Bills Digest no. 63 2006–07
Law and Justice Legislation Amendment (Marking of
Plastic Explosives) Bill 2006
WARNING:
This Digest was prepared for debate. It reflects the legislation as
introduced and does not canvass subsequent amendments. This Digest
does not have any official legal status. Other sources should be
consulted to determine the subsequent official status of the
Bill.
CONTENTS
Passage History
Purpose
Background
Financial Implications
Main Provisions
Endnotes
Contact Officer & Copyright Details
Passage History
Law and Justice Legislation Amendment (Marking of
Plastic Explosives) Bill 2006
Date introduced: 7 September 2006
House: House of
Representatives
Portfolio: Attorney-General
Commencement: Sections 1 to 3 of the Bill commence on the day
of Royal Assent. Schedules 1, 2 and 3 of the Bill commence on the
day after the end of six months from the day the Act receives Royal
Assent and the date upon which the Convention comes into force. The
Minister must announce in the Gazette the day on which the
Convention comes into force for Australia. If the Convention does
not come into force for Australia, Schedules 1, 2 and 3 will not
commence.
The Law and Justice Legislation
Amendment (Marking of Plastic Explosives) Bill 2006 ( the Bill )
implements Australia s obligations under the United
Nations Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the
Purpose of Detection (the Convention), concluded at Montreal on
1 March 1991.
This Bill proposes to insert new offences into Chapter 4 of the
Criminal Code Act 1995 (Criminal Code) entitled, The
integrity and security of the international community and foreign
governments . Consistent with the general approach of the Criminal
Code, the amendments will assemble these serious offences into the
central statute.
The Bill makes it an offence to manufacture, import, export,
traffic in, or possess plastic explosives which have not been
marked with a detection agent as prescribed within the terms of the
Technical Annex to the Convention.
The Bill however provides exemptions to the main offences, where
the plastic explosives are manufactured or held in limited
quantities for use in authorised research, development and testing
of plastic explosives, for forensic science purposes and authorised
training exercises, or where the plastic explosives are destined to
be incorporated into an authorised military device within three
years from the date of the Convention s entry into force for
Australia. Any unmarked plastic explosives which are forfeited as a
result of court proceedings, or surrendered to authorities will
become the property of the Commonwealth.
The Bill has a six-month delayed commencement
period which will provide Australian manufacturers with a total of
12 months in which to comply with the provisions of the Bill.
In October 2004, the government
announced in its National Security Policy its intention to accede
to the Convention.
This Convention is the last of the 13 United Nations
counter-terrorism conventions to which Australia is not yet a
party. The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 of 28
September 2001 calls upon all States to become parties as soon as
possible to the relevant international conventions and protocols
relating to terrorism. To date, the Convention has 128 parties
including the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Canada
and New Zealand.
The broad purpose of the Convention is to provide a scheme to
detect plastic explosives. The Convention does this by obliging
state parties to restrict the manufacture, and place controls over
the use by each state party, of plastic explosives which have not
been marked with a specific chemical agent prescribed in the
technical annex to the convention. The marker is a chemical vapour
which can be detected by using specialised equipment.
Obligations under the Convention apply generally to explosives
that are formulated with one or more high explosives which in their
pure form have a vapour pressure less than 10-4 Pa at a temperature
of 25-C, are formulated with a binder material, and are, as a
mixture, malleable or flexible at normal room temperature (Article
I and Technical Annex Part 1).
Article IV(6) of the Convention obliges each State Party to take
necessary measures to destroy, as soon as possible, unmarked
explosives, manufactured since the Convention s entry into force
for that producer State, that:
-
are not incorporated as an integral part of a duly authorised
military device in accordance with Part 1.2(d) of the Technical
Annex, or
-
are no longer manufactured or held in limited quantities, for
use in authorised research, development or testing of new or
modified explosives, used in training in explosives detection
and/or the development of testing of explosives detection equipment
or held for authorised forensic science purposes, in accordance
with the other sub-paragraphs of Part 1.2 of the Technical
Annex.
Extensive background on the Montreal Convention can be found in
the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade National
Interest Analysis(1) (NIA) and the Joint Standing
Committee on Treaties
Report tabled on 14 August 2006.(2) The Joint
Standing Committee on Treaties (the Committee) had some concerns
about the exactness of the current technology but recommended that
binding treaty action be taken to accede to the Convention.
The Committee also noted that that accession to the Convention
will confirm Australia s commitment to combating the global threat
of terrorism, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region.
The Attorney-General, the Hon. Philip Ruddock explained the
impetus for the Montreal Convention:
The convention was drafted and is administered by
the International Civil Aviation Organisation following the
December 1998 bombing of the Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie,
Scotland, which claimed the lives of over 270 people. The actual
bomb which caused the disaster was located in a portable
radio-cassette player and contained plastic explosives set with a
detonator. The bomb had passed undetected through Customs.
This is another example of the Australian
Government s commitment to overcoming international terrorism
.(3)
The Attorney-General also noted that the requirement to mark all
plastic explosives manufactured or held by legitimate sources,
combined with a regime which more closely manages stocks of plastic
explosives in the country, will minimise the risk of plastic
explosives being diverted from legitimate sources and used for
criminal activity.(4)
The DFAT NIA states at paragraph 33:
33. It is difficult to assess accurately the costs
of accession to the Convention. The Department of Defence and ADI
Limited have estimated that non-recurring costs to establish and
provide the production processes amount to $500,000.00 and the
annual recurring costs amount to $1.125 million.
The Explanatory Memorandum states that there are no financial
implications arising from the offence provisions in this Bill but
there are from the non-offence provisions which are difficult to
quantify such as the destruction of existing stocks within three
years of commencement.(5)
The marking of plastic explosives with a prescribed marker or
detection agent is expected to impact upon the costs of production
of plastic explosives. The Convention requires that 1.0% of the
most commonly used marker be incorporated into a plastic explosive.
The main impact of these costs will be borne by ADI Limited, the
main producer and supplier in Australia of plastic explosives, and
by the Department of Defence. Further to costs, the Explanatory
Memorandum states that they:
will also be incurred in compliance with the
Convention and in particular in monitoring and regulation of stocks
of plastic explosives. It is expected that the responsibilities for
these costs will be borne individually by each organisation with
stocks of plastic explosives.
Costs are likely to be incurred by manufacturers
and entities who store plastic explosives, in complying with the
provisions requiring specific packaging and labelling of marked
plastic explosives.
Costs associated with the requirement to package
and display the date of manufacture are not expected to be
significant.(6)
Schedule 2 of the Bill provides generally for the Australian
Customs Service to have appropriate powers to regulate,
investigate, search and seize in relation to unmarked plastic
explosives. The financial implications to the Australian Customs
Service associated with these powers are not expected to be
significant.
Schedule 1 provides for amendments to Division
72 of the Criminal Code. Proposed sections 72.12 to
72.17 create new offences and defences.
Proposed sections 72.18 to 72.23 deal with
authorisations and exemptions to the offences given by the
responsible Minister.
Proposed sections 72.24 to 72.27 deal with
forfeited and surrendered explosives and their destruction.
Proposed section 72.33 sets out the two marking
requirements for plastic explosives.
Proposed section 72.36 contains definitions for
terms used in the new subdivision B of Division 72.
Schedule 2 amends the Customs Act 1901
(Customs Act) to ensure that Customs officers have appropriate
powers to search and seize where necessary to facilitate the
application of the legislation at Australia s borders.
Schedule 3 provides for necessary consequential
amendments to the Australian Federal Police Act 1979,
the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act
1979, the Crimes Act 1914, the Foreign Evidence
Act 1994, the Surveillance Devices Act 2004 and the
Telecommunications (Interception) Act 1979.
Item 8 inserts a new Subdivision
B into Division 72 of the Criminal Code. Proposed
section 72.11 describes the purpose of Subdivision B of
Division 72 of the Criminal Code, which is to create offences
relating to the unmarked plastic explosives and to give effect to
the terms of the Convention.
The Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives is
defined in proposed Definitions section 72.36 as
meaning the United
Nations Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the
Purpose of Detection, done at Montreal on 1 March 1991. The
definition extends the Convention to include amendments which bind
Australia. The amendment process contained in the Convention in
Article 7 is set out in the Explanatory Memorandum in
detail.(7)
Proposed section 72.12 creates an offence for a
person to traffic in a substance, which is a plastic
explosive and where the plastic explosive breaches a marking
requirement. This section gives effect to Article 3.1 and
Article 4.1 of the Convention. Exemptions to the offence are set
out in proposed sections 72.18, 72.19, 72.20, 72.21, 72.22 or
72.23.
Traffic is defined in proposed section
72.36 as including the transfer, offer for sale, invite
the making of an offer to buy, possession with the intention of
transferring any of it or preparing the substance for transfer with
the intention of transferring any of it or believing that another
person intends to transfer any of it. Preparing the substance
includes packaging it or separating it into discrete units. The
definition also includes transporting or delivering the substance
with the intention of transferring any of it or believing that
another person intends to transfer any of it, guarding or
concealing it with the intention of transferring any of it or
intending to assist another person to transfer any of it.
Marking requirements are provided for in
proposed section 72.33. The Convention requires a
detection agent to be introduced into a plastic explosive so as to
render the explosive detectable by vapour detection means. This
process is known as the marking of the explosive.
Plastic explosive means an explosive product (including
an explosive product in flexible or elastic sheet form) that
is:
(a) formulated with:
(i) one or more high explosives which in their pure form have a
vapour pressure less than 10-4 Pa at a temperature of 25 C; and
(ii) a binder material; and
(b) as a mixture, malleable or flexible at normal room
temperature.
The Explanatory Memorandum states:
The expert advice within the Department of Defence
is that plastic explosives may be shaped into many different forms.
It is the physical characteristic of being malleable and able to be
reshaped that makes an explosive a plastic explosive rather than
another type of explosive.
It is generally considered that the following
explosives would not fall within the definition of plastic
explosive within this Bill:
-
explosives with a water gel base
-
ammonium nitrate based explosives
-
detonation cord
-
explosives described as Types A, B, C and E and classified in
the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous
Goods Model Regulations (commonly known as the UN Model
Code).(8)
Proposed subsection 72.12(3) provides that
strict liability is to apply to paragraphs (1)(c) and (d). The
Explanatory Memorandum states:
This is appropriate because those trafficking in
such dangerous substances are in an industry where it is a
reasonable expectation that they enquire about the regulation
requirements, including authorisation mechanisms. It would be
onerous for the prosecution to prove a person was aware of the
requirements. Where the person accused is mistaken, section 9.2 of
the Criminal Code provides that the person is not criminally
responsible.(9)
The proposed penalty for breach of this section is imprisonment
of 10 years.
Proposed section 72.13 creates the offence of
importing or exporting of an unmarked plastic explosive.
Proposed subsection 72.13(2) states that the fault
element for the other parts of the offence, under paragraphs
72.13(2)(a) and (b), is recklessness. The Explanatory Memorandum
states:
In a prosecution for this offence, it would have
to be proved beyond reasonable doubt that a person was reckless as
to whether the substance was a plastic explosive and the plastic
explosive breached a marking requirement. Subsection 72.13(2) has
been included so as to avoid any doubt as to the fault element with
respect to this offence.
This is appropriate because those trafficking in
such dangerous substances are in an industry where it is a
reasonable expectation that they enquire about the regulation
requirements, including authorisation mechanisms. It would be
onerous for the prosecution to prove a person was aware of the
requirements. Where the person accused is mistaken, section 9.2 of
the Criminal Code provides that the person is not criminally
responsible.(10)
The proposed penalty for an offence under this section is 10
years imprisonment.
Proposed section 72.14 makes it an offence to
engage in the manufacture of a substance or exercise control or
direction over the manufacture of a substance where the substance
is a plastic explosive and the plastic explosive breaches a marking
requirement (as set out in proposed section
72.24).
The Explanatory Memorandum states:
The aim of this section is to create an offence
for an individual who is engaged in the manufacturing process as
well as a person who lies behind the individual who is engaging in
the manufacturing process, such as an employer, leader, manager,
director, controller or another such person.(11)
The proposed penalty for an offence under this section is 2
years imprisonment.
Proposed section 72.15 makes it an offence for
a person to possess a substance which is a plastic explosive where
the plastic explosive breaches the marking requirement.
The proposed penalty for an offence under this section is 2
years imprisonment.
Defences
Proposed section 72.16 sets out the defences
available to a person charged with an offence against 72.12, 72.13,
72.14 or 72.15 and where the prosecution alleges that the plastic
explosive breached a particular marking requirement. Proposed
section 72.16 provides that in these circumstances it is a defence
if the defendant proves he or she had no reasonable grounds for
suspecting that the plastic explosive breached that marking
requirement.
Proposed subsection 72.16(2) provides that if a
person is charged with an offence under 72.12, 72.13 or 72.15 and
the prosecution alleges that the plastic explosive breached a
marking requirement, it is a defence if the defendant proves that,
at the time of the alleged offence, the plastic explosive contained
a detection agent and the concentration of that detection agent was
not less than the minimum manufacture concentration for
the detection agent, and the detection agent was homogenously
distributed throughout the plastic explosive.
The term minimum manufacture concentration is defined
in proposed section 72.33 and relates to the
levels of detection agent prescribed in the Technical Annex.
Proposed section 72.17 creates an offence to be
applied to a person manufacturing a substance which is a plastic
explosive and for the person not to package the substance and
legibly display information on the package, within 24 hours after
the manufacture of the plastic explosive. Paragraph 72.17(1)(c)
requires that the plastic explosive be contained, enclosed or
packaged in a wrapper and that the wrapper contain particular
information on it.
The offence places the onus of ensuring compliant packaging and
labelling on the manufacturer of the plastic explosive. The offence
is aimed at the actual manufacturer of the plastic explosive and
not the director or controller behind the manufacturing, as is the
case with the manufacturing offence in proposed section 72.14.
The proposed penalty for an offence under this section is 2
years imprisonment.
Proposed sections 72.18 to 72.23 deal with
authorisations and exemptions to the offences given by the
responsible Minister.
Proposed section 72.18 provides for three
categories of exemptions to the offences of trafficking, importing,
exporting and possessing plastic explosives where the activities
are covered by a written authorisation in force under subsection
72.18(2) given by a responsible Minister.
A responsible Minister is defined in proposed section 72.36 as
meaning either the Attorney-General or the Minister for
Defence.
The three categories of exemptions are:
-
for authorised research, development, testing of new or modified
explosives, development or testing of explosives detection
equipment, training in explosives detection and for forensic
science purposes (new paragraph 72.18(2)(a))
-
where plastic explosives are integral to and used exclusively
for defence purposes (new paragraph
72.18(2)(b))
-
where plastic explosives will be integral to and used
exclusively for defence purposes within 3 years of manufacture
(new paragraph 72.18(2)(c)).
A responsible Minister s power to authorise an exemption under
this section may be delegated to those particular persons referred
to under the delegation power in proposed sections 72.28
and 72.29.
A decision by a responsible Minister to refuse to issue an
authorisation or to specify a condition or restriction in an
authorisation made under subsection 72.18(1) may be reviewed, upon
an application, by the AAT, as provided by proposed section
72.30.
Proposed subsection 72.19(1) provides for
exemptions to the offences of trafficking, importing, exporting and
possessing unmarked plastic explosives where an authority has been
issued by a responsible Minister, if the plastic explosive is used
exclusively for or in connection with defence and police purposes.
Proposed subsection 72.19(5) is a sunset
provision, providing that this section ceases to have effect at the
end of 15 years after its commencement. This provision gives
effect to the 15 year time limit provided under Article 4.3 of the
Convention.
An authorisation under subsection 72.21(2) may
be given by a responsible Minister in order to allow for a 12
month period for the manufacture, or trafficking, or possession
of a plastic explosive manufactured after the commencement of
section 72.21. The Explanatory Memorandum states that
In considering an application for an authorisation
under this subsection, and where the authorisation may affect the
operation of the police service of a State or Territory, the
responsible Minister or his delegate will, in practice, consult
with the relevant State or Territory that may be affected by the
authorisation.(12)
The Minister s authorisation giving effect to Article 4.2 of the
Convention is proposed to be extended to visiting foreign defence
forces, to enable the possibility of existing stocks of plastic
explosive held by the Australian Defence Force, to be used in joint
military exercises.
Proposed section 72.20 allows existing stocks
of plastic explosives manufactured before the Convention s entry
into force and held by private industry to be used within the 3
year period.
Proposed section 72.21 allows for a 6 month
transitional period to apply in order to enable manufacturers
to establish protocols, operations and equipment necessary to
comply with the Bill. Under this exemption, industry may, with a
valid authorisation, manufacture, traffic in and possess unmarked
plastic explosives manufactured after the commencement of the
section, where a responsible Minister is satisfied that the plastic
explosive is to be used exclusively for defence purposes
(subsection 72.21(3)). The effect of this 6 month
period and the 6 month commencement of the Bill, is that
manufacturers have a total of 12 months from the day on which the
Bill receives Royal Assent to comply with sections 72.12, 72.14 and
72.15 of the Bill. The section has a 12 month sunset clause
(proposed subsection 72.21(5)).
Proposed section 72.22 allows for circumstances
where a member of the Australian Defence Force is unable to obtain
an immediate written authorisation for the possession, importation,
or trafficking in of an unmarked plastic explosive, but is able to
obtain such a written authorisation within 7 days because of
an emergency or any other sudden or unexpected circumstances.
Proposed subsection 72.22(2) provides a 7 day
sunset clause on the operation of an authorisation issued under
subsection (1).
Proposed section 72.23 provides for the same
authorisations as are set out in section 72.22, but with
application for the Australian Federal Police.
Proposed sections 72.24 to 72.27 deal with
forfeited and surrendered explosives and their destruction.
Proposed subsection 72.24(1) provides that if a
court convicts a person of an offence under this Subdivision in
relation to a plastic explosive or makes an order under section 19B
of the Crimes Act in respect of a person charged with a offence
under this Subdivision in relation to a plastic explosive, the
court may order the forfeiture of the plastic explosive to the
Commonwealth.
Proposed subsection 72.24(2) provides that a
plastic explosive forfeited under subsection (1) becomes the
property of the Commonwealth.
Proposed subsection 72.24(3) provides that a
plastic explosive forfeited to the Commonwealth under subsection
(1) is to be dealt with in such a manner as a responsible Minister
directs.
Proposed subsection 72.24(4) provides that without limiting
subsection (3), a responsible Minister may direct that a plastic
explosive forfeited to the Commonwealth under subsection 72.24(1)
be destroyed or used exclusively for one or more of the purposes
covered by paragraph 72.18(2)(a), such as research, development or
testing of new or modified explosives, development or testing of
explosives detection equipment, training in explosives detection or
forensic science.
Proposed section 72.25 deals with the
circumstances where unmarked plastic explosives may be surrendered
to the Commonwealth. The explosives can then be dealt with by the
Minister in the same manner as forfeited explosives.
Proposed section 72.26 provides that a member
of the Australian Defence Force may destroy an unmarked plastic
explosive if the plastic explosive was obtained in the course of an
operation outside Australia of the Australian Defence Force. Any
activity outside Australia would also need to comply with any
applicable law of another country.
Proposed section 72.27 provides that a member
of the Australian Federal Police may destroy an unmarked plastic
explosive if the plastic explosive was obtained in the course of an
operation outside Australia of the Australian Federal Police. Any
activity outside Australia would also need to comply with any
applicable law of another country.
Proposed section 72.31 states that the extended
Category B jurisdiction provided for in section 15.2 of the
Criminal Code, applies to all the offences in this proposed Bill.
Category B jurisdiction enables an offence to operate:
-
when the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly
or partly either in Australia, or on board an Australian aircraft
or an Australian ship
-
when the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly
outside Australia and a result, whether or not the complete result,
of that conduct occurs either in Australia, or on board an
Australian aircraft or an Australian ship
-
when the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly
outside Australia and the defendant is an Australian citizen, an
Australian resident or a body corporate incorporated under an
Australian law, and there is a corresponding offence in the law of
the local jurisdiction (being the jurisdiction in which the offence
was committed), or
-
when the conduct constituting an alleged ancillary offence
occurs wholly outside Australia, and the conduct constituting the
primary offence to which that alleged ancillary offence relates
occurs, or is intended to occur, wholly or partly either in
Australia or on board an Australian aircraft or ship.
The operation of Category B jurisdiction is limited to capturing
the conduct of those who are Australian citizens or residents at
the time of the offence.
Proposed section 72.32 states that the proposed
Subdivision B of Division 72 of the Criminal Code is not intended
to exclude or limit the operation of any other law of the
Commonwealth or of a State or Territory.
Proposed section 72.33 sets out the two marking
requirements for plastic explosives:
Proposed subsection 72.33(2) provides that the
first marking requirement is that at the time of manufacture of the
plastic explosive, all conditions set out in the subsection were
met. These conditions, set out in paragraphs 72.33(a), (b) and (c),
provide that the plastic explosive contain a detection agent, that
the concentration of the detection agent in the plastic explosive
was not less than the minimum manufacture concentration for the
detection agent and that the detection agent was homogenously
distributed throughout the plastic explosive.
Proposed subsection 72.33(3) provides that the
second marking requirement is that less than ten years have elapsed
since the manufacture of the plastic explosive.
Proposed subsection 72.34(1) provides a table
setting out the name of the prescribed chemical detection agent and
the minimum manufacture concentration for each detection agent. The
minimum manufacture concentration for each detection agent is the
minimum percentage concentration of the detection agent by mass as
prescribed in Part 2 of the Technical Annex.
Proposed section 72.35 provides for the presumptions to be made
in a prosecution for an offence against this Subdivision.
Proposed section 72.36 contains definitions
specific to the proposed Subdivision B of Division 72 of the
Criminal Code.
Item 1 inserts the definition of unmarked
plastic explosive into subsection 4(1) of the Customs Act which
provides for definitions of terms used in that Act.
Item 2 inserts a new sub paragraph
(baa) after paragraph (b) of the definition of
Customs-related law in section 4B of the Customs Act. The effect of
this amendment is to include the new offences under 72.13 of the
Criminal Code providing for the importing or exporting of unmarked
plastic explosives, in the definition of Customs-related law.
Item 3 makes a technical amendment to
paragraph (c) of the definition of offence under
subsection 183UA(1) of the Customs Act. The effect of this item is
to provide Customs officers with specific powers over the import
and export of unmarked plastic explosives.
Item 4 inserts proposed subsection
183UA(2AA) which provides that for the purposes of Part
XII of the Customs Act which deals with powers of customs officers,
an offence against section 6 of the Crimes Act that relates to an
offence against the proposed section 72.13 of the Criminal Code, is
taken to be an offence against proposed section 72.13 of the
Criminal Code.
Therefore, a person who has committed an offence of being an
accessory after the fact under section 6 of the Crimes Act is taken
to have committed an offence of importing or exporting unmarked
plastic explosives.
Item 5 inserts a new paragraph
(aa) after subsection 183UA(3)(a) of the Customs Act. The
purpose of the proposed subsection 183UA(3)(aa) is to ensure that
whenever a power under Part XII of the Customs Act is extended to
apply to offences under section 72.13 of the Criminal Code, that
power will also extend to apply to offences under sections 141.1,
142.1, 142.2 or 149.1 of the Criminal Code that relate to a section
72.13 offence. Sections 141.1, 142.1, 142.2 or 149.1 of the
Criminal Code contain offences of bribery of a Commonwealth public
official, corrupting benefits given to or received by a
Commonwealth public official, abuse of public office and
obstruction of Commonwealth public officials.
The effect of this item is to make it an offence for a person
committing these offences in relation to the import or export of
unmarked plastic explosives, to have committed an offence under
proposed section 72.13 of the Criminal Code of importing or
exporting unmarked plastic explosives.
Items 6 20 aim to broaden the scope of the
regulatory powers in Subdivision B of Division 1 of Part XII of the
Customs Act to enable the investigation of a possible offence under
section 72.13 of the Criminal Code. These powers include the
ability for a Commander of a Commonwealth ship or aircraft or a
Customs officer to deal with ships, aircrafts or individuals.
Schedule 3 provides for necessary consequential
amendments to the Australian Federal Police Act 1979,
the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act
1979, the Crimes Act 1914, the Foreign Evidence
Act 1994, the Surveillance Devices Act 2004 and the
Telecommunications (Interception) Act 1979.
-
[2005] ATNIA 18.
-
Report 75: Treaties tabled on 11 October, 28 February and 28
March 2006.
-
Attorney-General, Australia tightens controls on plastic
explosives , media release 169/2006, 7 September 2006.
-
The Hon Philip Ruddock, Debates, House of
Representatives, 7 September 2006, p. 1.
-
Explanatory Memorandum, p. 3.
-
Explanatory Memorandum, p. 3.
-
Explanatory Memorandum, p. 27.
-
Explanatory Memorandum, pp.28-29.
-
Explanatory Memorandum, p.8.
-
Explanatory Memorandum, p. 9.
-
Explanatory Memorandum, p. 27.
-
Explanatory Memorandum, p. 16.
Sue Harris Rimmer
6 December 2006
Bills Digest Service
Parliamentary Library
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