2 - Background: the Indian Ocean rim

[1]        Dr Sam Bateman, Dr Anthony Bergin and Professor Russell Trood, Submission 21, p. 3.

[2]        Submission 30, p. 27.

[3]        International Hydrographic Organization, Limits of the Oceans and Seas, p. 22.

[4]        Andrew Darby, 'Canberra all at sea over position in the Southern Ocean', The Age, 22 December 2003, p. 6.

[5]        Submission 30, p. 8.

[6]        Submission 30, p. 8.

[7]        Submission 30, p. 8.

[8]        Submission 30, p. 8.

[9]        Submission 6, p. 4.

[10]      Submission 12, p. 6.

[11]      Non-resident fellow, National Security Institute, University of Canberra.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, pp. 19–20.

[13]      The diagram is taken from Submission 6, p. 4.

Chapter 3 - OR-ARC—beginnings

[1]        Statement by the Hon Rohitha Bogollagama, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Democratic Republic of Sri Lanka, Eighth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 4 May 2008.

[2]        Statement by the Hon Dr H. Manduku, Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs, Kenya, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, 6 March 1997.

[3]        Statement by H.E. Raharisoa Juliette Joelson, Minister for Tourism of the Republic of Madagascar, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, 6 March 1997.

[4]        Statements by H.E. Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, March 1997, and the Hon V. Bunwaree, Minister of Finance and Leader of the Mauritius Delegation, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, March 1997.

[5]        IOR-ARC, 'Formation', http://www.iorarc.org/about-us/formation.aspx, (accessed 3 May 2013).

[6]        Opening Address by Dr the Hon Navinchandra Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauritius, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, 5 March 1997.

[7]        IOR-ARC, 'Formation', http://www.iorarc.org/about-us/formation.aspx, (accessed 3 May 2013); Charter of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Co-operation (IOR-ARC), ratified 3 March 1997.

[8]        Article 2, Charter of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Co-operation (IOR-ARC), ratified 3 March 1997.

[9]        Statement by the Hon V. Bunwaree, Minister of Finance and Leader of the Mauritius Delegation, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, March 1997.

[10]      See for example, Opening Address by Dr the Hon Navinchandra Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauritius, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, 5 March 1997.

[11]      Statement by the Hon Dr H. Manduku, Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs, Kenya, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, 6 March 1997.

[12]      Statement by the Hon Lakshman Kadirgamar PC, MP, Minister of  Foreign Affairs, Sri Lanka, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, 6 March 1997.

[13]      South African Government Information, Minister Sue Van Der Merwe, to attend Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Co-operation,
26–27 August 2004, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

[14]      See for example, Opening Address by Dr the Hon Navinchandra Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauritius, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, 5 March 1997.

[15]      Charter of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Co-operation (IOR-ARC), ratified 3 March 1997.

[16]      Statement by H.E. Mohammed A. Al-Junaid, Minister of Finance, Republic of Yemen, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, March 1997.

[17]      Statement by His Excellency, Mr Ali Alatas, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, 6 March 1997.

[18]      Charter of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Co-operation (IOR-ARC), ratified 3 March 1997.

[19]      Statement by the Hon Lakshman Kadirgamar PC, MP, Minister of  Foreign Affairs, Sri Lanka, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, 6 March 1997. See also, statement by His Excellency, Mr Ali Alatas, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, 6 March 1997. Mr Ali Alatas held the view that membership should be open to all countries in the region but also recognised the evolutionary approach to IOR-ARC membership expansion.

[20]      Charter of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Co-operation (IOR-ARC), ratified 3 March 1997.

[21]      Charter of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Co-operation (IOR-ARC), ratified 3 March 1997.

[22]      See for example, statements by H.E. Dr Leonardo Santos Simao, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Republic of Mozambique; His Excellency, Professor S. Jayakumar, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Law, Republic of Singapore; the Hon Jakaya Kikwete, MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Regional Co-operation of the United Republic of Tanzania, H.E. Mr Ali Alatas, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia; and Mr Tim Fisher, Deputy Prime Minister of Australia, and Minister for Trade, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, March 1997.

[23]      Statement by the Hon V. Bunwaree, Minister of Finance and Leader of the Mauritius Delegation, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, March 1997.

[24]      Statement by His Excellency, Professor S. Jayakumar, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Law, Republic of Singapore, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, March 1997.

[25]      Charter of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Co-operation (IOR-ARC), ratified 3 March 1997.

[26]      Opening Address by Dr the Hon Navinchandra Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauritius, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, 5 March 1997.

[27]      Statements by H.E. Mohammed A. Al-Junaid, Minister of Finance, Republic of Yemen, and Shri I.K. Gujral, External Affairs Minister of India, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation March 1997.

[28]      Statements by H.E. Dr Leonardo Santos Simao, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Republic of Mozambique, and the Hon Lakshman Kadirgamar P.C., M.P., Minister of  Foreign Affairs, Sri Lanka,. First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, 6 March1997.

[29]      Statement by His Excellency, Professor S. Jayakumar, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Law, Republic of Singapore, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, March 1997.

[30]      His Excellency, Mr Ali Alatas, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation.

[31]      His Excellency, Mr Ali Alatas, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation.

[32]      Report by H.E. Dr Leonardo Santos Simao, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Republic of Mozambique and Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Muscat, 7 April 2001.

[33]      Statement by His Excellency, Professor S. Jayakumar, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Law, Republic of Singapore, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, March 1997.

[34]      Statement by H.E. Mr Ali Alatas, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, 6 March 1997.

[35]      Statement by H.E. Mr Ali Alatas, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia, First Ministerial Meeting of the Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation, 6 March 1997.

[36]      Statement by the Hon Manou Bheenick, Minister of Economic Development, Productivity and Regional Development of Mauritius and Chairman of the IOR-ARC Council of Ministers, Second Council of Ministers Meeting of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, 30–31 March 1999.

[37]      The Hon Manou Bheenick, Minister of Economic Development, Productivity and Regional Development of Mauritius and Chairman of the IOR-ARC Council of Ministers, Second Council of Ministers Meeting of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, 30–31 March 1999.

[38]      Report by H.E. Dr Leonardo Santos Simao, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Republic of Mozambique and Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Muscat, 7 April 2001.

[39]      Report by H.E. Dr Leonardo Santos Simao, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Republic of Mozambique and Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Muscat, 7 April 2001.

[40]      Report by H.E. Dr Leonardo Santos Simao, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Republic of Mozambique and Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Muscat, 7 April 2001.

[41]      Report by H.E. Dr Leonardo Santos Simao, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Republic of Mozambique and Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Muscat, 7 April 2001.

[42]      Report by H.E. Dr Leonardo Santos Simao, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Republic of Mozambique and Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Muscat, 7 April 2001.

[43]      IOR-ARC Council of Ministers Chairman's Report, H.E. Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah, Minister Responsible for Foreign Affairs, the Sultanate of Oman, 12–13 October 2003, Sri Lanka.

[44]      Address by the Hon Tyronne Fernando, PC, MP, Minister of Foreign Affairs at the inauguration of the Fourth Meeting of the Council of Ministers' of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), 12 October 2003.

[45]      Statement by H.E. Joseph Salalang, Deputy Minister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia; Address by the Hon. Lakshman Kadirgamar, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka, Fifth Council of Ministers Meeting, Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 26 August 2004.

[46]      Address by the Hon. Lakshman Kadirgamar, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka, Fifth Council of Ministers Meeting, Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 26 August 2004.

[47]      Statement by H.E. Joseph Salalang, Deputy Minister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia; Address by the Hon. Lakshman Kadirgamar, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka, H.E.           Mr Kia Tabatabaee, Director-General for Multilateral Economic Cooperation, Islamic Republic of Iran, Fifth Council of Ministers Meeting, Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 26 August 2004.

[48]      Statement by the Minister of State for External Affairs, India, H.E. Mr E. Ahamed, Fifth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC, Colombo, 26 August 2004.

[49]      Statement by the Minister of State for External Affairs, India, H.E. Mr E. Ahamed, Fifth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC, Colombo, 26 August 2004.

[50]      Statement by the Minister of State for External Affairs, India, H.E. Mr E. Ahamed, Fifth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC, Colombo, 26 August 2004.

[51]      Address by the Hon Lakshman Kadirgamar, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka, Fifth Council of Ministers Meeting, Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 26 August 2004.

[52]      See Statement by the Minister of State for External Affairs, H.E. Shri E. Ahamed, Statement by South African Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ms Sue Van Der Merwe, Sixth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC, Iran, Tehran, 21 February 2006.

[53]      Speech by Hon Raphael Tuju MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Rebulic of Kenya, Sixth Council of Ministers Meeting of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Iran, 21–22 February 2006.

[54]      Speech by the Hon Raphael Tuju MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kenya, Sixth Council of Ministers Meeting of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Iran, 21–22 February 2006.

[55]      Statement by H.E. Datuk Joseph Salang, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia, Sixth Council of Ministers Meeting of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Iran, 21 February 2006.

[56]      Statement by H.E. Datuk Joseph Salang, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia, Sixth Council of Ministers Meeting of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Iran, 21 February 2006.

[57]      Statement by H.E. Datuk Joseph Salang, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia, Sixth Council of Ministers Meeting of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Iran, 21 February 2006.

[58]      Statement by South African Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ms Sue Van Der Merwe, Sixth Council of Ministers Meeting of IOR-ARC, Iran, Tehran, 21 February 2006.

[59]      Statement by Deputy Minister Aziz Pahad, Seventh Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 7 March 2007.

[60]      Statement by the Minister of State for External Affairs, H.E. Shri E. Ahamad, Seventh Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 7 March 2007.

[61]      Remarks by H.E. Mr Primo Alui Joelianto, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Indonesian Head of Delegation, Seventh Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 7 March 2007.

[62]      Statement by H.E. Datuk Joseph Salang, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia, Seventh Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 7 March 2007.

[63]      See comments by the Hon Moses Wetang'ula, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Republic of Kenya, Eighth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, 4 May 2008. The Committee of Senior Officials adopted the Action Plan which provided policy guidelines on the six priority areas identified by the association. Statement by His Excellency Ambassador Syed Munshe Afdzaruddin, Ambassador of Malaysia to the Islamic Republic of Iran, Eighth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, 4 May 2008.

[64]      Statement of H.E. Mr Ranjeva Marcel, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Madagascar, Seventh Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 7 March 2007.

[65]      Statement by H.E. Datuk Joseph Salang, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia, Seventh Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 7 March 2007.

[66]      H.E. Mr Manouchehr Mottaki, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Chairperson of IOR-ARC, Seventh Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 7 March 2007.

[67]      See for example, Statement by the Hon Rohitha Bogollagama, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Democratic Republic of Sri Lanka; Statement by the Hon Dr Cyril Chami MP, Deputy Minister for Industry, Trade, and Marketing, Republic of Tanzania, Eighth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 4 May 2008.

[68]      Statement by the Hon Dr Cyril Chami MP, Deputy Minister for Industry, Trade, and Marketing, Republic of Tanzania, Eighth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 4 May 2008.

[69]      Statement by the Hon Dr Cyril Chami MP, Deputy Minister for Industry, Trade, and Marketing, Republic of Tanzania,  Eighth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 4 May 2008.

[70]      See for example, Statement by Mr Paul Tighe, First Assistant Secretary, DFAT, Australia; Statement from H.E. Primo Alui Joelianto, Republic of Indonesia; Statement by His Excellency Ambassador Syed Munshe Afdzaruddin, Ambassador of Malaysia to the Islamic Republic of Iran, Eighth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 4 May 2008.

[71]      See for example, Statement by H.E. Shri E. Ahamed, Minister of State for External Affairs, Republic of India; Statement by the Hon Moses Wetang'ula, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Republic of Kenya, Eighth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 4 May 2008.

[72]      See for example, Statement by H.E. Shri E. Ahamed, Republic of India, Minister of State for External Affairs, Eighth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 4 May 2008.

[73]      Statement by the Hon Rohitha Bogollagama, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Democratic Republic of Sri Lanka, Eighth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 4 May 2008.

[74]      See observations made in statement by H.E. Mr Sayed Amir Mansor Borgheai, Islamic Republic of Iran, Tenth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, 5 August 2010.

[75]      Tehran Communique, Eighth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC, 4 May 2008.

[76]      Statement by H.E. Sayyid Badr bin Hamad Albusaidi, Secretary General, Oman, Ministry of Finance, Ninth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, 25 June 2009. See also, Statement by H.E. T.M. Hamzah Thayeb, Head of Delegation of the Republic of Indonesia, Ninth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, 25 June 2009.

[77]      Statement by the Hon Hussain Bhaila Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sri Lanka, Ninth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, 25 June 2009.

[78]      Sana'a Communique, Ninth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, 25 June 2009.

[79]      Statement by H.E. T.M. Hamzah Thayeb, Head of Delegation of the Republic of Indonesia, Ninth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, 25 June 2009.

[80]      Sana'a Communique, Ninth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, 25 June 2009. Yemen endorsed the proposal 'to focus on a few priority areas which entails the adoption of a modest yet relevant Action Plan rather than an ambitious one.'

[81]      See for example, Statement by H.E. T.M. Hamzah Thayeb, Head of Delegation of the Republic of Indonesia, Ninth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, 25 June 2009.

[82]      Statement by Ambasador M Fazlul Karim, Bangladesh, Ninth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, 25 June 2009.

[83]      Statement by H.E. Mr Kevin Magee, Ambassador of Australia, Ninth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, 25 June 2009.

[84]      Statement by H.E. Mr Kevin Magee, Ambassador of Australia, Ninth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, 25 June 2009.

[85]      Statement by the Hon Datuk Richard Riot Anak Jaem, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia, Tenth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC, Sana'a, Yemen, 5 August 2010.

[86]      Charter of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Co-operation (IOR-ARC), http://iorarc.org/charter.aspx (accessed 3 May 2013).

[87]      Charter of the Indian Ocean Association Co-operation (IOR-ARC).

[88]      Sana'a Communique, Tenth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC, Sana'a, Yemen, 5 August 2010. Matters singles out tourism, marine pollution and ocean related disaster management, rising sea levels and fisheries—see H.E. Dr Abubaker Abdulla Al-Qirbi, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Yemen and Chair of IOR-ARC; Statement by Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand, Mr Chavanond Intarakomalyasut, Tenth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC, Sana'a, Yemen, 5 August 2010.

[89]      Eleventh Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC Bengaluru communiqué.

[90]      Eleventh Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC Bengaluru communiqué.

[91]      Eleventh Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC Bengaluru communiqué.

[92]      Speech by the Hon Dr Arvin Boolell MP, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Regional Integration and International Trade, Mauritius, 7 May 2012.

[93]      Intervention by H.E. Mr Anund Priyay Neewoor, Secretary for Foreign Affairs, at the Handing Over Ceremony of India's Contribution to IOR-ARC Special Fund, 26 June 2012.

[94]      Statement by Hon Amb. Prof. Sam K. Ongeri, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Kenya, Twelfth Meeting of IOR-ARC, Gurgoan, India, 2 November 2012.

[95]      Twelfth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC Gurgaon communiqué, 2 November 2012, paragraph 16.

[96]      Statement by Mr Paul Tighe, First Assistant Secretary, DFAT, Australia, Eighth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Tehran, 4 May 2008; Statement by H.E. T.M. Hamzah Thayeb, Head of Delegation of the Republic of Indonesia, Ninth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, 25 June 2009.

[97]      Statement by Mr Chavanond Intarakomalyasut, Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand, Tenth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC, Sana'a, Yemen, 5 August 2010.

[98]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 3.

[99]      See for example, Statement by the Hon Hussain Bhaila Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sri Lanka, Ninth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, 25 June 2009.

Chapter 4 - IOR-ARC

[1]        Sam Bateman and Anthony Bergin, Our western front: Australia and the Indian Ocean, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, March 2010.

[2]        See for example, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 3 and Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 27.

[3]        Submission 6, pp. 8–9 and Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 3.

[4]        Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 30. The Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University also noted that Australian policymakers, media and academics had long neglected the Indian Ocean region. Submission 36, p. [1].

[5]        Sam Bateman and Anthony Bergin, Our western front: Australia and the Indian Ocean, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, March 2010, p. 9.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 30.

[7]        Speech at the IOR-ARC Council of Ministers Meeting, 15 November 2011.  

[8]        Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013. p. 10.

[9]        Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 43.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 30.

[11]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 9.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 11.

[13]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 4.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, pp. 42–43 and Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 43 and Submission 36, p. 2.

[15]      See previous chapter, paragraphs 2.35–2.45.

[16]      See for example, Stephen Howes in ANU College of Asia and the Pacific Collective, Submission 29, p. 12.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 33.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 26.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 26.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 44.

[21]      See for example, Professor Raghbendra Jha, Submission 4, p. 1, Professor Dennis Rumley, Submission 6, p. 3, Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Submission 15, p. 4; Government of Western Australia, Submission 35, p. [3], NSW Government, Submission 20, p. 5. See also Drs Sam Bateman and Anthony Bergin, Our western front: Australia and the Indian Ocean, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, March 2010, p. 14 and Dr DeSilva-Ranasinghe, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 21. DFAT stated simply that 'the Indian Ocean rim does not evince a developed sense of pan-regional identity', see Submission 29, pp. 6 and 24–27.

[22]      Submission 30, p. 28.

[23]      Submission 20, p. 5.

[24]      For example, Ease of doing business —Singapore no. 1, Australia no. 10, Malaysia no. 12 and Mauritius no. 19 through to Mozambique no. 146, Comoros no. 158, Timor Leste no. 169 and Djibouti no. 171 out of 185 countries; Human Development Index—Australia no. 2, Singapore no. 18, United Arab Emirates no. 41, Seychelles no. 47, Malaysia no. 64 through to Yemen no. 160, Djibouti no. 164, no. Comoros 169 and Mozambique at 185 out of 186 countries.

[25]      See for example, Dr Sandy Gordon, Submission 7, p. 2.

[26]      See for example, Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 4.

[27]      The Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, Submission 36, p. [2].

[28]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 30.

[29]      'Editorial Essay, research agendas for the Indian Ocean Region', Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, vol. 6, no. 1, June 2010. See also Major General Hartley, who spoke of the need to identify shared concerns but of the difficulty finding areas that are of common interest to all countries in the region, Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 33.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 6.

[31]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 11.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 16.

[33]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 6.

[34]      See for example, Submission 26, p. 4.

[35]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 11.

[36]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 33.

[37]      Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, Submission 36, p. 2.

[38]      Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, Submission 36, p. 2.

[39]      Submission 23, p. 11.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 6.

[41]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 30.

[42]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 32.

[43]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 6.

[44]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 6.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 12.

[46]      Submission 26, p. 5.

[47]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, pp. 32–33.

[48]      Submission 36, p. 2.

[49]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 6.

[50]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 5.

[51]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 36.

[52]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 21.

[53]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 21.

[54]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 16.

[55]      Sam Bateman and Anthony Bergin, Our western front: Australia and the Indian Ocean, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, March 2010, p. 2.

[56]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 33.

[57]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 4.

[58]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 5.

[59]      See for example, Professor Rumley, Submission 6, Appendix 2, p. 2.

[60]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 26.

[61]      See for example, Dr Sandy Gordon, Submission 7, p. 6.

[62]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 43.

[63]      Submission 29, p. 54.

[64]      See for example, Professor MacIntyre, Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 26.

[65]      See for example, 'Editorial Essay, research agendas for the Indian Ocean Region', Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, vol. 6, no. 1, June 2010. See also Dr Sandy Gordon, Submission 7, p. 17.

[66]      See for example, Submission 26, p. 8.

[67]      Submission 5, p. 2. Dr Sam Bateman observed similarly the Australia has 'a large stake in the protection and preservation of the maritime environment in adjacent oceans and seas'. Submission 10, p. 2.

[68]      'Editorial Essay, research agendas for the Indian Ocean Region', Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, vol. 6, no. 1, June 2010, pp. 22–23.

[69]      'Editorial Essay, research agendas for the Indian Ocean Region', Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, vol. 6, no. 1, June 2010, p. 17.

[70]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 26.

[71]      See for example, Dr Phillips, Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 27.

[72]      Professor Jha, Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 27.

[73]      Submission 30, p. 44.

[74]      Submission 35, p. 9.

[75]      Submission 20, p. 11.

[76]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2071.0—Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013.

[77]      Submission 30, p. 46.

[78]      Submission 6, pp. 8–9.

[79]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, pp. 42–43.

[80]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, pp. 42–43.

[81]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 21.

[82]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 19.

[83]      Submission 26, p. 5.

[84]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 30.

[85]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 36.

[86]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, pp. 32–33.

[87]      Submission 23, p. 11.

[88]      Submission 13, p. 2.

[89]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 42.

[90]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 43.

[91]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 44.

[92]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 9.

[93]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013. p. 6.

[94]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013. p. 6.

[95]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013. p. 7.

[96]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 32.

[97]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 43.

[98]      Submission 26, p. 4.

[99]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 4.

Chapter 5 - IOR-ARC's prospects

[1]        Western Australian Government, Submission 35, p. 2.

[2]        Mr Nunis, Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 19.

[3]        Mr Nunis, Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 19.

[4]        Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 24.

[5]        Submission 20, p. 2.

[6]        Submission 20, pp. 2–3.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 5.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 27.

[9]        Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 9.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 9.

[11]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 5.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 6.

[13]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 42.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 42.

[15]      'Editorial Essay, research agendas for the Indian Ocean Region', Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, vol. 6, no. 1, June 2010, p. 23.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 33.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 33.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 32.

[19]      Submission 12, p. 4.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 36.

[21]      Submission 26, p. 5.

[22]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 31.

[23]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 21.

[24]      Mr Jeff Hart, Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 22.

[25]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 43.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 43.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 43.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 4.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 4.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 4.

[31]      Answer to written question on notice no 4.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 9.

[33]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 23.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 4.

[35]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 5.

[36]      Submission 30, p. 6.

[37]      Submission 30, p. 6.

[38]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 2.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 4.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 4.

[41]      Submission 29, p. 55.

[42]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 2.

[43]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 3.

[44]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 3.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 2.

[46]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 2.

[47]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 2.

[48]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 3.

[49]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 3.

[50]      For a full account of the origins and development of APEC, see Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Australia and APEC, July 2000, pp. 5–20.

Chapter 6 - Natural disasters and climate change

[1]        Submission 30, p. 59.

[2]        See paragraphs 3.23 and 3.40.

[3]        Prema-chandra Athukorala and Budy P. Resosudarmo, 'The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Economic Impact, Disaster Management and Lessons', ANU, revision of papers presented at the Asian Economic Panel Conference, Keio University, Tokyo, 6–7 March 2005, p. 8.

[4]        United Nations Educational Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation UNESCO’s Role, 2007, p. 45.

[5]        United Nations Educational Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation UNESCO’S Role, 2007, p. 45.

[6]        Submission 30, p. 23.

[7]        Reiner Huber et al, The Indian Ocean Tsunami: a case study investigation by NATO RTO SAS-065 Part Two: the case of Aceh and North Sumatra, March 2008, p. 2, http://www.dodccrp.org/files/case_studies/Tsunami_case_study.pdf (accessed 3 May 2013).

[8]        United Nations Educational Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation UNESCO’S Role, 2007, p. 23.

[9]        Reiner Huber et al, The Indian Ocean Tsunami: a case study investigation by NATO RTO SAS-065 Part Two: the case of Aceh and North Sumatra, March 2008, p. 5, http://www.dodccrp.org/files/case_studies/Tsunami_case_study.pdf (accessed 3 May 2013).

[10]      Reiner Huber et al, The Indian Ocean Tsunami: a case study investigation by NATO RTO SAS-065 Part Two: the case of Aceh and North Sumatra, March 2008, p. 3, http://www.dodccrp.org/files/case_studies/Tsunami_case_study.pdf (accessed 3 May 2013).

[11]      Elizabeth Ferris and Daniel Petz, In the Neighbourhood: the growing role of regional organizations in disaster risk management, The Brookings Institution, London School of Economics, Project on Internal Displacement, February 2013, p. 3,  http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2013/02/regional%20organizations%20disasters%20ferris/regional_organizations_disaster_feb2013_ferris_petz.pdf (accessed 3 May 2013).

[12]      Elizabeth Ferris and Daniel Petz, In the Neighbourhood: the growing role of regional organizations in disaster risk management, The Brookings Institution, London School of Economics, Project on Internal Displacement, February 2013, p. 6,  http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2013/02/regional%20organizations%20disasters%20ferris/regional_organizations_disaster_feb2013_ferris_petz.pdf (accessed 3 May 2013).

[13]      Notes from committee's visit to the Pilbara.

[14]      Submission 30, p. 23.

[15]      http://www.ioc-tsunami.org/images/IOTWS/Resolution-XXIII_12.pdf (accessed 16 May 2013).

[16]      http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001445/144508e.pdf

[17]      http://www.ioc-tsunami.org/images/IOTWS/Resolution-XXIII_12.pdf (accessed 16 May 2013).

[18]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 4.

[19]      Dr Barnicoat, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 19.

[20]      Dr Barnicoat, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 19.

[21]      Bureau of Meteorology, answers to questions on notice (public hearing, 6 December 2012, Canberra), pp. 2–3.

[22]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 20.

[23]      AusAID, answers to questions on notice (public hearing, 6 December 2012, Canberra), p. 12.

[24]      AusAID, answers to questions on notice (public hearing, 6 December 2012, Canberra), p. 12.

[25]      AusAID, answers to questions on notice (public hearing, 6 December 2012, Canberra), p. 12.

[26]      AusAID, Annual Program Performance Report, Indonesia, 2010, July 2011, p. 36, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/Publications/Documents/indonesia-development-cooperation-report-2010.pdf (accessed 16 May 2013).

[27]      Australia Indonesia Facility for Disaster Reduction, Independent Progress Review, p. 29, http://ausaid.gov.au/countries/eastasia/indonesia/Documents/aifdr-ipr-ipm.pdf (accessed 16 May 2013).

[28]      Australia Indonesia Facility for Disaster Reduction, Independent Progress Review, p. 29, http://ausaid.gov.au/countries/eastasia/indonesia/Documents/aifdr-ipr-ipm.pdf (accessed 16 May 2013).

[29]      Submission 30, p. 59.

[30]      Australia Indonesia Facility for Disaster Reduction, Independent Progress Review, p. 25, http://ausaid.gov.au/countries/eastasia/indonesia/Documents/aifdr-ipr-ipm.pdf (accessed 16 May 2013).

[31]      Australian Civil-Military Centre, 'ACMC funds new study on regional approaches to disaster management', 5 April 2013, http://acmc.gov.au/2013/04/acmc-funds-new-study-on-regional-approaches-to-disaster-management/ (accessed 3 May 2013).

[32]      Submission 30, p. 23.

[33]      Submission 35, p. 11.

[34]      Department of Defence, Defence White Paper 2013, paragraph 2.75, pp. 18–19.

[35]      Submission 30, pp. 60–61.

[36]      Submission 30, p. 57.

[37]      AusAID, answers to questions on notice (public hearing, 6 December 2012, Canberra), p. 12.

[38]      Submission 30, p. 66.

[39]      Submission 30, p. 54.

[40]      Adaptation Partners, 'Western Indian Ocean Climate Change Workshop for Coastal and Marine Protected Areas', Cape Town, South Africa, February 2012, http://www.adaptationpartnership.org/blog/activities (accessed 3 May 2013).

Chapter 7 - Food Security

[1]        CSIRO, Submission 11, p. 4.

[2]        Submission 30, p. 22.

[3]        CSIRO, 'Can seasonal climate forecasts improve food security in Indian Ocean Rim countries in a variable and changing climate?', National Research Flagships, Climate Adaptation,  www.ausaid.gov.au/countries/southasia/swa-regional/documents/csiro-scf-factsheet.docx (accessed 3 May 2013).

[4]        CSIRO, 'Can seasonal climate forecasts improve food security in Indian Ocean Rim countries in a variable and changing climate?', National Research Flagships, Climate Adaptation,  www.ausaid.gov.au/countries/southasia/swa-regional/documents/csiro-scf-factsheet.docx (accessed 3 May 2013).

[5]        DFAT, Submission 30, p. 66. Note: These figures are approximates, based on allocations for 2011-12 figures in millions. AusAID’s development assistance to Africa is framed by key sectors and regions of focus, with some bilateral support to select countries. (75 per cent of the Africa program is delivered through partners.)

[6]        Submission 30, p. 59.

[7]        Ms Rauter, AusAID, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, pp. 8–9.

[8]        Ms Rauter, AusAID, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 7.

[9]        Submission 30, p. 55.

[10]      CSIRO, 'Can seasonal climate forecasts improve food security in Indian Ocean Rim countries in a variable and changing climate?', National Research Flagships, Climate Adaption,  www.ausaid.gov.au/countries/southasia/swa-regional/documents/csiro-scf-factsheet.docx (accessed 3 May 2013).

[11]      Submission 11, p. 4.

[12]      Submission 30, p. 55.

[13]      Dr Hearn, ACIAR, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 10.

[14]      Dr Hearn, ACIAR, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 10.

[15]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 11.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 11.

[17]      Submission 30, p. 22–23.

[18]      See for example, DFAT, Submission 30, p. 58.

[19]      Submission 30, pp. 22–23.

[20]      Submission 30, pp. 22–23.

[21]      Submission 30, pp. 22–23.

[22]      Mr Thompson, DAFF, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 24.

[23]      Mr Thompson, DAFF, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 24.

[24]      DFAT, Submission 30, p. 58.

[25]      Submission 40, p. 1.

[26]      Mr Thompson, DAFF, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 24.

[27]      Mr Thompson, DAFF, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 24.

[28]      DAFF, Submission 40, p. 3.

[29]      Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 'Regional Fishery Bodies Summary Descriptions, South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)', http://www.fao.org/fishery/rfb/siofa/en (accessed 3 May 2013).

[30]      DAFF, Submission 40, p. 3.

[31]      IOR-ARC, Fisheries Support Unit, http://www.iorarc.org/projects/flagship-projects/fisheries-support-unit.aspx, (accessed 25 April 2013).

[32]      Submission 25, p. 2.

[33]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 5.

[34]      Submission 40, p. 4.

[35]      Submission 30, p. 23.

[36]      Submission 30, pp. 22–23.

[37]      Submission 30, p. 23.

[38]      Mr Pierce, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 5.

[39]      Indian Ocean Research Group (IORG), Supplementary Submission 6B, p. 14.

[40]      Mr Thomson, DAFF, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013 p. 27.

[41]      Mr Thomson, DAFF, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013 p. 27.

[42]      Mr Thomson, DAFF, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013 p. 27.

[43]      Mr Thomson, DAFF, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013 p. 27.

[44]      Sam Bateman and Anthony Bergin, Our western front: Australia and the Indian Ocean, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, March 2010, p. 4.

[45]      Sam Bateman, 'Background paper for the Perth Counter-Piracy Conference', Special Report Issue 47—Calming troubled waters: global and regional strategies for countering piracy, pp. 10–11.

[46]      Ms Rauter, AusAID, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 6.

Chapter 8 - Mining for development

[1]        DFAT, Submission 30, p. 25.

[2]        DFAT, Submission 30, p. 101.

[3]        The Human Development Index measures development by combining indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment and income into a composite human development index—the HDI. The 2013 Report underscored the message that economic growth alone does not automatically translate into human development progress.

[4]        AusAID, 'An Effective Aid Program for Australia: Making a real difference—Delivering real results', http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pages/5621_9774_1073_3040_2380.aspx, (accessed 6 May 2013).

[5]        AusAID, Mining for Development in Africa, p. 4, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/countries/ame/Documents/ausaid-mining-brochure-english.pdf (accessed 15 April 2013).

[6]        AusAID, Mining for Development in Africa, p. 4, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/countries/ame/Documents/ausaid-mining-brochure-english.pdf (accessed 15 April 2013).

[7]        AusAID, 'Mining for Development: Why we give aid for mining for development, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/aidissues/mining/Pages/why-aid.aspx, (accessed 6 May 2013).

[8]        Hamid R. Davoodi (ed), The East African Community After Ten Years: Deepening Integration, IMF, 2012, p. 39; African Economic Outlook, http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/countries/southern-africa/mozambique/ (accessed 25 April 203).

[9]        South Africa, Chamber of Mines, www.chamberofmines.org.za (accessed 15 April 2013).

[10]      International Study Group Report on Africa's Mineral Regimes, Minerals and Africa's Development, Economic Commission for Africa and African Union, November 2011, http://www.africaminingvision.org/amv_resources/AMV/ISG%20Report_eng.pdf (accessed 15 April 2013) and Hamid R. Davoodi (ed), The East African Community After Ten Years: Deepening Integration, IMF, 2012, p. 39 and Ousman Gajigo et al, Gold Mining in Africa: Maximising Economic Returns for Countries, African Development Bank Group, Working Paper Series no. 147, March 2012.

[11]      AusAID, Looking west: Australia's strategic approach to aid in Africa 2011–2015, December 2010, p. 14.

[12]      International Study Group Report on Africa's Mineral Regimes, Minerals and Africa's Development, Economic Commission for Africa and African Union, November 2011, p. xii, http://www.africaminingvision.org/amv_resources/AMV/ISG%20Report_eng.pdf (accessed 15 April 2013).

[13]      International Study Group Report on Africa's Mineral Regimes, Minerals and Africa's Development, Economic Commission for Africa and African Union, November 2011, p. 18, http://www.africaminingvision.org/amv_resources/AMV/ISG%20Report_eng.pdf (accessed 15 April 2013).

[14]      See AusAID, Mining for Development in Africa, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/countries/ame/Documents/ausaid-mining-brochure-english.pdf (accessed 15 April 2013).

[15]      Prime Minister of Australia, the Hon Julia Gillard MP, 'Launch of Australian Mining Initiative', 25 October 2011, http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/launch-australian-mining-initiative (accessed 6 May 2013).

[16]      Prime Minister of Australia, the Hon Julia Gillard MP, 'Launch of Australian Mining Initiative', 25 October 2011, http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/launch-australian-mining-initiative (accessed 6 May 2013).

[17]      Ms Lisa Rauter, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 3.

[18]      International Mining for Development Centre, 'IM4DC supports developing nations', http://im4dc.org/ (accessed 6 May 2013).

[19]      Prime Minister of Australia, the Hon Julia Gillard MP, 'Launch of Australian Mining Initiative', 25 October 2011, http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/launch-australian-mining-initiative (accessed 6 May 2013).

[20]      Ms Lisa Rauter, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 4.

[21]      International Mining for Development Centre, 'IM4DC supports developing nations', http://im4dc.org/ (accessed 6 May 2013).

[22]      International Mining for Development Centre, 'IM4DC supports developing nations', http://im4dc.org/ (accessed 6 May 2013).

[23]      AusAID, 'Mining for development' http://www.ausaid.gov.au/aidissues/mining/Pages/home.aspx (accessed 6 May 2013).

[24]      Ms Lisa Rauter, AusAID, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 4.

[25]      West Australian Department of the Premier and Cabinet, Submission 35, p. 9.

[26]      Australia-Africa Mining Industry Group.

[27]      Mr Jeff Hart, Australia-Africa Mining Industry Group, Committee Hansard,
5 December 2012, p. 24.

[28]      Mr Jeff Hart, Australia-Africa Mining Industry Group, Committee Hansard,
5 December 2012, p. 25.

[29]      EITI, 'EITI Countries', http://eiti.org/countries (accessed 6 May 2013).

[30]      EITI, 'Australia to pilot the EITI', 27 October 2011, http://eiti.org/news-events/australia-pilot-eiti (accessed 1 May 2013).

[31]      EITI, 'Australia to pilot the EITI', 27 October 2011, http://eiti.org/news-events/australia-pilot-eiti and EITI conference 2013 in Sydney, http://eiti.org/news-events/australia-host-eiti-conference-2013 (accessed 1 May 2013).

[32]      Minister for Resources and Energy, the Hon Gary Gray MP, Address to the 6^th Global Conference of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, Sydney, 23 May 2013, http://minister.ret.gov.au/MediaCentre/Speeches/Pages/6th-Global-Conference-EITI.aspx (accessed 28 May 2013).

[33]      Minister for Resources and Energy, the Hon Gary Gray MP, Address to the 6^th Global Conference of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, Sydney, 23 May 2013, http://minister.ret.gov.au/MediaCentre/Speeches/Pages/6th-Global-Conference-EITI.aspx (accessed 28 May 2013).

[34]      Ms Sonia Grinceri, Department of State Development WA, Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 25 and Mr Jeff Hart, Australia-Africa Mining Industry Group, Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 21.

[35]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 3.

[36]      Ms Rauter, AusAID, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 3.

[37]      CSIRO, Submission 11, p. 7.

[38]      CSIRO, Submission 11, p. 7.

[39]      Mrs Bell, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 16.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 16.

[41]      Submission 28, p. 1.

[42]      Submission 11, p. 6.

[43]      Submission 11, p. 6.

[44]      Submission 11, pp. 6–7.

[45]      Submission 11, pp. 6–7.

Chapter 9 - Scientific research and technology development

[1]        DFAT, Submission 30, p. 55.

[2]        Eleventh Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC Bengaluru communiqué and see paragraph 3.41 of committee's report.

[3]        Sam Bateman and Anthony Bergin, Our western front: Australia and the Indian Ocean, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, March 2010, p. 3.

[4]        Sam Bateman and Anthony Bergin, Our western front: Australia and the Indian Ocean, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, March 2010, p. 13.

[5]        Submission 30, p. 55.

[6]        IOR-ARC, 'RCSTT', http://www.iorarc.org/projects/flagship-projects/rcstt.aspx (accessed 6 May 2013).

[7]        DAFF, Submission 40, p. 4.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 5.

[9]        IOR-ARC, 'UMIOR', http://www.iorarc.org/projects/flagship-projects/umior.aspx (accessed 6 May 2013).

[10]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 5.

[11]      CSIRO, Submission 11, p. 8.

[12]      AusAID, 'Australia working to increase sustainability and regional cooperation in the Indian Ocean', 6 November 2012, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/HotTopics/Pages/Display.aspx?QID=862 (accessed 6 May 2013).

[13]      Australian Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs, the Hon Richard Marles MP, 'Australia commits to supporting Indian Ocean sustainability', Media release, 3 November 2012, http://ministers.dfat.gov.au/marles/releases/2012/rm_mr_121103.html; and AusAID, 'Australia working to increase sustainability and regional cooperation in the Indian Ocean', 6 November 2012, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/HotTopics/Pages/Display.aspx?QID=862 (accessed 6 May 2013).

[14]      CSIRO, Submission 11, p. 9.

[15]      The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) is an international research organization that conducts seagoing expeditions to study the history of the Earth recorded in sediments and rocks beneath the seafloor.

[16]      Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Detailed Report on International Workshop on Scientific Drilling in the Indian Ocean, Goa, India, 17–18 October 2011, p. 2.

[17]      Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Detailed Report on International Workshop on Scientific Drilling in the Indian Ocean, Goa, India, 17–18 October 2011, p. 2.

[18]      Submission 11, pp. 6–7.

[19]      Submission 11, p. 2.

[20]      Submission 11, p. 2.

[21]      Submission 11, p. 2.

[22]      AFP, answer to written question on notice no. 2.

[23]      AFP, answer to written question on notice no. 2.

[24]      AFP, answer to written question on notice no. 2.

[25]      AFP, answer to written question on notice no. 2.

[26]      AFP, answer to written question on notice no. 2.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 3.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 3.

[29]      Sam Bateman and Anthony Bergin, Our western front: Australia and the Indian Ocean, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, March 2010, p. 60.

Chapter 10 - Defence and security in the Indian Ocean

[1]        Mr Shoebridge, Department of Defence, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 25.

[2]        Submission 5B, p. 1.

[3]        Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 25.

[4]        Submission 30, p. 16.

[5]        Mr Shoebridge, Department of Defence, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 25.

[6]        Submission 30, p. 16.

[7]        Department of Defence, Submission 5B, p. 1.

[8]        Drs Bateman, Bergin and Trood, Submission 21, p. 3.

[9]        Department of Defence, Defence White Paper 2013, paragraph 3.22, p. 26.

[10]      Department of Defence, Defence White Paper 2013, paragraph 1.12, p. 2.

[11]      Department of Defence, Defence White Paper 2013, paragraph 6.64, p. 65.

[12]      Submission 42, p. 5.

[13]      AFP, answers to questions on notice, question 3, p. 4.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 18.

[15]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 18.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 25.

[17]      Submission 5B, p. 4.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 26.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 26.

[20]      See for example, Robert D. Kaplan, 'Centre Stage for the Twenty-first Century: Power Plays in the Indian Ocean, Foreign Affairs, vol. 88, issue 2, March/April 2009.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, pp. 21–22.

[22]      Submission 5B and Submission 30.

[23]      Submission 5B, p. 3.

[24]      Submission 5B, p. 3.

[25]      See for example, 'Prime Minister to make state visit to India', Media release, 11 October 2012, http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/prime-minister-make-state-visit-india (accessed 7 May 2013); DFAT, 'Australia-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement negotiations', http://www.dfat.gov.au/fta/aifta/ (accessed 7 May 2013); and Australia in the Asian Century White Paper, October 2012, pp. 74, 230.

[26]      Submission 5B, p. 4.

[27]      Department of Defence, Defence White Paper 2013, paragraph 6.68, p. 65.

[28]      Submission 30, p. 50.

[29]      Indian Ocean Naval Symposium, 'Members' Country', http://ions.gov.in/?q=member_country (accessed 6 May 2013). IOR-ARC dialogue partners China, United Kingdom and United States of America are not members of IONS.

[30]      Combined Maritime Forces, 'About CMF', http://combinedmaritimeforces.com/about/ (accessed 6 May 2013).

[31]      Submission 5B, p. 4.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 29.

[33]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 29.

[34]      Defence, answers to questions on notice (public hearing 6 December 2012), question 3, p. 4.

[35]      Submission 30, p. 21.

[36]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 19.

[37]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 26.

[38]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 27.

[39]      Department of Defence, Defence White Paper 2013, paragraph 6.30, p. 59.

[40]      Department of Defence, Defence White Paper 2013, paragraph 6.30, p. 59.

[41]      Drs Bateman, Bergin and Trood, Submission 21, p. 8.

[42]      Drs Bateman, Bergin and Trood, Submission 21, p. 8.

[43]      Bateman, Bergin and Trood, Submission 21, p. 8.

[44]      Submission 5B, p. 2.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 25.

[46]      Office of the Inspector of Transport Security, Offshore Oil and Gas Resources Sector Security Inquiry, 2012, p. 2.

[47]      Office of the Inspector of Transport Security, Offshore Oil and Gas Resources Sector Security Inquiry, 2012, p. 3.

[48]      Defence, answers to questions on notice (public hearing 6 December 2012), question 6,
pp. 20-21.

[49]      Information obtained during site visit in the Pilbara region.

[50]      Gian De Poloni, 'Senators check out lack of defence s in the Pilbara', ABC News, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-23/senators-check-out-lack-of-defences-in-the-pilbara/4647234 (accessed 3 May 2013).

[51]      Gian De Poloni, 'Senators check out lack of defence s in the Pilbara', ABC News, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-23/senators-check-out-lack-of-defences-in-the-pilbara/4647234 (accessed 3 May 2013).

[52]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, pp. 12–13.

[53]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 27.

[54]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 8.

[55]      AFP, answers to questions on notice (public hearing 22 March 2013), question 1, p. 1.

[56]      Australian Federal Police, Annual Report 2011-12, p. iv, http://www.afp.gov.au/media-centre/publications/~/media/afp/pdf/a/afp-annual-report-2011-2012.ashx (accessed 6 May 2013).

[57]      Information obtained during site visit in the Pilbara region.

[58]      Information obtained during site visit in the Pilbara region.

[59]      Australian Army website, http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/6th-Brigade/Pilbara-Regiment, (accessed 6 May 2013).

[60]      Information obtained during site visit in the Pilbara region.

[61]      Department of Defence, Defence White Paper 2013, paragraph 5.42, p. 50.

[62]      Committee Hansard, Supplementary Budget Estimates, 17 October 2012, p. 47. Mr Shoebridge, in evidence to the committee in December 2012, believed that the Chiefs of Services Committee had in fact been to Karratha and not remained only in Perth, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 31.

[63]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 28.

[64]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 31.

[65]      Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 31.

[66]      Defence, answers to questions on notice (public hearing 6 December 2012), p. 1.

[67]      Estimates Hansard 3 June 2013 pp. 85–86.

[68]      Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Legislation Committee, Committee Hansard, Estimates, 3 June 2013 pp. 85–86.

[69]      Department of Defence, Defence White Paper 2013, paragraph 5.33, p. 49.

[70]      Defence, answers to questions on notice (public hearing 6 December 2012), p. 19.

[71]      Andrew Forbes, 'Australian Maritime Defence Council', Semaphore, October 2011, http://www.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-october-2011-1 (accessed 6 May 2013).

[72]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 13.

[73]      Defence, answers to questions on notice (public hearing 6 December 2012), p. 21.

[74]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 13.

[75]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 13.

[76]      Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Legislation Committee, Committee Hansard, Budget Estimates, 3 June 2013, p. 86.

[77]      Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Legislation Committee, Committee Hansard, Budget Estimates, 3 June 2013, p. 86.

[78]      Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Legislation Committee, Committee Hansard, Budget Estimates, 3 June 2013, p. 86.

[79]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 13.

[80]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 16.

[81]      Department of Defence, Defence White Paper 2013, paragraph 5.33, p. 49.

[82]      United Nations, Security Council, 'Report on Somalia of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council resolution 2002 (2011)', S/2012/544, 13 July 2012, paragraph 38.

[83]      Part I in relation to IOR-ARC and Part II.

[84]      Submission 30, p. 22.

[85]      OITS, International Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea Security Inquiry Report, April 2010, p. xiv.

[86]      Dr Sam Bateman, 'Background paper for the Perth Counter-Piracy Conference', Special Report Issue 47—Calming troubled waters: global and regional strategies for countering piracy, pp. 10–11.

[87]      Submission 30, p. 9.

[88]      Dr Sam Bateman, 'Background paper for the Perth Counter-Piracy Conference', Special Report Issue 47—Calming troubled waters: global and regional strategies for countering piracy, p. 8.

[89]      Submission 30, p. 20.

[90]      Submission 15, p. 13.

[91]      Submission 25, p. 3.

[92]      Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Detailed Report on International Workshop on Scientific Drilling in the Indian Ocean, Goa, India, 17–18 October 2011.

[93]      UNODC Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, 'Report of the Executive Director on combating the problem of transnational organized crime committed at sea', 15 February 2013, Document No. E/CN.15/2013/17, pp. 4–5.

[94]      United Nations, Security Council, 'Report on Somalia of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council resolution 2002 (2011)', S/2012/544, 13 July 2012, paragraph 47.

[95]      UNODC Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, 'Report of the Executive Director on combating the problem of transnational organized crime committed at sea', 15 February 2013, Document No. E/CN.15/2013/17, pp. 4–5.

[96]      Department of Defence, Submission 5B, p. 4.

[97]      Department of Defence, Submission 5B, p. 4 and Mr Shoebridge, Department of Defence, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 26.

[98]      DFAT, Submission 30, p. 22.

[99]      Submission 5A, p. 6.

[100]    Submission 5A, p. 8.

[101]    'Paper presented by Warren Snowdon MP, on behalf of Stephen Smith, Minister for Defence to the Perth Counter-Piracy Conference' 16 July 2012, http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/2012/07/16/paper-presented-by-warren-snowdon-mp-on-behalf-of-stephen-smith-minister-for-defence-to-the-perth-counter-piracy-conference/  (accessed 8 May 2013).

[102]    Combined Maritime Forces, 'About CMF', http://combinedmaritimeforces.com/about/ (accessed 6 May 2013).

[103]    Submission 30, p. 23.

[104]    Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 6.

[105]    United Nations, Security Council, Resolution 2077 (2012), 21 November 2012, p. 3.

[106]    Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 6.

[107]    Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 7.

[108]    Submission 41, p. 3. See also Mr Rauter, Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 7.

[109]    Committee Hansard, 6 December 2012, p. 7.

Chapter 11 - Port state control

[1]        Dr Sam Bateman, Submission 10, p. 7.

[2]        See for example, Sergi DeSilva-Ranasinghe, Fact Sheet: the Indian Ocean Region and Australia's National Interests, Strategic Analysis Paper, Future Directions International, 29 May 2012.

[3]        Ted L. McDorman, 'Regional Port State Control Agreements: Some issues of international Law', Ocean and Coastal Law Journal, vol. 5, 2000, p. 207.

[4]        Ted L. McDorman, 'Regional Port State Control Agreements: Some issues of international Law', Ocean and Coastal Law Journal, vol. 5, 2000, p. 207.

[5]        Dr Sam Bateman, Submission 10, p. 3.

[6]        Dr Sam Bateman, Submission 10, p. 4.

[7]        Ted L. McDorman, 'Regional Port State Control Agreements: Some issues of international Law', Ocean and Coastal Law Journal, vol. 5, 2000, p. 208 and Samuel K. Skinner, Secretary, Department of Transportation and William K. Reilly Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency, The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, A Report to the President, prepared by the National Response Team, May 1989, p. 1.

[8]        Dr Sam Bateman, Submission 10, p. 3.

[9]        IMO, 'Port State Controls', http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Safety/Implementation/Pages/PortStateControl.aspx (accessed 6 May 2013) and Submission 10, p. 5.

[10]      AMSA, Port State Control Report 1999, Australia, March 2000, p. 5.

[11]      Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control in the Indian Ocean, http://www.imo.org/blast/mainframe.asp?topic_id=475&doc_id=1328 (accessed 6 May 2013), Australia, Bangladesh, Djibouti, Eritrea, India, Iran, Keyna, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Myanmar, Oman, Sechelles, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Yemen.

[12]      Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control in the Indian Ocean, http://www.imo.org/blast/mainframe.asp?topic_id=475&doc_id=1328.

[13]      Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control in the Indian Ocean, http://www.imo.org/blast/mainframe.asp?topic_id=475&doc_id=1328.

[14]      The Black Sea MoU, Equasis, Ethiopia, West & Central Africa MoU, the International Maritime Organisation, International Labour Organisation, Tokyo MoU, United States Coast Guard and the Riyadh MoU participate in the Memorandum as observers. Indian Ocean Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control, Annual Report 2012, p. 2.

[15]      DRET, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 15.

[16]      Dr Sam Bateman, Submission 10, p. 3.

[17]      Dr Sam Bateman, Submission 10, p. 6.

[18]      Indian Ocean Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control, Annual Report 2012, p. 12.

[19]      Euan Graham, 'Shipping glut portends piracy', RSIS Commentaries, 7 October 2011, p. 2.

[20]      IOR-ARC, Twelfth Meeting of the Council of Ministers of IOR-ARC', Gurgaon Communique, p. 2.

[21]      International Chamber of Commerce, 'IMB reports drop in Somali piracy, but warns against complacency' October 2012, http://www.icc-ccs.org/news/811-imb-reports-drop-in-somali-piracy-but-warns-against-complacency (accessed 6 May 2013).

[22]      Sam Bateman, 'Sub-standard ships and human costs of piracy'. 2011, MaritimeSecurity.Asia, http://maritimesecurity.asia/free-2/piracy-2/sub-standard-ships-and-human-costs-of-piracy-the-case-of-captain-prem-kumar-%e2%80%93-analysis/ (accessed 6 May 2013).

[23]      Sam Bateman, 'Sub-standard ships and human costs of piracy'. 2011, MaritimeSecurity.Asia, http://maritimesecurity.asia/free-2/piracy-2/sub-standard-ships-and-human-costs-of-piracy-the-case-of-captain-prem-kumar-%e2%80%93-analysis/.

[24]      Sam Bateman, 'Sub-standard ships and human costs of piracy'. 2011, MaritimeSecurity.Asia, http://maritimesecurity.asia/free-2/piracy-2/sub-standard-ships-and-human-costs-of-piracy-the-case-of-captain-prem-kumar-%e2%80%93-analysis/.

[25]      Dr Sam Bateman, Submission 10, p. 6.

[26]      See for example, FAO/APFIC Regional Workshop to Support the implementation of the 2009 FAO Port State Measures Agreement, April 2012.

[27]      United Nations General Assembly, GA/10899, 4 December 2009.

[28]      FAO/APFIC Regional Workshop to Support the implementation of the 2009 FAO Port State Measures Agreement, April 2012.

[29]      See chapter 3 of this report, paragraph 3.40.

[30]      Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Reports of the IOC/FAO/IOTC Symposium and Workshop to Strengthen Port State Measures in the Indian Ocean, Port Louis, Mauritius, 18–22 June 2007, FAO Fisheries Report No. 844, p. 5.

[31]      Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Reports of the IOC/FAO/IOTC Symposium and Workshop to Strengthen Port State Measures in the Indian Ocean, Port Louis, Mauritius, 18–22 June 2007, FAO Fisheries Report No. 844, p. 5.

[32]      Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Reports of the IOC/FAO/IOTC Symposium and Workshop to Strengthen Port State Measures in the Indian Ocean, Port Louis, Mauritius, 18–22 June 2007, FAO Fisheries Report No. 844, p. 8.

[33]      Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Reports of the IOC/FAO/IOTC Symposium and Workshop to Strengthen Port State Measures in the Indian Ocean, Port Louis, Mauritius, 18–22 June 2007, FAO Fisheries Report No. 844, p. 31.

[34]      DAFF, Overview: illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, http://daff.gov.au/fisheries/iuu/overview_illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_iuu_fishing (accessed 6 May 2013).

[35]      Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Reports of the IOC/FAO/IOTC Symposium and Workshop to Strengthen Port State Measures in the Indian Ocean, Port Louis, Mauritius, 18–22 June 2007, FAO Fisheries Report No. 844, p. 30.

[36]      Dr Sam Bateman, Submission 10, p. 7.

[37]      DFAT, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 2.

[38]      DRET, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 14.

[39]      AMSA, 'Indian Ocean MoU Committee meets in South Africa, 18 September 2012, http://www.amsa.gov.au/about_amsa/Corporate_information/Recent_Events/2012/IndianOceanMOUCommitteemeetsinSouthAfrica.asp (accessed 6 May 2013).

Chapter 12 - Mineral Exports and Mining in the Indian Ocean rim

[1]        Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Submission 26, p. 15.

[2]        Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. vii.

[3]        Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. vii.

[4]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, Year Book Australia, 2012, no. 1301.0, issued 24 May 2012, Table 18.29. 

[5]        Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. 27.

[6]        DRET, Submission 15, p. 10.

[7]        Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. 1.

[8]        Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Resources and Energy Statistics, Annual 2012, p.29.

[9]        Submission 15, pp. 4 and 8.

[10]      DFAT, Submission 30, p. 40.

[11]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Year Book Australia, 2012, Table 18.29.

[12]      Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. 26.

[13]      Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. 26.

[14]      Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. 26.

[15]      Virginia Christie et al, 'The Iron Ore, Coal and Gas Sectors', in Reserve Bank of Australia, Bulletin, March Quarter 2011, p. 3.

[16]      Information obtained during site visit to Pilbara Region.

[17]      Virginia Christie et al, 'The Iron Ore, Coal and Gas Sectors', in Reserve Bank of Australia, Bulletin, March Quarter 2011, p. 3.

[18]      Information obtained during site visit to Pilbara Region and see also Port Hedland Port Authority, Annual Report 2012, p. 97.

[19]      DRET, Submission 15.

[20]      Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, pp. 37–38.

[21]      Australian Coal Association, Submission 18, p. 4.

[22]      Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. 38.

[23]      Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. 19.

[24]      Submission 15, p. 7.

[25]      Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. 57.

[26]      Virginia Christie et al, 'The Iron Ore, Coal and Gas Sectors', in Reserve Bank of Australia, Bulletin, March Quarter 2011, p. 4.

[27]      Virginia Christie et al, 'The Iron Ore, Coal and Gas Sectors', in Reserve Bank of Australia, Bulletin, March Quarter 2011, p. 5.

[28]      International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2011, p. 431.

[29]      DRET, Submission 15.

[30]      Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. 24.

[31]      International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2011, p. 353.

[32]      International Energy Agency, Medium Term Coal Market Report 2011, p. 114.

[33]      International Energy Agency, Medium Term Coal Market Report 2011, p. 82.

[34]      International Energy Agency, Medium Term Coal Market Report 2011, pp. 82–83.

[35]      Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. 35.

[36]      International Energy Agency, Medium-Term Coal Market Report 2011, p. 93.

[37]      Submission 18, p. 4.

[38]      Submission 18, p. 4.

[39]      DRET, Submission 15, p. 7.

[40]      Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, pp. 33 and 51.

[41]      DRET, Submission 15, p. 8.

[42]      DRET, Submission 15, p. 9.

[43]      DRET, Submission 15, p. 9.

[44]      Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association, 'Oil and petroleum liquids', http://www.appea.com.au/oil-a-gas-in-australia/oil.html (accessed 6 May 2013).

[45]      Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Geoscience Australia, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Energy Resource Assessment, 2010, p. 10.

[46]      Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Geoscience Australia, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Energy Resource Assessment, 2010, p. 4.

[47]      Virginia Christie et al, 'The Iron Ore, Coal and Gas Sectors', in Reserve Bank of Australia, Bulletin, March Quarter 2011, p. 6.

[48]      DRET, Submission 15, p. 14.

[49]      Australian Coal Association, Submission 18, p. 89.

[50]      Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. 47.

[51]      Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. 51.

[52]      Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure—outlook to 2025, July 2012, p. 51.

[53]      Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association, State of the industry 2012, p. 5.

[54]      Submission 15, p. 11.

[55]      Submission 15, p. 15.

[56]      Submission 15, p. 15.

[57]      Submission 15, p. 11.

[58]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 35.

[59]      Submission 15, p. 15.

[60]      Austrade, Submission 19, p. 95. See also Virginia Christie et al, 'The Iron Ore, Coal and Gas Sectors', in Reserve Bank of Australia, Bulletin, March Quarter 2011, p. 7.

[61]      Submission 30, p. 31.

[62]      Submission 12, p. 2.

[63]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 27.

[64]      Mr McHugh, Future Directions International, Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, pp. 31–32.

[65]      Submission 19, p. 4.

[66]      Submission 19, p. 3.

[67]      See for example, Future Directions International, Submission 12, p. 9.

[68]      Submission 18, p. 88.

[69]      Future Directions International, Submission 12, p. 9.

[70]      See Submission 26, p. 9.

[71]      Submission 26, p. 9.

[72]      Submission 26, p. 9.

[73]      Submission 37, p. 7.

[74]      Submission 37, p. 10. See also the Hon Kevin Rudd, former Minister for Foreign Affairs, 'Building bridges between Africa and Australia, International Forum on Africa', University of Sydney, Speech, 13 May 2011, http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/speeches/2011/kr_sp_110513.html (accessed 8 May 2013).

[75]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 18.

[76]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 20.

[77]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 25.

[78]      Dampier Port Authority, Annual Report 2012, p. 8.

[79]      Submission 19, p. 5.

[80]      Submission 19, p. 5.

[81]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 21 and Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 25..

[82]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 25.

[83]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 27.

[84]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 13.

[85]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 21.

[86]      BBC News, 'Puntland profile', http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14114727 (accessed 6 May 2013).

[87]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 21.

[88]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 21.

[89]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 21.

[90]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 21.

[91]      Africa Down Under, 'About the conference', http://www.africadownunderconference.com/ (accessed 6 May 2013).

[92]      Submission 30, p. 31.

[93]      Submission 30, p. 31.

[94]      Submission 19, p. 4.

[95]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, pp. 22–23.

[96]      Africa Mining Vision, 'About AMV', http://www.africaminingvision.org/about.html (accessed 6 May 2013).

[97]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 21.

[98]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, pp. 30-31.

[99]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 31.

[100]    Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 13.

[101]    Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 14.

[102]    Submission 37, p. 10.

[103]    Submission 15, p. 7.

[104]    Submission 18, p. 87.

[105]    Mr Jeff Hart, Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 22. The Australia-Africa Mining Industry Group (AAMIG) is a member-based organisation, drawing membership from over 100 companies, http://aamig.com/category/member-profiles/ (accessed 6 May 2013).

[106]    Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 18.

[107]    Submission 18, p. 1.

[108]    Austrade, Submission 19, p. 3.

[109]    Sam Bateman and Anthony Bergin, Our western front: Australia and the Indian Ocean, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, March 2010, p. 12.

[110]    Submission 18, p. 1.

[111]    Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Resources and Energy Quarterly, December 2012, p. 76.

[112]    Submission 18, p. 1.

[113]    Submission 18, p. 1.

[114]    Submission 15, p. 13.

Chapter 13 - Trade, free trade agreements and tourism in the Indian Ocean rim

[1]        DRET, Submission 15, p. 5.

[2]        Submission 30, p. 6.

[3]        Submission 30, p. 16.

[4]        Sam Bateman and Anthony Bergin, Our western front: Australia and the Indian Ocean, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, March 2010, p. 12.

[5]        DFAT website, 'Trade Performance at a Glance', http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/trade/trade-at-a-glance-2011.html#sect02, (accessed
11 June 2013).

[6]        Submission 30, p. 6.

[7]        Submission 30, p. 34.

[8]        Submission 30, p. 34.

[9]        Budget Paper No.2: Budget Measures 2012-13, 'Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade', p.161.

[10]      Submission 15, p.16.

[11]       Based on ABS data on the DFAT STARS database, consistent with catalogue number 5368.0

[12]      DFAT, Submission 30, p. 35.

[13]      Based on ABS data on the DFAT STARS database, consistent with catalogue number 5368.0

[14]      DFAT, Submission 30, p. 36.

[15]      Mr Nunis, Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 19.

[16]      Submission 30, p. 32.

[17]      Submission 30, p. 33.

[18]      For detailed examination of the issues surrounding Australia's live animal exports, see the Senate Standing Committee on Rural Affairs and Transport's report 'Animal welfare standards in Australia's live export markets'.

[19]      For discussion on resources, minerals, synergies and competition in the region, see Chapter 12.

[20]      Submission 15, p. 5.

[21]      Submission 30, p. 37. DFAT cited its source as ABS catalogue 5368.0.55.003 International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia.

[22]      Submission 26, p. 15.

[23]      Submission 26, p. 15.

[24]      Submission 30, p. 37.

[25]      Austrade, Submission 19, p. 7.

[26]      Submission 35, p. 7.

[27]      Mr Nunis, Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 19.

[28]      Submission 30, p. 32.

[29]      Submission 30, p. 33.

[30]      ‘Student Visa Holders Present in Australia’, Department of Immigration and Citizenship, http://www.immi.gov.au/media/statistics/statistical-info/temp-entrants/students.htm

[31]      Submission 30, p. 44.

[32]      Submission 30, p. 44.

[33]      DFAT, answers to questions on notice (public hearing 22 March 2013), p. 1.

[34]      Submission 30, p. 38.

[35]      DFAT website, 'Australia's Trade Agreements', http://www.dfat.gov.au/fta/ (accessed
6 May 2013).

[36]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 29.

[37]      Submission 23, p. 2.

[38]      Submission 15, p. 22.

[39]      Submission 19, p. 6.

[40]      Submission 19, p. 6.

[41]      Submission 19, p. 8.

[42]      Submission 19, p. 8.

[43]      Submission 19, p. 7.

[44]      Submission 30, p. 31.

[45]      Submission 35, p. 10.

[46]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, pp. 19–20.

[47]      Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 21.

[48]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 5.

[49]      DFAT, Submission 30, p. 11.

[50]      DFAT, Submission 30, p. 11.

[51]      DFAT, Submission 30, p. 9.

[52]      DFAT, Submission 30, p. 31.

[53]      Submission 30, p. 10.

[54]      Submission 30, p. 11.

[55]      DFAT, 'Trade Performance at a Glance', http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/trade/trade-at-a-glance-2011.html#sect02 (accessed 6 May 2013).

[56]      The World Bank, 'Foreign direct investment, net flows (BoP, current US$)', http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD (accessed 6 May 2013).

[57]      Submission 30, p. 13.

[58]      Submission 30, p. 13.

[59]      DFAT, Submission 30, p. 14.

[60]      DFAT, Submission 30, pp. 13–14.

[61]      DFAT, Submission 30, p. 14.

[62]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 29.

[63]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 3.

[64]      DFAT, answers to questions on notice (public hearing 22 March 2013), p. 4.

[65]      Submission 26, p. 13.

[66]      Submission 26, p. 13.

[67]      Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 5.

[68]      DFAT, answers to questions on notice (public hearing 22 March 2013), p. 6.

[69]      Submission 23, p.11.

[70]      DFAT, answers to questions on notice (public hearing 22 March 2013), p. [4].

[71]      DFAT, answers to questions on notice (public hearing 22 March 2013), p. [4].

[72]      Submission 15, p. 17.

[73]      Submission 15, p. 17.

[74]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 14.

[75]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 23.

[76]      Submission 3, p. 2.

[77]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 17.

[78]      Submission 3, p. 3.

[79]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 21.

[80]      Submission 15, p. 17.

[81]      Submission 15, p. 23.

[82]      Submission 15, p. 19.

[83]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, pp. 21–22.

[84]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 18.

[85]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 23.

[86]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 22.

[87]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 14.

[88]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 14.

[89]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 14.

[90]      Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 22.

Chapter 14 - Conclusions and Recommendations

[1]        Mr DeSilva-Ranasinghe, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2013, p. 18.

[2]        Indian Ocean Research Group, Submission 6, pp. 5–6.

[3]        Submission 30, pp. 7–8.

[4]        ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Submission 29, p. 12.

[5]        Indian Ocean Research Group, Submission 6, p. 2.

[6]        Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, Submission 36, p. 1.

[7]        Indian Ocean Research Group, Submission 6, p. 2.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 27.

[9]        Committee Hansard, 17 August 2012, p. 27.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 30.

[11]      ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Submission 29, p. 3.

[12]      Submission 6, p.6.

[13]      Department of Defence, Defence White Paper 2013, paragraph 1.12, p. 2.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 5 December 2012, p. 30.

[15]      Submission 30, p. 56.

[16]      Submission 30, p.27.

[17]      Submission 21, p. 2.

[18]      Mr Nunis, Department of State Development, WA Government, Committee Hansard, 2 October 2012, p. 27.