Current Issues
Domestic Violence in Australia an Overview of the
Issues
E-Brief: Online Only issued 7 August 2003, updated by Janet
Phillips, September 2006
Dr Kerry Carrington, Analysis and Policy
Janet Phillips, Information/E-links
Social Policy Group
Scope
This e-brief is a guide to Internet resources and research on
domestic violence in Australia. The e-brief includes a survey of
Commonwealth Government programs and initiatives and an overview of
the research on the prevalence of domestic violence, at risk groups
and communities, the costs of domestic violence to business and the
community, and policy approaches designed to prevent domestic
violence. Also included are key journal articles, a list of
references and links to domestic violence websites in Australia,
both government and non-government.
Defining Domestic
Violence
Domestic violence occurs when a family member, partner or
ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate or
harm the other. According to the
Commonwealth s Office for Women (OFW), domestic violence
can be exhibited in many forms, including physical violence, sexual
abuse, emotional abuse, intimidation, economic deprivation or
threats of violence. Domestic violence occurs in all geographic
areas of Australia and in all socioeconomic and cultural groups,
although domestic violence is a more significant problem for
certain groups, such as regional and rural Australia and Indigenous
communities.
What Do We Know About Domestic
Violence?
As most incidences of domestic violence often go unreported, it
is difficult to measure the true extent of the problem. According
to a study conducted in 1998 by Carlos Carcach from the Australian
Institute of Criminology (AIC), Reporting
Crime to the Police, most assaults against women where the
victim knows the offender go unreported. The 2005 Australian Bureau
of Statistics (ABS)
Personal Safety Survey, estimates that 36 per cent of women who
experienced physical assault by a male perpetrator reported it to
the police in 2005 compared to 19 per cent in 1996, and that 19 per
cent of women who experienced sexual assault reported it to the
police in 2005 compared to 15 per cent in 1996.
The best indicators available to date about the levels of
violence against women in Australia are from the 1996 ABS
publication
Women's Safety Survey and the more recent ABS
Personal Safety Survey 2005 that surveyed both men and women.
The surveys asked women about their experiences of violence and found that:
-
5.8 per cent of women
had experienced violence in the 12 month period preceding the
survey in 2005 compared with 7.1 per cent in 1996
-
4.7 per cent of these
women had experienced physical violence (this includes physical
assault and threat of physical assault) in 2005 compared with 5.9
per cent in 1996, and 1.6 per cent had experienced sexual violence
(this includes sexual assault and threat of sexual assault)
compared to 1.5 per cent in 1996
-
Of the women who
experienced sexual violence during the 12 months prior to the 2005
survey 21 per cent had experienced sexual assault by a previous
partner in the most recent incident, and 39 per cent by a family
member or friend
-
The 2005 survey also
showed that of those women who were physically assaulted in the 12
months prior to the survey, 38 per cent were physically assaulted
by their male current or previous partner. Of the women who had
experienced violence by a current partner, 10 per cent had a
violence order issued against their current partner and of those
women who had violence orders issued, 20 per cent reported that
violence still occurred.
There have also been studies of the relationship between
domestic violence and homicides. In Homicide
between Intimate Partners in Australia, 1998, Carach and James
from the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) found that
domestic violence plays a significant role in the lead up to lethal
violence, accounting for 27 per cent of all homicides in Australia
between 1989 and 1996. Another study by the AIC in 2002, Homicides
Resulting from Domestic Altercations, found that the
majority of female homicide victims were killed during domestic
altercations. In a follow up AIC study, Family
Homicide in Australia, Jenny Mouzos and Catherine Rushforth
analysed the victim-offender relationships for almost 4500
homicides that occurred in Australia over a 13 year period from
1989 to 2002. The study found that:
-
on average there were 129 family homicides
each year, 77 related to domestic disputes
-
that killings between partners/spouses
accounted for 60 per cent of all family homicides in Australia,
with women accounting for 75 per cent of the victims, and men
comprising the majority of the killers
-
that a quarter of the intimate homicides
occurred after the partners had separated or divorced.
At Risk Groups
Children and Young People
The 1996 ABS
Women's Safety Survey and the
Personal Safety Survey 2005 found that violence which occurs
between partners may affect the children who also live in the home.
The 1996 ABS
Women's Safety Survey found that of the women who experienced
violence by a current partner, 61 per cent (211 600) reported
that they had children in their care at some time during the
relationship, and 38 per cent (132 400) said that these
children had witnessed the violence. Of the women who experienced
violence by a previous partner, 46 per cent said that children in
their care had witnessed the violence. The
Personal Safety Survey 2005 found that 49 per cent of men and
women who experienced violence by a current partner reported that
they had children in their care and 27 per cent said that these
children had witnessed the violence. Of the people who had
experienced violence from a previous partner, 61 per cent reported
that they had children in their care at some time during the
relationship and 36 per cent said that these children had witnessed
violence.
A survey published in 2001 by the Australian Institute of
Criminology, Young
Australians and Domestic Violence, found that up to
one-quarter of the 5000 young people aged 12 to 20 from all states
and territories surveyed between 1998 and 1999 had witnessed
parental violence against their mother or step-mother. The major
findings were that young people of lower socioeconomic status were
about one and a half times more likely to be aware of violence
towards their mothers or fathers than those from upper
socioeconomic households. Indigenous youth were significantly more
likely to have witnessed physical domestic violence amongst their
parents or parents' partners.
In
Economic Costs of Domestic Violence, 2002, Lesley Laing
and Natasha Bobic explain the intergenerational dimension of
domestic violence:
Child abuse is more likely to occur in families experiencing
domestic violence. Children of victims are also at risk of
continuing the violence with their own children and partners and at
heightened risk of alcohol and drug abuse and delinquency in later
life. Impacts can also extend to people not directly experiencing
victimisation. Effects can flow on to other children not from
families experiencing domestic violence, for example, the effects
of bullying or aggression by children of victims. Domestic
violence, as with any other form of crime or violence, can also
extend to the wider community, for example, by contributing to
increased fear of crime.
The 2005
Personal Safety Survey found that the proportion of women and
men who experienced physical abuse before the age of 15 was 10 per
cent and 9.4 per cent respectively. Women were more likely to have
been sexually abused than men. Before the age of 15, 12 per cent of
women had been sexually abused compared to 4.5 per cent of men.
The 1996 ABS
Women's Safety Survey also found that younger women were
more at risk of violence than older women: in the previous 12 month
period, 38 per cent of women aged 18 24 had experienced an incident
of violence, compared to 15 per cent for women aged 45 and over. In
the 2005
Personal Safety Survey this gap seemed to have narrowed though
the percentage of younger women experiencing violence had gone
down, the percentage of older women had gone up (26 per cent of
women aged 18 24 had experienced an incident of violence, compared
to 25 per cent for women aged 45 and over).
Rural and Regional Communities
While the data is patchy, research suggests that domestic
violence is a significant problem in remote and regional Australia.
A report prepared in 2000 for the Commonwealth Department of
Transport and Regional Services by the Women's Services Network
(WESNET),
Domestic Violence in Regional Australia, provides a
literature review of some of this research. A Bureau of Transport
and Regional Economics (BTRE) publication,
About Australia's Regions, 2006, reported that
domestic violence rates were highest in very remote Australia,
followed by remote and outer regional localities. By contrast,
major cities had the lowest rates of domestic violence.
The NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research records rates of
Apprehended Violence Orders by Region. In 2004, the latest
available statistics, the state average was 100.1 Apprehended
Violence Orders (AVOs) per 100 000 population. When broken
down into statistical divisions a striking regional discrepancy
becomes apparent. Every one of the non-metropolitan statistical
divisions in NSW registered AVO rates well in excess of the state
average. By comparison, every one of the metropolitan divisions,
barring inner-Sydney, had AVO rates considerably lower than the
state average.
Indigenous Communities
Indigenous Australians are
over-represented as both victims and perpetrators of all forms of
violent crime in Australia. Statistics cited in the Australian
component of the International Violence Against Women Survey
(IVAWS) published in 2004, show that the rate of family
violence victimisation for Indigenous women may be 40 times the
rate for non-Indigenous women and that despite representing just
over two per cent of the total Australian population, Indigenous
women accounted for 15 per cent of homicide victims in Australia in
2002 03. However, the survey goes on to state that the current
literature on the incidence and prevalence of family violence for
indigenous women is limited, making it difficult to draw accurate
conclusions.
In 2004 the Australian Centre for
the Study of Sexual Assault published a briefing by Monica Keel,
Family violence and sexual assault in Indigenous communities.
This paper includes some statistics and offers a comprehensive view
of the difficulties Indigenous women often face. The Human Rights
and Equal Opportunities Commission (HREOC) also published
Ending family violence and abuse in Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander communities: key issues: an overview paper of research and
findings by HREOC, 2001-2006, addressing some of the possible
solutions.
A paper from the National Crime Prevention Program,
Violence in Indigenous Communities, 2001, outlines the
common forms of Indigenous family violence and estimates that the
rate of death from interpersonal violence in Indigenous communities
is 10.8 times higher than for the non-Indigenous population. Some
remote Aboriginal communities are particularly affected by high
rates of family and domestic violence. Another report by the
Queensland Government released in December 1999, The
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women's Task Force on
Violence Report, defines the forms of Indigenous violence,
discusses the causes and makes recommendations for change. The Task
Force consultations revealed that the level of violence in
Indigenous communities is much higher than openly acknowledged or
reported and that Indigenous victims of domestic assault are more
likely to be seriously injured than non-Indigenous victims.
The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare released a new
report in November 2006, Family
violence among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples,
outlining the extent of violence in Indigenous communities using
information collected from surveys and administrative data
collections.
Pregnant Women
The 1996 ABS
Women's Safety Survey and the 2005
Personal Safety Survey found that pregnancy is a time when
women may be vulnerable to abuse. Of those women who experienced
violence by a previous partner, 701 200 had been pregnant at
some time during their relationship. While 42 per cent of these
women experienced violence during the pregnancy (292 100), 20
per cent experienced domestic violence for the first time while
they were pregnant. In the 2005
Personal Safety Survey, 59 per cent (667 900) of women who
experienced violence by a previous partner were pregnant at some
time during the relationship; of these, 36 per cent (239 800)
reported that violence occurred during a pregnancy and 17 per cent
(112 000) experienced violence for the first time when they were
pregnant.
In 2004 Deborah Walsh and Wendy
Weeks published "What a smile can hide: a report on the study of
violence against women during pregnancy". This survey of pregnant
women at the Royal Women s Hospital in Melbourne found that 20 per
cent of women experienced violence during their pregnancy. The
report includes international and Australian prevalence studies and
research, plus a literature review.
Costs of Domestic Violence
Domestic violence directly affects the victims, their children,
their families and friends, employers, co-workers, and has
repercussions for the quality of life in a local community. There
can be far-reaching financial, social, health and psychological
consequences. The impact of violence can also have indirect costs,
including the costs to the community of bringing perpetrators to
justice or the costs of medical treatment for injured victims.
Economic Costs
While the human impact of domestic violence is difficult to
calculate, in a report published in 2000,
Impacts and Costs of Domestic Violence on the Australian
Business/Corporate Sector, staff absenteeism and
replacement costs alone were estimated to cost employers over $30
million per annum while the total cost (including direct and
indirect costs) to the corporate/business sector was estimated to
be around $1 billion per annum.
In a another study,
Economic Costs of Domestic Violence, 2002, Lesley Laing
and Natasha Bobic examined the relevant literature, defined the
terminology and compare the estimated costs of domestic violence
both nationally and internationally. The value of an economic
perspective, as this report demonstrates, is that it provides a
powerful angle from which to view the consequences of domestic
violence and to argue for social policies to improve services and
support victims.
In 2004, Access Economics,
commissioned by the Office for the Status of Women, released
The cost of domestic violence to the Australian economy. This
key report estimated that the total annual cost of domestic
violence to the Australian economy in 2002 03 was $8.1 billion. The
largest contributor was pain, suffering and premature mortality at
$3.5 billion. The remaining costs totalled $4.6 billion. The
largest part was consumption costs, of which the largest component
was lost household economies of scale. The next largest categories
were production and administration at $484 million and $480 million
respectively.
Social and Health Costs
In
Economic Costs of Domestic Violence, 2002, Lesley Laing
and Natasha Bobic discuss some of the indirect social and health
consequences of domestic violence. These include:
Social and psychological consequences described for victims
include anxiety, depression and other emotional distress, physical
stress symptoms, suicide attempts, alcohol and drug abuse, sleep
disturbances, reduced coping and problem solving skills, loss of
self esteem and confidence, social isolation, fear of starting new
relationships, living in fear, and other major impacts on quality
of life. Immediate impacts often described for children of victims
include emotional and behavioural problems, lost school time and
poor school performance, adjustment problems, stress, reduced
social competence, bullying and excessive cruelty to animals,
running away from home, and relationship problems.
Other consequences listed in this report:
-
69 per cent of the group of Northern
Territory domestic violence victims interviewed reported being
physically and emotionally exhausted, stressed and depressed to the
point of having to stop work for periods ranging from three months
to two years and seven per cent were too ill or too exhausted to
work permanently.
-
all of the women in the group of Tasmanian
domestic violence victims interviewed who had worked during the
violent relationship noted they were unable to separate the trauma
of their personal life from their work life, resulting in either
lost work days or poor performance.
-
all of the group of Northern Territory
domestic violence victims interviewed who had worked at some time
during the violent relationship reported the high anxiety and
feelings of worthlessness greatly affected the quality of their
work performance; 97 per cent could not concentrate or performed
poorly at work and 93 per cent made more errors at work; seven per
cent lost a job because of poor performance due to the
violence.
-
in 40 per cent of cases, friends and family
of the group of Northern Territory domestic violence victims took
time off work to accompany the women to court, to hospital, or to
mind her children.
-
four women had in excess of 100 sick days as
a result of direct violence or other injuries; one had a year of
sick leave due to a back injury caused by her partner; another
missed 288 days (over a 16 year period) due to stress caused by the
relationship.
Commonwealth, State and
Territory Domestic Violence Programs and Strategies
Division of Responsibilities between the States and the
Commonwealth
The Commonwealth's role in addressing domestic violence
commenced formally with the National Agenda for Women consultations
in 1986. Following this in 1987 the Office of the Status of Women
(OSW) commenced a three year public education campaign, along with
a national survey to gauge community attitudes to violence against
women. A follow up survey, Community Attitudes to
Violence, was conducted in 1995. The role of the Commonwealth
has grown over time, through the implementation of the 1992
National Strategy on Violence against Women, the 1996
Women's Safety Survey, the 2005
Personal Safety Survey, and the
Partnerships against Domestic Violence and the Women
s Safety Agenda programs detailed below.
The Commonwealth has a role in leading the standard approaches
to policy and legislative reform in the states and territories. It
also sponsors interagency, as well as interstate and territory
cooperation in the development and implementation of best practice
models for addressing and preventing domestic violence. The states,
not the Commonwealth, have the law enforcement responsibilities in
relation to policing and prosecuting instances of domestic
violence. Each state jurisdiction has its own laws and policies for
responding to domestic violence.
Partnerships against Domestic Violence Strategy
The Commonwealth's
Partnerships against Domestic Violence (PADV)
initiative, launched at the National Domestic Violence Summit in
November 1997, was the main Commonwealth program aimed at
addressing the issue of domestic violence (see Prime Minister's
Press Release, 7 November 1997) until it was replaced by
the Women
s Safety Agenda in July 2005. The government committed $50.3
million to funding this initiative, which was released in two
stages. The PADV strategy was initially allocated $25.3 million
over three and a half years, from 1997 to June 2001. This amount
was topped up with another $25 million and the project extended to
June 2004 (see Senator Newman's
Press Release, October 1999 for details). The 2003
budget, revised the forward estimates, extending the time frame for
the project by another year to 2005, to be funded with unspent
monies from previous years: $4.3 million in 2001 02 and $7.5
million in 2002 03. This initiative was designed to encourage the
Commonwealth, states and territories to work together on various
priority themes relating to domestic violence.
National
Initiative to Combat Sexual Assault (NICSA)
In the 2001 02 Budget the Commonwealth Government announced
funding of $16.5 million over four years to be administered by the
Office of the Status of Women (OSW), to facilitate a national
approach to combat sexual assault against women. The
National Initiative to Combat Sexual Assault strategy
established partnerships with states and territories to develop
strategies to address the incidence of sexual assault in the
community. An additional $6.7 million was appropriated to NICSA in
the 2004 05 Budget for the National Elimination of Violence
Campaign (Violence against women Australia says no). Funding for
this program came to an end in June 2005. In 2005, however, it was
announced that funding for 2005 06 (and 2006 07) would be
re-phased to meet the contract requirements for the ABS
Personal Safety Survey.
The Women s Safety Agenda
In the 2005 Budget the Australian Government announced that the
Partnerships against Domestic Violence initiative had come to an
end to be replaced by the Women
s Safety Agenda program at a cost of $75.7 million over
four years.
According to the Women
s Safety Agenda website, the initiative addresses four broad
themes: prevention, health, justice and services. Together they aim
to decrease the impacts of domestic violence and sexual assault
upon the community by building on the achievements of the
Partnerships against Domestic Violence initiative and the
National Initiative to Combat Sexual Assault, increasing
attention on preventing violence and early intervention and support
for those affected by violence.
The Women
s Safety Agenda program continues to fund the Australian
Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse originally
funded by PADV. This clearinghouse publishes research on key issues
in family violence policy, practice and research. It aims to meet
the information needs of government agencies, generalist and
specialist service providers, researchers and interested members of
the public.
The Way Forward
Prevention or Intervention
An article in the Australian and New Zealand Journal of
Criminology,
Preventing Sexual Violence, argues that the last 20
years of policy development has been characterised by a persistent
focus on 'tertiary' levels of intervention providing sympathetic
and victim centred care after the assault, reducing
further harm. Apprehended violence orders, law reform, the
provision of refuges, health, accommodation and domestic violence
services, the refinement of policy and procedures for the care of
victims of sexual and domestic violence post-assault are all
examples of tertiary intervention. The authors argue that while
these policies are important, especially in reducing further harm
and showing care for victims, they do not prevent violence against
women, as intervention occurs after the violence has occurred. Only
recently have social policies started to look at ways of
intervening to prevent violence against women from occurring in the
first instance.
In
An impossibly ambitious plan? Australian policy and the elimination
of domestic violence, Suellen Murray argues:
While there have been significant
shifts over the past thirty years in relation to both policy and
practice around domestic violence, its elimination is not within
sight. Recently released research on the disease burden of domestic
violence suggests that there is a need to increase efforts in the
area of primary prevention (VicHealth 2004) and this work must be
undertaken within the context of unequal gendered distribution of
power and resources. If the elimination of domestic violence is not
to be an impossibly ambitious plan then there is still much more to
be done.
A literature review undertaken for the PADV program, Current
Perspectives on Domestic Violence, identified three ways
forward to prevent violence against women:
-
working with young people to break the
intergenerational cycle of violence
-
working with victims and perpetrators to
break the cycle of violence
-
working with communities to educate against
violence
Perpetrator Programs
Men who use violence against women have only recently begun to
receive attention by researchers and policy makers. Programs aimed
at re-educating violent offenders now exist in the UK, Australia,
North America and New Zealand. A literature review,
Responding to Men Who Perpetrate Domestic Violence,
provides a comprehensive overview of the controversies surrounding
the development of programs focused on men, seen by some to divert
resources away from victims. A National Crime Prevention report,
Ending Domestic Violence: Programs for Perpetrators,
provides a comprehensive overview of perpetrator programs in
Australian states and territories. The study found that policy
development with a focus on men as perpetrators has been ad hoc. A
key unresolved policy issue is whether these programs should be
mandatory for offenders, as they are in the United States, or
voluntary, based on self referral as they tend to be in Australian
jurisdictions. The
Northern Territory Prison Referred and Community Based
Indigenous Family Violence Offender Program is a
substantial resource manual tailored for working with offenders of
family violence in Indigenous Communities, produced by the Northern
Territory Government with the aid of the PADV perpetrator program
models.
Early Childhood Prevention Programs
Working with Children and Young People was a report of
the
PADV initiative, which provides an overview of the successful
ingredients of education programs designed to disrupt the
intergenerational cycle of abuse by targeting children and young
people. Education programs in schools have consistently been
identified as a key strategy for reducing violence in society. The
assumption is that by exposing children and young people to
non-violent alternatives, providing them with conflict resolution
and anger management skills alongside a respect for others and
tolerance of diversity, violent behaviour in adults will be
prevented.
Community Awareness Campaigns
The PADV program committed $10 million in funding for national
community awareness campaigns as part of its overall strategy to
eliminate violence against women. As a result, an array of
community education resources were sponsored by the
Commonwealth and made publicly accessible through the PADV
publications website. As part of this community awareness campaign,
the Commonwealth launched the National Elimination of Violence
Campaign (Violence
against women Australia says no) in June 2004. The campaign
includes awareness-raising through TV, cinema, magazine and
washroom advertising, a 24 hour helpline and curriculum resources
for secondary schools. The original funding for this initiative of
$6.7 million was appropriated to the
National Initiative to Combat Sexual Assault (NICSA)
initiative in the 2004 05 Budget. Funding for this program under
NICSA came to an end in June 2005. Further funding for the campaign
is now provided as part of the Australian Government's
Women s Safety Agenda.
States and territories also sponsored public education campaigns
about domestic violence, sexual violence and child abuse. Community
education campaigns using pamphlets, resource kits, facts sheets,
posters, billboards, radio and television commercials, have all
been used. Most have not been evaluated and whether they actually
prevent violence against women is unknown.
Conclusion
A common theme throughout the research is that there is a need
for a more long-term integrated response to domestic violence in
Australia, which aims to prevent domestic violence in the first
place with a view to reducing existing levels of violence. Pilot
programs such as those funded under the
PADV initiative have certainly contributed to our understanding
of effective solutions to domestic violence in our community. The
challenge is in the provision of on-going programs in order to
address on-going problems and to achieve longer-term goals.
International studies on domestic violence also point to a need
to:
-
improve domestic violence data
collection
-
improve evaluations of intervention, public
awareness and education programs
-
improve cost estimates, including incidental
economic consequences such as loss of income, child care costs,
housing costs and legal or court costs
-
include indirect and non-economic costs of
domestic violence to the community, such as educational disruption,
restriction of occupational attainment, the impact on individual
self-esteem and the long-term social, educational and psychological
impacts on women and children
-
include intergenerational effects of domestic
violence such as the development of life cycles of abuse from one
generation to another
Links
Key Electronic Journals
Available online through the Proquest database
Key Sites
New South Wales
Victoria
Queensland
-
-
-
-
Queensland's Office for Women lists services
and info-sheets on its Safety
page
-
Western Australia
South Australia
Tasmania
Northern Territory
Australian Capital Territory
-
- Australian Bureau of Statistics,
Crime and Safety 2002
- Australian Bureau of Statistics,
'Violence
against Women', Australian Year Book, 1998
- Australian Bureau of Statistics,
Women's Safety Survey, 1996
- Australian Bureau of Statistics,
Personal Safety Survey, 2005
- Australian Institute of Criminology, Homicides
Resulting from Domestic Altercations, Crime Facts
Info, no. 22, 16 April 2002
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare , Family violence
among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, 2006
- Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics
(BTRE),
About Australia's Regions, 2003
- Carcach, C., Reporting
Crime to the Police, Australian Institute of Criminology,
1998
- Carach, C. and M. James, Homicide
between Intimate Partners in Australia, Australian
Institute of Criminology, 1998
- Carmody, M. and K. Carrington,
Preventing Sexual Violence, Australian and New
Zealand Journal of Criminology, vol. 33, no. 3, December
2000
- Indermaur, D., Young
Australians and Domestic Violence, Australian Institute of
Criminology, 2001
- Hegarty, K. et al., 'Domestic
Violence in Australia: Definition, Prevalence and Nature of
Presentation in Clinical Practice', Medical Journal of
Australia, vol. 173, no. 7, October 2000
- Henderson, M.,
Impacts and Costs of Domestic Violence on the Australian
Business/Corporate Sector, a report to Lord Mayor's Women's
Advisory Committee, Queensland, 2000
- Keel, M.
Family violence and sexual assault in Indigenous communities,
The Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault,
Briefing no. 4, 2004
- Laing, L.,
Responding to Men who Perpetrate Domestic Violence:
Controversies, Interventions and Challenges, Australian
Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse, Issues Paper
7, 2002
- Laing, L. and N. Bobic,
Economic Costs of Domestic Violence, Literature Review,
Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse, 2002
- Moussos, J. and T. Makkai Women s
experiences of male violence findings from the Australian component
of the International Violence Against Women Survey (IVAWS),
Australian Institute of Criminology,
2004
- Mousos, J. and C. Rushforth, Family
Homicide in Australia, Australian Institute of Criminology, June 2003
- Murray, S.
An impossibly ambitious plan? Australian policy and the elimination
of domestic violence, Just
Policy, vol. 38, December 2005
- National Crime Prevention Program,
Violence in Indigenous Communities, Attorney General's
Department, 2001
- National Crime Prevention Program,
Ending Domestic Violence: Programs for Perpetrators,
Attorney General's Department, 1998
- NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and
Research,
Apprehended Violence Orders by Region, 2000
- Queensland Government, The
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women's Task Force on
Violence Report, 1998
- Strategic Partners,
Domestic Violence Prevention: Strategies and Resources for
Working with Young People, a resource kit produced for the
PADV initiative, Office of the Status of Women, April 2000
- Strategic Partners and the Research Centre
for Gender Studies, University of South Australia, Current
Perspectives on Domestic Violence, a literature review
conducted for the PADV initiative, Office of the Status of Women,
1999
- Women's Services Network (WESNET),
Domestic Violence in Regional Australia, a literature
review prepared for the Commonwealth Department of Transport and
Regional Services, 2000
- Working with
Children and Young People, a report of the PADV initiative,
May 2000
For copyright reasons some linked items are only
available to Members of Parliament.
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