A declaration must specify the entity that is the responsible entity for the asset. The Minister must notify each reporting entity for the asset and the First Minister of the state or territory in which the asset is located within 30 days of making the declaration; notices must specify the obligations of a reporting entity under the Act.[98]

Declarations will not be legislative instruments, and for reasons of national security, will not be made public.

Issue: lack of consultation requirements for declared assets

While the Minister will be required to notify the First Minister of the relevant state or territory after the fact, unlike the prescription of assets under clause 9, there will be no requirement for the Minister to consult state or territory ministers before declaring an asset to be a critical infrastructure asset under clause 51. While the declaration power under clause 51 will operate more narrowly than the prescription power under clause 9, it is not entirely clear why the Minister should not still be required to consult state or territory ministers before making a declaration, and this difference is not explained in the Explanatory Memorandum. This issue was raised in submissions to the Exposure Draft consultations from the NSW and SA Governments, with NSW explicitly recommending that consultation be required.[99] The NSW Government also recommended that declaration of an asset owned or operated by a state government should require the consent of the relevant state, not just consultation, partly as a means to ensure that the Bill does not impair the capacity of the states to exercise their constitutional powers.[100]

Issue: whether the Bill should apply to additional sectors

As noted earlier in this Digest, the Shadow Assistant Minister for Cyber Security and Defence and some stakeholders have suggested that the Bill should apply to additional sectors, including health and medical facilities, the banking and finance sector and airports. The Department of Home Affairs’ submission to the PJCIS outlined the rationale for the application of the Bill to the electricity, gas, water and ports sectors and stated:

While other critical infrastructure sectors, including banking and finance, health and aviation are at risk from espionage, sabotage and coercion, the level of existing regulation in place lowers their risk profile. The Centre will continue to work with these sectors through existing mechanisms including the Trusted Information Sharing Network (TISN) to improve their understanding of the threats of espionage, sabotage and coercion and to develop mitigation strategies.[101]

The Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security was satisfied that additional sectors did not need to be included in the Bill. However, it recommended that the Government review and develop measures to ensure that Australia has a continuous supply of fuel to meet its national security priorities, and as part of that process should consider whether critical fuel assets should in future be made subject to the measures in the SCI Bill.[102]

Reporting entities and operators

The concept of reporting entities is relevant to both of the key measures in the Bill. Reporting entities will be required to provide information to be kept on the register to be established by Part 2 of the Bill, and may be directed (as may operators of critical infrastructure assets) by the Minister to do certain things under Part 3.

Reporting entities for an asset will include the responsible entity for the asset and direct interest holders in relation to the asset.[103] In some cases, an entity will be both the responsible entity and a direct interest holder.

The responsible entity for an asset will be:

• the entity that holds the licence, approval or authorisation to operate a critical electricity asset or a critical gas asset to provide the service to be delivered by the asset
• the water utility that holds the licence, approval or authorisation under an Australian law to provide the service to be delivered by a critical water asse
• the port operator (within the meaning of the Maritime Transport and Offshore Facilities Security Act 2003[104]) of a critical port
• for a critical infrastructure asset declared under clause 51, the entity specified in the declaration or
• for a critical infrastructure asset prescribed by the rules for the purpose of paragraph 9(1)(f), the entity specified in the rules.[105]

An entity will be a direct interest holder in relation to an asset if it:

• holds a legal or equitable interest of at least 10 per cent in the asset (including interest held jointly with one or more other entities) or
• holds a lease of, or an interest in, the asset that puts the entity in a position to directly or indirectly influence or control the asset.[106]

The operator of an asset will be:

• for a critical port, a port facility operator (within the meaning of the Maritime Transport and Offshore Facilities Security Act 2003) of a port facility within the port or
• for any other type of critical infrastructure asset, an entity that is authorised to operate the asset or part of the asset.[107]

In some cases, an entity will be both the responsible entity for and an operator of an asset.

Issue: definition of direct interest holder

Stakeholders raised concerns relating to a lack of clarity about which entities will be direct interest holders, specifically:

• whether the intention is to capture only immediate shareholders or interest holders, or also intermediate or ultimate holding entities, of assets and[108]
• the references to influence and control in the definition might mean that it will capture financiers that have a certain level of influence or control over an asset, even where they have not enforced their security (the LCA recommended including ‘an express carve-out for money lending agreements’ based on that in the Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Regulation 2015).[109]

In its supplementary submission to the PJCIS, the Department of Home Affairs stated that it would seek to:

• amend definition of direct interest holder to clarify that it is ‘limited to the immediate shareholder or interest holder and does not extend to any intermediate or ultimate holding entities’
• include a definition of ‘influence and control’ and
• include a carve-out for money lenders modelled broadly on the one in the Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Regulation 2015.[110]

The Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security recommended that the SCI Bill and the Explanatory Memorandum be amended to more appropriately define direct interest holder in order to capture the intended range of ownership arrangements, and clarify:

• moneylenders are not direct interest holders where they hold an interest through a financing arrangement and
• intermediate and ultimate holding entities are not direct interest holders.[111]

Register of Critical Infrastructure Assets (Part 2)

Part 2 of the Bill will establish the Register of Critical Infrastructure Assets and require reporting entities to provide information that will be kept in the register.

Establishment of the Register

Clauses 19–21 will require the Secretary to keep a register containing:

• information obtained under provisions requiring reporting entities to give information and notify the Secretary of certain events
• other operational information and interest and control information and
• any corrections or updates to such information.

Clause 22 will require the Secretary to ensure that the register is not made public. Division 3 of Part 4 of the Bill will set out how information obtained under Part 2 may be dealt with and an offence for unauthorised use or disclosure.

Information that must be provided by reporting entities initially

Clause 23 will require an entity that is, or will be, a reporting entity for a critical infrastructure asset at the end of the grace period, to give the Secretary certain information by the end of the grace period (six months) or 30 days after the day the entity becomes a reporting entity for the asset, whichever is later.

A reporting entity that is a responsible entity will be required to provide operational information in relation to the asset, that is:

• the location of the asset
• a description of the area the asset services
• for each responsible entity and operator of the asset: the name, ABN or other similar business number, the address of the head office or principal place of business and the country in which the entity was incorporated, formed or created
• the full name of the entity’s chief executive officer and the country or countries of which he or she is a citizen
• a description of the arrangements under which each operator operates the asset or part of the asset
• a description of the arrangements under which data prescribed by the rules relating to the asset is maintained and
• any additional information prescribed by the rules.[112]

A reporting entity that is a direct interest holder must provide interest and control information in relation to the asset, that is:

• the name of the entity
• if applicable, the ABN or other similar business number of the entity
• for an entity other than an individual: the address of the head office or principal place of business and the country in which the entity was incorporated, formed or created
• for an entity that is an individual: the individual’s residential address, country in which he or she usually resides and the country or countries of which he or she is a citizen
• the type and level of interest the entity holds in the asset
• information about the influence or control the entity is in a position to exercise in relation to the asset, including decisions about the running of the asset and any person the entity has appointed to the body that governs the asset (and the ability of such persons to directly access networks or systems necessary for the operation or control of the asset)
• for each other entity in a position to directly or indirectly influence or control the first entity, the information in the first four points above and information about the influence or control it is in a position to exercise in relation to the first entity and
• any additional information prescribed by the rules.[113]

Ongoing obligations to provide information

Clause 24 will require reporting entities to provide certain information if a notifiable event occurs in relation to an asset.[114] The information must be provided in the approved form and within 30 days of the event. Clause 26 will provide that an event is a notifiable event in relation to a critical infrastructure asset if:

• it has the effect that operational information or interest and control information previously obtained by the Secretary becomes incorrect or incomplete
• the event is an entity becoming a reporting entity for the asset or
• the event is a reporting entity for the asset becoming an entity to which the Act applies.[115]

Civil penalties

Civil penalties of up to 250 penalty units (currently $52,500) for a body corporate, or 50 penalty units (currently $10,500) for any other person, will apply for failing to comply with information obligations imposed by clauses 23 and 24.[116]

Exceptions and exemptions to obligations to provide information

Subclause 24(4) will provide that the requirement to provide information in relation to a notifiable event will not apply if, within 30 days of that event occurring, another notifiable event occurs and, as a result of the second event, information relating to the first event is no longer correct.

Clause 25 will provide that the initial obligation to provide information (under clause 23) or an obligation to provide information in relation to a notifiable event (under clause 24) does not apply to particular information if the person uses their best endeavours to obtain the information but is not able to do so.

Clause 27 will allow the rules to provide that Division 3 of Part 2, or specific provisions within it, do not apply in relation to any entity, specified classes of entities or specified entities. As noted earlier in this Digest, the Scrutiny of Bills Committee objected to this provision because it would allow the rules to amend the operation of primary legislation. It sought the Minister’s more detailed justification for the provision and advice as to whether it would be appropriate to amend the Bill to insert guidance about the making of rules for the purposes of clause 27.[117]

An entity wishing to rely on any of these exceptions or exemptions in proceedings for a civil penalty order for non-compliance will bear an evidential burden in relation to the matter (which would require adducing or pointing to evidence that suggests a reasonable possibility that the matter exists).[118]

Notification of change of reporting entities for assets declared under clause 51

If an entity is a reporting entity for an asset declared to be a critical infrastructure asset by the Minister under clause 51, it must notify the Secretary within 30 days if it ceases to be a reporting entity for the asset or if it becomes aware of another reporting entity for the asset.[119] The notification must include that fact, and if another entity is a reporting entity, also the name of each other entity and the address of its head office or principal place of business (to the extent known).[120] A civil penalty of up to 750 penalty units (currently $157,500) for a body corporate, or 150 penalty units (currently $31,500) for any other person, will apply for failing to comply with this notice requirement.[121]

Power for the Minister to issue directions (Part 3)

Part 3 of the Bill will establish the power for the Minister to issue directions to reporting entities and operators of critical infrastructure where there is a risk that is prejudicial to security that cannot otherwise be mitigated.

When a direction may be issued

Under clause 32, the Minister will be able to give a written direction to an entity that is a reporting entity for, or an operator of, a critical infrastructure asset requiring the entity to do, or refrain from doing, a specified act or thing within the period specified in the direction. A direction may only be given if:

• the Minister is satisfied that:
  • there is a risk of an act or omission that would be prejudicial to security in connection with the operation of, or the delivery of a service by, a critical infrastructure asset (subclause 32(1))

  • requiring the entity to do, or refrain from doing, a specified act or thing is reasonably necessary for purposes relating to eliminating or reducing that risk (subclause 32(3)(a))

  • reasonable steps have been taken to negotiate in good faith with the entity to achieve an outcome of eliminating or reducing that risk without a direction being given (subclause 32(3)(b)) and

  • no existing regulatory system of the Commonwealth, a state or a territory could be used instead (subclause 32(3)(d)) and

• an adverse security assessment in respect of the entity has been given to the Minister for the purposes of clause 32 (subclause 32(3)(c)).

Clause 5 will provide that adverse security assessment has the same meaning as in Part IV of the ASIO Act. ASIO’s functions include providing federal agencies and departments with security assessments relevant to their functions and responsibilities.[122] An adverse security assessment in relation to a person is one that contains any opinion, advice or information that is or could be prejudicial to the interests of the person, and a recommendation that prescribed administrative action be taken or not taken in respect of the person (where implementation of that recommendation would be prejudicial to the interests of the person).[123]

Before giving a direction, the Minister must have regard to the matters set out in subclause 32(4) (such as the costs to the entity of complying with the direction and potential consequences for competition in the relevant industry and customers of or services provided by the entity) and may also have regard to any other relevant matter (subclause 32(5)(b)). The Minister must give the greatest weight to the adverse security assessment (subclause 32(5)(a)).

TransGrid suggested the inclusion of an additional safeguard whereby the time allowed for an entity to comply with a direction would be required to be reasonable ‘having regard to the nature of the direction and the steps required’.[124]

Consultation requirements

Clause 33 will require that before the Minister gives a direction, he or she must consult with the First Minister of the state or territory in which the critical infrastructure is located and each minister in that state or territory who has responsibility for the regulation or oversight of the relevant industry.

It will also require the Minister to give written notice of a proposed direction to the entity concerned and each consulted minister, inviting them to make written representations about the proposed direction within a specified period. The period specified will generally be required to be at least 28 days; however, the Minister will be able to specify a shorter period if he or she is satisfied that it is necessary because of urgent circumstances.

The NSW Government recommended that a direction related to an asset owned or operated by a state government should require the consent of the relevant state, not just consultation, partly as a means to ensure that the Bill does not impair the capacity of the states to exercise their constitutional powers.[125]

Review of decisions

Adverse security assessments are subject to merits review under Division 4 of Part IV of the ASIO Act. However, section 38 of the ASIO Act allows the Attorney-General to issue a certificate in certain circumstances that prevents the subject of an adverse security assessment being notified of that assessment (and the subject’s right to seek a review). In her submission to the PJCIS, the IGIS pointed out:

In this event, it would fall to the responsible entity to infer from the issuing of the Ministerial direction that it was the subject of an ASA [adverse security assessment], and to independently inform itself of its right to seek merits review of the ASA. This outcome could effectively deprive some responsible entities of an opportunity to exercise their review rights. It would yield no apparent benefit to security, as the making of the Ministerial direction would necessarily reveal the existence of the ASA.[126]

The IGIS also put forward a possible solution to the issue:

Adverse security assessments issued in connection with the Ministerial directions power in clause 32 of the Bill could be made subject to the separate notification requirements in section 38A of the ASIO Act, rather than the general notification requirements (and Ministerial certification-based exceptions) in section 38. The separate requirements in section 38A currently apply to ASAs that are issued in connection with certain Ministerial directions given under the Telecommunications Act 1997. Subsection 38A(3) of the ASIO Act does not allow a notice of the issuing of such an ASA to be withheld from the assessed entity. It permits only the exclusion of certain information from the copy of the assessment that is attached to the notice.[127]

In its supplementary submission to the PJCIS, the Department of Home Affairs stated that it would seek to amend the Bill in line with the IGIS’s suggestion.[128] The Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security recommended an amendment to this effect.[129]

Decisions to issue directions under clause 32 will be reviewable under the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977.

Issue: thresholds for issue of directions and matters to be considered beforehand

The NT Government and the LCA put forward additional matters that they suggest the Minister should be required to consider (under subclause 32(4)) before issuing a direction. The NT Government recommended that the Minister be required to consider the costs likely to be incurred by state and territory governments by an entity complying with the direction, and the likely implications of the direction on ‘economic and regional development, and future investment projects or supply chains’.[130] The LCA noted that existing investors in critical infrastructure ‘often have negotiated existing contractual arrangements with the Commonwealth, State or Territory as to how assets would be operated or regulated’. It suggested that those existing arrangements either be protected from adverse modification ‘or at least be taken into account’ under subclause 32(4).[131]

The LCA also suggested that the directions power only be available where the Minister is satisfied that there is a ‘substantial and imminent risk’ of ‘unauthorised interference with, or unauthorised access to, a critical infrastructure asset that would be prejudicial to security’ (a higher threshold than included in subclause 32(1) of being satisfied ‘that there is a risk of an act or omission that would be prejudicial to security’).[132]

Issue: interaction of directions power with other laws

Energy Australia and TransGrid both raised the issue of how the directions power would interact with state and territory laws and other Commonwealth laws. Energy Australia suggested that the Bill provide that directions must not conflict with other laws, while TransGrid suggested the inclusion of a statutory immunity for entities that risk non-compliance with other laws ‘as a result of seeking to comply in good faith with a last resort direction’.[133]

Compliance and civil penalty

Clause 34 will provide that an entity to which a direction has been issued under subclause 32(2) must comply with the direction. A civil penalty of up to 1,250 penalty units (currently $262,500) for a body corporate, or 250 penalty units (currently $52,500) for any other person, will apply for failing to comply with a direction. Clause 35 will provide an exception under which the obligation to comply with a direction will not apply to the extent that its operation would result in an acquisition of property from a person otherwise than on just terms. An entity wishing to rely on that exception in proceedings for a civil penalty order will bear an evidential burden in relation to the matter.

Gathering and using information (Part 4)

Secretary’s powers to compel information and documents

Clause 37 will allow the Secretary to issue a written notice to a reporting entity for or an operator of a critical infrastructure asset requiring it to give information or produce documents (or copies of documents) within a specified period that the Secretary has reason to believe:

• is relevant to the exercise of a power, or performance of a duty or function, under the Act in relation to the asset or
• may assist with determining whether a power under the Act should be exercised in relation to the asset.

Before issuing a notice, the Secretary must have regard to the costs that would be likely to be incurred to comply with a notice, and may have regard to any other relevant matters. Subclause 37(6) will provide that an entity is entitled to reasonable compensation for complying with a requirement to provide copies of documents. It is not clear why this does not extend to the costs of complying with requirements to provide information or produce documents.

A civil penalty of up to 750 penalty units (currently $157,500) for a body corporate, or 150 penalty units (currently $31,500) for any other person, will apply for failing to comply with a notice given under subclause 37(2) (see subclause 37(4)).

Clauses 38 and 39 will provide for the Secretary to make copies of and retain documents respectively. Clause 39 will allow the Secretary to retain documents ‘for as long as is necessary’.

Under clause 40, an entity will not be excused from providing information, documents or copies of documents on the basis that it might tend to incriminate them or expose them to a penalty (that is, the privilege against self-incrimination will not apply). If the entity is an individual, neither the information, nor information obtained as a direct or indirect consequence of giving the information, will be admissible in criminal proceedings (except for an offence of providing false or misleading information or documents related to the Act) or civil proceedings (except for recovery of a penalty for breaching subclause 37(4)) against the individual.

Issue: scope of notice and time for compliance

Clause 37 does not include a minimum period that the Secretary must give an entity to comply with a notice to produce information or documents. Minimum periods are usually stipulated, and the Government’s Guide to Framing Commonwealth Offences, Infringement Notices and Enforcement Powers recommends that notices be required to provide a person a minimum of 14 days to comply.[134]

There is also no provision made for an entity to seek an extension of time to comply with a notice, or to seek any amendment to the scope of a notice (for example, if the entity does not have and is unable to obtain the requested information). Consideration could be given to the inclusion of mechanisms for an entity to request the issue of a revised notice or an extension of time (which the Secretary would then have discretion to refuse), or the insertion of a ‘reasonable excuse’ defence to the civil penalty in subclause 37(4) for failing to comply with a notice.

Authorised use and disclosure of protected information

Subdivision A, Division 3 of Part 4 of the Bill will set out the circumstances in which and purposes for which protected information may be used and disclosed. Subdivision B will create an offence for unauthorised use or disclosure—see further below.

Protected information will be defined in clause 5 to mean information in relation to an asset that:

• is obtained by a person in the course of exercising powers or performing duties or functions under the Act
• is the fact that the asset is declared to be a critical infrastructure asset under clause 51 (declarations made by the Minister that are not made public for reasons of national security) or
• was information of one of the types mentioned above, and is obtained by a person through an authorised disclosure or in accordance with an exception to the unauthorised disclosure offence.

An entity will be permitted to make a record of, use or disclose protected information for the purposes of exercising its powers or performing its functions or duties under the Act, or otherwise ensuring compliance with the Act (clause 41).[135]

The Secretary will also be permitted to disclose protected information:

• to certain persons, and make a record of or use protected information for the purpose of that disclosure, for the purposes of enabling or assisting the other person to exercise their powers or perform their functions or duties (clause 42) and
• to an enforcement body (within the meaning of the Privacy Act 1988), for the purpose of enforcement related activities (clause 43).

The persons to whom the Secretary may disclose protected information under clause 42 will be:

• federal ministers with responsibility for national security, law enforcement, foreign investment, taxation policy, industry policy, promoting investment in Australia, defence and/or the regulation or oversight of the relevant industry for the critical infrastructure asset to which the information relates
• state or territory ministers with responsibility for regulation or oversight of the relevant industry for the critical infrastructure asset to which the information relates
• a person employed by one of those federal, state or territory ministers and
• the head of, or an officer or employee of, a department or agency administered by one of those federal, state or territory ministers.

Clause 44 will permit secondary use and disclosure of information for the purposes for which it was initially disclosed.

Issue: Secretary’s powers to share protected information

Some industry stakeholders raised concerns about the Secretary’s powers to share protected information for purposes other than the measures in the Bill. TasWater considered that clause 42 is too broad:

These powers of disclosure do not specifically reference the performance of functions or duties under any particular legislation, but simply reference “powers” and “functions or duties”.

In addition, the Secretary has an unfettered discretion as to whether disclosure is made, with no guiding principles, parameters or issues to be considered in the exercise of that discretion.[136]

AusGrid and Energy Australia considered that given the sensitive nature of the information, provision should be made to ensure its security when shared, with Ausgrid recommending that before making a disclosure under clause 42, the Secretary be required to be satisfied that there are systems and processes in place to ensure the security of any protected information.[137]

Unauthorised use and disclosure of protected information

It will be an offence under clause 45 for an entity to make a record of, disclose or otherwise use protected information except as authorised under Subdivision A, Division 3 of Part 4, or as required by subclause 51(3) or subclause 52(4) (under which the Minister and the Secretary respectively must notify certain persons of the declaration of an asset as a critical infrastructure asset). The maximum penalty will be imprisonment for two years and/or 120 penalty units (currently $25,200) for an individual and 600 penalty units (currently $126,000) for a body corporate.[138] This is the only criminal offence in the Bill.

Clause 46 will provide for three exceptions to the offence, specifically where the making of a record, disclosure or use was:

• required or authorised under another Commonwealth law or a state or territory law prescribed by the rules
• done in good faith and in purported compliance with Subdivision A, Division 3 of Part 4, subclause 51(3) or subclause 52(4) or
• disclosed to the entity to whom it relates, where it relates to the entity itself, or where it is made with the consent of the entity to whom the information relates.

An entity wishing to rely on any of these exceptions in proceedings for an offence against clause 45 will bear an evidential burden in relation to the matter (which would require adducing or pointing to evidence that suggests a reasonable possibility that the matter exists).[139]

Clause 47 will provide that an entity is not to be required to disclose protected information to a court, tribunal or other person except where necessary for the purposes of the Act. The NSW Government questioned whether this provision might contravene principles established in Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions and section 75 of the Constitution (original jurisdiction of the High Court), but did not provide any further detail on the nature of its concerns.[140]

SCI Bill: other provisions

Enforcement (Part 5)

Part 5 of the SCI Bill will provide that civil penalty provisions in the Bill are enforceable under Parts 4, 6 and 7 of the Regulatory Powers Act. If a civil penalty provision of the Act is contravened, the Minister or the Secretary will be able to:

• apply to a relevant court for a civil penalty order requiring a person to pay a pecuniary penalty (under Part 4 of the Regulatory Powers Act)
• accept an undertaking relating to compliance with a civil penalty provision that may be enforced through an order of a relevant court (under Part 6 of the Regulatory Powers Act) and/or
• apply to a relevant court for an injunction (under Part 7 of the Regulatory Powers Act).

Administrative provisions (Part 7)

Application to certain entities

Division 2 of Part 7 of the Bill will set out how it applies to partnerships (clause 54), trusts and superannuation funds that are trusts (clause 55) and unincorporated foreign companies (clause 56).

Secretary’s powers

Division 3 of Part 7 of the Bill will:

• provide the Secretary the explicit power to undertake an assessment of a critical infrastructure asset to determine if there is a risk to national security relating to the asset (clause 57)
• provide that the Secretary must notify a reporting entity in writing if he or she becomes aware that an asset has ceased to be a critical infrastructure asset (clause 58) and
• allow the Secretary to delegate any of his or her powers, functions or duties to an SES employee or acting SES employee of the Department, by written instrument (clause 59).

Annual reports

Clause 60 will require the Secretary to prepare a report on the operation of the Act for each financial year and provide it to the Minister for presentation to the Parliament. Each report must ‘deal with’ the number of notifications made to the Secretary of notifiable events (under Division 3 of Part 2), any directions given by the Minister under clause 32, the use of powers to compel information (under Division 2 of Part 4), any enforcement action against an entity (under Part 5 and the Regulatory Powers Act) and the number of declarations of assets as critical infrastructure assets by the Minister under clause 51. The Minister must table the report in each house of Parliament within 15 sitting days of receiving it.[141]

Rules

Clause 61 will provide that the Minister may make rules for the purposes of the Act by legislative instrument. The rules may not do certain things, such as creating offences or civil penalties or providing certain coercive powers.

Consequential and Transitional Provisions Bill

Consequential amendments

Section 35 of the ASIO Act contains definitions for the purposes of Part IV of that Act, which relates to ASIO’s security assessment function. Item 1 of Schedule 1 will amend the definition of prescribed administrative action in subsection 35(1) of the ASIO Act to include the exercise of a power under subsection 32(2) of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Act. This will allow ASIO to provide the Minister with security assessments to inform the exercise of the directions power in clause 32 of the SCI Bill.

Subsection 122(1) of the FATA provides that a person may disclose protected information (as defined in section 120 of the FATA) to Commonwealth ministers and agencies responsible for certain Acts, for the purposes of administering those Acts. Item 2 of Schedule 1 will add the Security of Critical Infrastructure Act to the list of Acts in subsection 122(1). Subsections 122(2) and (3) of the FATA allow a person to disclose protected information to a Commonwealth minister or secretary of a department (respectively) responsible for certain matters (including, for example, agriculture and taxation policy), for the purpose of enabling the Minister to discharge those responsibilities. Item 3 of Schedule 1 will amend those subsections to add national security to the lists of matters.

Other amendments

Schedule 2 will make equivalent amendments to section 122 of the FATA as those made by items 2 and 3 of Schedule 1, but in relation to the Defence Act 1903 (for subsection 122(1)) and defence (for subsections 122(2) and (3)).

Members, Senators and Parliamentary staff can obtain further information from the Parliamentary Library on (02) 6277 2500.

[1].         Department of Home Affairs, Submission to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security (PJCIS), Inquiry into the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, n.d., pp. 3–4. There are several Ministers within the Home Affairs portfolio (Minister for Home Affairs, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs, Minister for Law Enforcement and Cybersecurity and Assistant Minister for Home Affairs).

[2].         Australian Government, Critical infrastructure resilience strategy: policy statement, Commonwealth of Australia, 2015, p. 3. ‘Significantly’ means ‘an event or incident that puts at risk public safety and confidence, threatens our economic security, harms Australia’s international competitiveness, or impedes the continuity of government and its services’.

[3].         Explanatory Memorandum, Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017 (SCI Bill), p. 3.

[4].         Critical Infrastructure Centre (CIC), Strengthening the national security of Australia’s critical infrastructure: a discussion paper, Australian Government, 2017, p. 5.

[5].         Ibid., pp. 3–4; Australian Government, Critical infrastructure resilience strategy: policy statement, op. cit., pp. 4–5.

[6].         Ibid., p. 4; Explanatory Memorandum, SCI Bill, p. 6.

[7].         G Brandis (Attorney-General), Address to the Critical Infrastructure Resilience Conference, Sydney, media release, 21 May 2015; Australian Government, Critical infrastructure resilience strategy: policy statement, op. cit., pp. 7–8. The Strategy comprises a policy statement and a plan; see: Australian Government, Critical infrastructure resilience strategy: plan, Commonwealth of Australia, 2015.

[8].         S Morrison (Treasurer), Critical asset sales to fall within foreign review net, media release, 18 March 2016; Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Amendment (Government Infrastructure) Regulation 2016.

[9].         ‘Chinese company Landbridge to operate Darwin port under $506m 99-year lease deal’, ABC News, (online), updated 14 October 2015. Security experts were divided on whether the lease should have been granted; see for example: P Barnes et al, Chinese investment in the Port of Darwin: a strategic risk for Australia?, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, December 2015.

[10].      Revised Explanatory Memorandum, Telecommunications and Other Legislation Amendment Bill 2017, p. 2. See also G Brandis (Attorney-General) and M Fifield (Minister for Communications), Protecting vital telecommunications networks, media release, 9 November 2016.

[11].      Attorney-General’s Department (AGD), ‘Telecommunications sector security reforms’, AGD website.

[12].      S Morrison (Treasurer), Security and business expertise added to Foreign Investment Review Board, media release, 4 December 2015; S Morrison (Treasurer), FIRB Chair appointment, media release, 8 April 2017.

[13].      G Brandis (Attorney-General), Keeping Australia's critical infrastructure secure, media release, 23 January 2017.

[14].      Department of Home Affairs, Submission PJCIS, op. cit., p. 10.

[15].      These reforms comprise the National Security Legislation Amendment (Espionage and Foreign Interference) Bill 2017, Foreign Influence Transparency Scheme Bill 2017, Foreign Influence Transparency Scheme (Charges Imposition) Bill 2017 and the Electoral Legislation Amendment (Electoral Funding and Disclosure Reform) Bill 2017.

[16].      Department of Home Affairs, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit., p. 8.

[17].      S Morrison (Treasurer) and P Dutton (Minister for Home Affairs), New conditions on the sale of Australian electricity assets to foreign investors, media release, 1 February 2018.

[18].      Department of Home Affairs, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit., pp. 5–6.

[19].      CIC, Strengthening the national security of Australia’s critical infrastructure: a discussion paper, op. cit., pp. 5–6.

[20].      Explanatory Memorandum, SCI Bill, p. 7.

[21].      CIC, Strengthening the national security of Australia’s critical infrastructure: a discussion paper, op. cit., pp. 9–12; AGD, ‘Strengthening the national security of Australia’s critical infrastructure’, AGD website.

[22].      G Brandis (Attorney-General), New measures to safeguard Australia's critical infrastructure, media release, 10 October 2017; Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017: exposure draft.

[23].      PJCIS, Advisory report on the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, Commonwealth of Australia March 2018, pp. xii–xiii. See further pp. 28–32 (direct interest holders), pp. 46–7, 51 (adverse security assessments) and pp. 52–3 (review).

[24].      Ibid., pp. xii–xiii. See further pp. 28–32 (direct interest holders), p. 40 (disclosure of protected information) and pp. 35–9, 41 (privacy).

[25].      Ibid., pp. xi–xii. See further pp. 18–22 (fuel security), pp. 24–31 (information reported to Commonwealth, state and territory governments) p. 31 (guidelines) and pp. 33–5, 39–40 (risk assessments).

[26].      Ibid., p. xiii.

[27].      Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills (Scrutiny of Bills Committee), Scrutiny digest, 1, 2018, The Senate, 7 February 2018, p. 97.

[28].      Ibid., pp. 97–8.

[29].      Criminal Code Act 1995, section 13.3.

[30].      Scrutiny of Bills Committee, Scrutiny digest, op. cit., pp. 98–9.

[31].      Ibid., p. 99.

[32].      G Brodtmann, Letter to the Attorney-General, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 10 November 2017.

[33].      ‘Homepage’ and ‘The TISN’, Trusted Information Sharing Network website.

[34].      Brodtmann, Letter to the Attorney-General, op. cit.

[35].      AGD, ‘Strengthening the national security of Australia’s critical infrastructure’, op. cit. Submissions provided on a confidential basis were not published.

[36].      Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Government, Submission to AGD, Strengthening the national security of Australia’s critical infrastructure, 24 March 2017; New South Wales (NSW) Government (official level), Submission to AGD, Strengthening the national security of Australia’s critical infrastructure, n.d.; Northern Territory (NT), Submission to AGD, Strengthening the national security of Australia’s critical infrastructure, March 2017; Queensland Government (official level), Submission to AGD, Strengthening the national security of Australia’s critical infrastructure, n.d.; Tasmanian Government (official level), Submission to AGD, Strengthening the national security of Australia’s critical infrastructure, March 2017.

[37].      Submissions from the following organisations and bodies were published: Airservices Australia; Arup; Ausgrid; AusNet, Australian Maritime Officers Union; Australian Pipelines and Gas Association; BAE Systems Applied Intelligence; Centre for Disaster Management and Public Safety (University of Melbourne); CitiPower and Powercor Australia; CSIRO; Curtis Incorporated; Energy Networks Australia; Geoscience Australia; Hastings; Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal (NSW); Infrastructure Partnerships Australia; Law Council of Australia; Local Government Association of Queensland; Office of the Australian Information Commissioner; Ports Australia; Queensland Water Directorate; Rail Industry Safety and Standards Board; Risk Frontiers; SGSP (Australia) Assets; Singapore Power Group; South Australia Energy and Technical Regulation; Symantec; Thales Australia and New Zealand; TransGrid; Vodafone Hutchinson Australia and Water Services Association of Australia. Several individuals also made submissions.

[38].      While this section incorporates information from submissions made in relation to the Exposure Draft, it focuses mainly on issues not already addressed through amendments to the Bill since the release of the Exposure Draft.

[39].      Government of South Australia, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 10 November 2017; NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, n.d.; NT Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, n.d. (attached to: NT Government, Submission to the PJCIS, Inquiry into the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 5 January 2018); ACT Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 10 November 2017. The SA and NSW submissions were at officer level; the NT submission was endorsed by Cabinet and the ACT submission made by the Chief Minister.

[40].      SA Government, Submission to AGD, op cit., p. 1; NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., pp. 1–2. The Melbourne Corporation principle was established in Melbourne v Commonwealth [1947] HCA 26, 13 August 1947. The High Court has characterised the principle as being concerned with ‘whether impugned legislation is directed at States, imposing some special disability or burden on the exercise of powers and fulfilment of functions of the States which curtails their capacity to function as governments’: Fortescue Metals Group Limited v The Commonwealth [2013] HCA 34, 7 August 2013, at [131].

[41].      NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., pp. 1–2; SA Government, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 1. The NSW Government submission refers to and supports a proposal by the Victorian Government to exclude state owned and operated assets from the Bill. The Victorian Government did not make a public submission.

[42].      NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., pp. 2–3, 6; SA Government, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 2; ACT Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit.

[43].      NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., pp. 3–4; NT Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., pp. 4–5; SA Government, Submission to AGD, op cit., p. 2.

[44].      NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., p. 6; NT Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., p. 6.

[45].      NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., p. 5; NT Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., p. 5.

[46].      NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., pp. 2, 5; NT Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., p. 4; SA Government, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 2.

[47].      The NT Government provided a copy of its Exposure Draft submission to the PJCIS.

[48].      SA Government, Submission to the PJCIS, Inquiry into the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, January 2018.

[49].      Department of Home Affairs, Supplementary submission to the PJCIS, Inquiry into the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, n.d.

[50].      NT Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., p. 6.

[51].      While this section incorporates information from submissions made in relation to the Exposure Draft, it focuses mainly on issues not already addressed through amendments to the Bill since the release of the Exposure Draft. If an organisation made a submission to AGD on the Exposure Draft and to the PJCIS on the Bill, the latter is primarily relied on here.

[52].      ExxonMobil, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 10 November 2017.

[53].      Energy Networks Australia, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 10 November 2017.

[54].      Energy Networks Australia, Submission to the PJCIS, Inquiry into the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 29 January 2018.

[55].      Australian Pipelines and Gas Association (APGA), Submission to the PJCIS, Inquiry into the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 2 February 2018, pp. 1–2.

[56].      Energy Networks Australia, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 2; ATCO Australia, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 10 November 2017, p. 2; TransGrid, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 10 November 2017, p. 5; Sydney Water, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 8 November 2017; Hunter Water, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 10 November 2017; Water Services Association of Australia (WSAA), Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, November 2017.

[57].      The Government estimated that the register will cost industry a total of $86,789 per year and that implementing ministerial directions will cost industry a total of $8.12 million per year (assuming the power is exercised once every three years): Regulatory Impact Statement (Appended to the Explanatory Memorandum to the SCI Bill), pp. 29–30 (for further detail, see pp. 10–27). For the earlier estimates, see CIC, Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017: explanatory document, Australian Government, October 2017, pp. 43–5, 54–61.

[58].      WSAA, Submission to the PJCIS, Inquiry into the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, n.d.

[59].      APGA, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit., pp. 1–2.

[60].      Energy Australia, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 10 November 2017, p. 2; ExxonMobil, Submission to AGD, op. cit.; ATCO Australia, Submission to AGD, op. cit., pp. 2–3; APGA, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit., pp. 3–6. The Regulatory Impact Statement indicates that this option was considered but was not the preferred option because it would ‘involve significant allocation of resources in the Australian Government and state governments’ and the resulting register ‘would still fall short’ of providing all of the necessary information: Regulatory Impact Statement, op. cit., pp. 5–6, 10.

[61].      ATCO Australia, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 2; WSAA, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit., pp. 5–6.

[62].      Energy Australia, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 2.

[63].      APGA, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit., p. 6.

[64].      Sydney Water, Submission to AGD, op. cit.; Hunter Water, Submission to AGD, op. cit.; ATCO Australia, Submission to AGD, op. cit., pp. 1–2; TasWater, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 10 November 2017, pp. 1–2; WSAA, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit.; APGA, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit.

[65].      Energy Australia, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 2; WSAA, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit.; Ausgrid, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 17 November 2017.

[66].      Energy Australia, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 2; Ausgrid, Submission to AGD, op. cit.; TasWater, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 2.

[67].      Energy Australia, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 2; TransGrid, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 3.

[68].      Macquarie Telecom Group, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, November 2017.

[69].      National Archives, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, n.d.

[70].      P Jennings, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft of the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 13 November 2017.

[71].      Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting, Submission to the PJCIS, Inquiry into the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 1 February 2018.

[72].      Arup, Submission to AGD, Strengthening the national security of Australia’s critical infrastructure, 21 March 2017.

[73].      Law Council of Australia (LCA), Submission to the PJCIS, Inquiry into the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 7 February 2018.

[74].      Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security (IGIS), Submission to the PJCIS, Inquiry into the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, 16 January 2018.

[75].      Department of Home Affairs, Supplementary submission to the PJCIS, op. cit.

[76].      Explanatory Memorandum, SCI Bill, p. 8.

[77].      The Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights can be found at page 9 of the Explanatory Memorandum to the SCI Bill. The Explanatory Memorandum to the Consequential and Transitional Provisions Bill does not include a Statement of Compatibility.

[78].      Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights, Human rights scrutiny report, 1, 6 February 2018, p. 78.

[79].      Explanatory Memorandum, SCI Bill, p. 34.

[80].      Ibid.

[81].      NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., pp. 1–3; SA Government, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit., p. 3.

[82].      NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., pp. 1–3.

[83].      Subclause 9(2) and clause 61 (rules).

[84].      The 20 ports listed are: Adelaide, Broome, Brisbane, Cairns, Christmas Island, Dampier, Darwin, Eden, Fremantle, Geelong, Gladstone, Hay Point, Hobart, Melbourne, Newcastle, Port Botany, Port Hedland, Rockhampton, Sydney Harbour and Townsville. Under clause 5, security regulated port will have the same meaning as in the Maritime Transport and Offshore Facilities Security Act 2003, that is, areas of a port intended for use either wholly or partly in connection with the movement, loading, unloading, maintenance or provisioning of security regulated ships included in a notice published in the Gazette (subsection 13(1)).

[85].      There appears to be an error in subclause 12(1)(b) of the SCI Bill; the Explanatory Memorandum indicates that this was intended to be gas storage facilities that have ‘a maximum daily quantity capacity of at least 75 terajoules per day’ [emphasis added]: Explanatory Memorandum, SCI Bill, p. 33.

[86].      Jennings, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 1; APGA, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit., p. 7.

[87].      SA Government, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit., pp. 4, 7; Sydney Water, Submission to AGD, op. cit.; Hunter Water, Submission to AGD, op. cit.; WSAA, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit.

[88].      TasWater, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit.

[89].      NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., p. 6. There is no indication that the Government intends to capture rail networks.

[90].      NT Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., p. 6. It would appear to be the former.

[91].      National security is defined in clause 5.

[92].      Security is defined in clause 5. Except in clauses 10 and 12, where the term will take its ordinary meaning, security will have the same meaning as in the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979 (ASIO Act) (section 4).

[93].      Relevant industry is defined in clause 5.

[94].      Clause 61.

[95].      NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., p. 1.

[96].      Explanatory Memorandum, SCI Bill, pp. 30–1.

[97].      National security is defined in clause 5.

[98].      First Minister is defined in clause 5 to mean the Premier of a state or the Chief Minister of the ACT or NT.

[99].      NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., p. 6; SA Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., p. 2.

[100].   NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., p. 1.

[101].   Department of Home Affairs, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit., p. 6 (see pages 5–6 for details of how risk was assessed).

[102].   PJCIS, Advisory report on the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, op. cit., pp. 18–22 (Recommendation 1).

[103].   Clause 5.

[104].   A person may be designated as the port operator for a security regulated port in a notice published in the Gazette: Maritime Transport and Offshore Facilities Security Act 2003, section 14.

[105].   Clause 5.

[106].   Subclause 8(1). Subclause 8(2) outlines how that provision applies to trusts, partnerships, superannuation funds that are trusts and unincorporated foreign companies.

[107].   Clause 5.

[108].   LCA, Submission to PJCIS, op. cit., p. 2; SA Government, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit., pp. 4–5, 7; TransGrid, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 2.

[109].   LCA, Submission to PJCIS, op. cit., p. 3. Specifically, regulation 27 of the Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Regulation 2015.

[110].   Department of Home Affairs, Supplementary submission to the PJCIS, op. cit.

[111].   PJCIS, Advisory report on the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, op. cit., pp. 28–32 (Recommendation 4).

[112].   Operational information is defined in clause 7.

[113].   Interest and control information is defined in clause 6.

[114].   The table in subclause 24(3) sets out the particular information required in relation to different notifiable events, depending on the reporting entity.

[115].   The Explanatory Memorandum to the SCI Bill provides examples of events of each type (see pages 40–1).

[116].   The value of a penalty unit is set by section 4AA of the Crimes Act 1914, and is currently $210. Subsection 82(5) of the Regulatory Powers (Standard Provisions) Act 2014 provides that a pecuniary penalty imposed by a court must not be more than five times the penalty specified for a civil penalty provision if the person alleged to have contravened the provision is a body corporate; otherwise, it must not be more than the penalty specified for a civil penalty provision.

[117].   Scrutiny of Bills Committee, Scrutiny digest, op. cit., pp. 97–8.

[118].   Regulatory Powers (Standard Provisions) Act 2014, sections 4 and 96.

[119].   Clause 52.

[120].   Subclause 52(2). Subclause 52(3) will require the entity to use its best endeavours to determine the name and address.

[121].   Ibid.

[122].   ASIO Act, paragraph 17(1)(c) and section 37.

[123].   Ibid., subsection 35(1) (this subsection also includes a definition of prescribed administrative action that will be amended by the Consequential and Transitional Provisions Bill). See further the information on the 2010 ASIO Act Security Assessment Determination No. 2 (which does not appear to be publicly available) on page 67 of the Explanatory Memorandum to the SCI Bill.

[124].   TransGrid, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 3.

[125].   NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit.,

[126].   IGIS, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit., p. 3.

[127].   Ibid. Footnote references have been omitted from this quotation and can be viewed in the source document.

[128].   Department of Home Affairs, Supplementary submission to the PJCIS, op. cit.

[129].   PJCIS, Advisory report on the Security of Critical Infrastructure Bill 2017, pp. 46–47, 51 (Recommendation 8).

[130].   NT Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., p. 4.

[131].   LCA, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit., p. 5.

[132].   LCA, Submission to the PJCIS, op. cit., pp. 6–7.

[133].   Energy Australia, Submission to AGD, op. cit.; TransGrid, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 3.

[134].   AGD, A guide to framing Commonwealth offences, infringement notices and enforcement powers, AGD, September 2011, pp. 92–3.

[135].   Examples are provided on pages 73–4 of the Explanatory Memorandum to the SCI Bill.

[136].   TasWater, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 2.

[137].   Ausgrid, Submission to AGD, op. cit.; Energy Australia, Submission to AGD, op. cit., p. 2.

[138].   Subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act provides that where a body corporate is convicted of a Commonwealth offence, unless the contrary intention appears, the court may impose a penalty of up to five times the maximum penalty for an individual. Clauses 54–56 will set out how the Act applies to partnerships, trusts and superannuation funds that are trusts, and unincorporated foreign companies. For the application of offences, see subclauses 54(3), 55(2) and (3) and 56(3).

[139].   Criminal Code Act 1995, section 13.3.

[140].   NSW Government, Submission to AGD, Exposure Draft, op. cit., p. 4.

[141].   Acts Interpretation Act 1901, subsection 34C(3).

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