Updated 22 November 2016

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Janet Phillips
Social Policy Section

Under Australia’s Working Holiday Maker (WHM) program, young people (aged 18 to 30 years) from certain countries may apply for one of two visas—Working Holiday (subclass 417) or Work and Holiday (subclass 462). The visa available to applicants depends on their country of citizenship, but both visas enable young people to travel in Australia for extended periods and to support themselves during their stay with short-term employment in any industry. The program is usually reciprocal, allowing young Australians to travel and work under similar arrangements in partner countries.

This quick guide provides a brief overview of the program, sourced largely from the Department of Immigration and Border Protection’s WHM reports (published since 2011), fact sheets and historic departmental reports. This guide also includes the following detailed statistics on visa grants since the 1980s, compiled from various departmental publications:

Table 1: Working Holiday (subclass 417) visa grants, 1982–83 to 2003–04

Table 2: Working Holiday (subclass 417) and Work and Holiday (subclass 462) visa grants,
2003–04 to 2015–16

Table 3: Working Holiday (subclass 417), first and second visa grants

Table 4: Working Holiday (subclass 417) visa grants by top countries of citizenship

Table 5: Work and Holiday (subclass 462) visa grants by top countries of citizenship

 

Working Holiday Maker program

Working Holiday (subclass 417)

The Working Holiday (subclass 417) visa is a temporary visa for young people who want to holiday and work in Australia for up to 12 months. Introduced in 1975, it was initially only available for young people from the United Kingdom (UK), Ireland and Canada. Between 1980 and 2006 the program expanded to include many other partner countries, such as Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan and several European nations. (A full list of partner countries and the year they joined is provided in departmental WHM reports.)

Today, the largest numbers of entrants under this visa subclass continue to come from the UK, followed by young people from Taiwan, Germany, South Korea and France. Since 2006, no further Working Holiday agreements have been entered into with any partner country—only subclass 462 Work and Holiday agreements that have more restrictive requirements (including visa caps).

During their 12 month stay, 417 visa holders can work as much or as little as they choose in full-time, part-time, casual, paid or voluntary work. However, the work is restricted to a period of six months with any single employer. (This period was extended from only three to six months in 2006.)

Permission to work longer than six months with a single employer is possible in certain circumstances, for example if the visa holder is:

• employed as an au pair (as of 21 July 2015) or
• employed in certain industries in Northern Australia, such as aged and disability care, agriculture, construction, mining and tourism and hospitality (as of 21 November 2015).

There are no caps on the number of Working Holiday visas issued and the number of grants has increased substantially (from just over 2,690 in 2005–06 to 41,339 in 2014–15) since the option of a second working holiday visa was introduced in November 2005. This option was initially only available to those who had been employed in seasonal agricultural work in regional Australia for three months.

The second Working Holiday visa is valid for a further 12 months. The six month restriction working with a single employer resets and applies again in the second year, although it is possible to return to the same employer from the previous year for another six months. In 2006 the option of a second visa became available to those working in any regional primary industry, such as mining. In February 2008 the option extended to people who had worked for three months in construction industries in regional areas.

Statistics on employer industry are not available for first visa grants under the WHM program, but they are available for the second Working Holiday visa grant. Since its introduction in 2005 the vast majority of second visas have been granted to those employed in agriculture (about 90 per cent), with the remaining in construction or mining work.

Work and Holiday (subclass 462)

In 2003 the Howard Government began to develop a Work and Holiday (subclass 462) visa category with additional requirements for young people from countries that had not already entered into Working Holiday (subclass 417) partner agreements.

Since 2006 all new partner agreements have been negotiated under this category. Early signatories included Thailand, Chile, Turkey, the United States of America (USA), Indonesia and Malaysia. More recent additions to the program include China, Spain and Slovenia. (A full list of partner countries and the year they joined is provided in departmental WHM reports.) Other countries are currently negotiating agreements or have signed agreements that have yet to come into effect—for example the agreement signed in 2011 with Papua New Guinea (PNG) that is not yet operative.

Under the Work and Holiday visa there are additional requirements (listed under the visa applicant tab). For example, applicants from outside the USA must have functional level English, tertiary qualifications and a letter of support from their home government (although applicants from China and Israel are exempt from providing a letter of support). All countries (excluding the USA) have caps on the number of visas available per year under this program (a full list of the different visa caps are provided in departmental WHM reports).

In the past only subclass 417 visa holders have been able to apply for a second visa by working in regional Australia. However, in June 2015 the Australian Government proposed some changes to this restriction as part of the Government’s initiatives to support Northern Australia. According to the department’s website, once the necessary legislative changes take effect, all Work and Holiday (subclass 462) visa recipients will be eligible to apply for a second visa if they work for three months (88 days) on their first visa in tourism, hospitality or agriculture in Northern Australia. The Government implemented this change through an amendment to the Migration Regulations registered on 1 November 2016, effective as of 19 November 2016.

In addition, as of 2015, both Working Holiday (subclass 417) and Work and Holiday (subclass 462) visa recipients are able to seek an extension for up to 12 months (not just six months) working with the same employer if they:

• work as au pairs (as of 21 July 2015) or
• work in Northern Australia (as of 21 November 2015) in aged and disability care; agriculture, forestry and fishing; construction; mining; or tourism and hospitality.

Current issues

Pathways to permanent residency

The working holiday scheme is a temporary program for young people who want to holiday in Australia and the average length of stay in the past has been about eight months. However, the program is increasingly providing a pathway to further employment under other visa categories, such as the Temporary Work (Skilled) (subclass 457) visa, which may in time lead to permanent residency in Australia.

Recent rises in 457 visa applications and grants appear to be due to a significant rise in onshore applications, as many of these applicants are international students or working holiday makers already in the country. In a 2013 fact sheet on strengthening the integrity of the 457 program, the then Department of Immigration and Citizenship acknowledged that many 457 visa applications came from onshore international students and working holiday makers.

The economic contribution of the WHM program and the ‘backpacker tax’

It is well established that WHM entrants make a significant contribution to the Australian economy. Any policy changes that could inadvertently reduce the number of temporary workers available under this scheme is of concern to many employers—as demonstrated in the response by stakeholders to this proposal and some of the submissions to the Senate Committee on Education and Employment’s temporary work inquiry.

In the 2015–16 Budget the Government announced a plan to change the tax status of working holiday makers from that of ‘resident’ to ‘non-resident’ from 1 July 2016. The proposed change would mean that working holiday makers are taxed at significantly higher rates. Since this announcement many stakeholders—particularly those in the agriculture and tourism sectors—have expressed concerns that the measure will significantly reduce the number of backpackers coming to Australia on working holiday visas and thus create labour shortages.

In March 2016 the Turnbull Government announced a review of the proposed tax arrangements; and on 17 May 2016 announced that, if re-elected, the Government would review the taxation of working holiday maker visas to ‘ensure our labour supply is adequate and Australia remains competitive globally’.

For developments and further background on this issue see the Parliamentary Library Bills Digest, Income Tax Rates Amendment (Working Holiday Maker Reform) Bill 2016 [and related Bills].

Exploitation and compliance

The exploitation of some working holiday makers and other temporary migrant workers—particularly those from non-English speaking countries—has been a topic of public concern in recent years (see, for example, concerns expressed by the Fair Work Ombudsman). However, the intensity of public debate escalated after the ABC screened a Four Corners documentary in May 2015 titled ‘Slaving away: the dirty secrets behind Australia's fresh food’. The documentary alleged that working holiday makers (predominantly from Taiwan) employed in the agricultural sector were often underpaid, over-worked and forced to live in substandard accommodation. Some non-English-speaking women interviewed in the program reported being preyed on by employers or labour-hire contractors and made allegations of sexual harassment and sexual assault.

The Senate Standing Committee on Education and Employment’s 2015 inquiry, The impact of Australia’s temporary work visa programs on the Australian labour market and on the temporary work visa holders, also received evidence of exploitation of migrant workers on WHM visas and abuse of the WHM visa program by labour hire contractors and sub-contractors. The final report—A national disgrace: the exploitation of temporary work visa holders, released in March 2016—noted evidence provided to the Committee of ‘pervasive exploitation’ of WHM visa holders, particularly for workers from Taiwan, Hong Kong and South Korea with low English language proficiency.

Statistics

Table 1: Working Holiday (subclass 417) visa grants, 1982–83 to 2003–04

Year	Visa grants	Year	Visa grants
1982–83	979	1993–94	29 595
1983–84	8 096	1994–95	35 391
1984–85	10 400	1995–96	40 273
1985–86	13 622	1996–97	50 000
1986–87	22 413	1997–98	57 000
1987-88	36 428	1998–99	64 550
1988–89	45 136	1999–00	74 000
1989–90	41 538	2000–01	76 500
1990–01	39 923	2001–02	85 207
1991–92	25 873	2002–03	88 758
1992–93	25 557	2003–04	93 845

Sources: Immigration Department (there have been many departmental name changes over the years), annual reports, (various years); Joint Standing Committee on Migration, Working Holiday Makers: more than tourists, Canberra, August 1997, p. 19.

Table 2: Working Holiday (subclass 417) and Work and Holiday (subclass 462) visa grants,
2003–04 to 2015–16

Year	Working Holiday grants	Work and Holiday grants
2003–04	93 845	3
2004–05	104 353	257
2005–06	114 693	751
2006–07	134 993	1 812
2007–08	154 342	3 488
2008–09	187 907	6 409
2009–10	175 746	7 422
2010–11	185 480	7 442
2011–12	214 644	8 348
2012–13	249 231	9 017
2013–14	229 378	10 214
2014–15	214 830	11 982
2015–16	195 673	18 910

Sources: 2003–04 to 2004–05: Immigration Department, annual reports; 2005–06 to 2014–15: Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Working Holiday Maker program reports, (various years).

Table 3: Working Holiday (subclass 417), first and second visa grants

Year	First visa grants	Second visa grants
2005–06	111 996	2 690
2006–07	127 171	7 822
2007–08	142 516	11 826
2008–09	166 132	21 775
2009–10	150 431	25 315
2010–11	162 980	22 500
2011–12	184 143	30 501
2012–13	210 369	38 862
2013–14	183 428	45 950
2014–15	173 491	41 339
2015–16	159 409	36 264

Notes: visa recipients do not necessarily arrive in Australia in the same program year that the visa is issued; second visas may not be granted to recipients in the same year as the first visa grant; the option of a second Working Holiday visa was introduced on 1 November 2005.

Sources: 2005–06: Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Legislation Committee, Answers to Questions on Notice, Immigration and Citizenship Portfolio, Supplementary Budget Estimates 2010–11, Question 192, 19 October 2010; 2006–07 to 2014–15: Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Working Holiday Maker visa program reports, (various years).

Table 4: Working Holiday (subclass 417) visa grants by top countries of citizenship

Year	United Kingdom	Taiwan	Germany	South Korea	France	Italy	Japan	Hong Kong	Ireland	Canada
2009–10	36 995	10 175	20 860	34 863	18 158	5 481	8 079	3 722	14 790	8 209
2010–11	38 974	13 809	21 146	30 527	18 530	6 429	7 746	4 545	21 753	7 899
2011–12	41 712	22 393	22 499	32 591	20 086	9 600	9 162	7 512	25 827	7 929
2012–13	46 131	35 761	26 184	35 220	24 788	15 973	9 957	11 454	19 117	7 489
2013–14	45 208	29 366	26 819	26 893	25 734	16 045	10 579	11 667	11 996	7 174
2014–15	44 730	26 648	26 327	25 589	23 375	14 138	11 481	9 720	7 793	7 705
2015–16	42 175	22 157	25 980	22 025	21 527	11 591	12 304	6 309	6 743	7 632

Source: Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Working Holiday Maker visa program reports, (various years).

Table 5: Work and Holiday (subclass 462) visa grants by top countries of citizenship

Year	USA	China	Chile	Argentina	Thailand	Spain	Indonesia
2009–10	6 149	N/A	446	N/A	471	N/A	100
2010–11	6 219	N/A	513	N/A	499	N/A	98
2011–12	6 831	N/A	639	261	346	N/A	99
2012–13	6 878	N/A	808	417	464	N/A	176
2013–14	7 499	N/A	1 004	500	471	N/A	437
2014–15	8 347	N/A	1 388	500	466	419	288
2015–16	8 669	5 000	1 500	700	500	504	776

Notes:

• Some of the Work and Holiday agreements have not yet come into effect, such as the agreement signed with PNG in October 2011.  
• N/A = no agreement in place in those years.
• Caps apply for most Work and Holiday visa grants. The respective caps for partner countries are:
  • USA: no cap (commenced 2007)
  • China: 5,000 (commenced 2015)
  • Chile: 1,500 (commenced 2006)
  • Indonesia: 1,000 (commenced 2009)
  • Argentina: 700 (commenced 2012)
  • Thailand, Greece, Israel, Spain: 500 (commencement details in the WHM reports cited below)
  • Uruguay, Poland, Portugal, Vietnam, Slovak Republic, Slovenia: 200 (commencement details in the WHM reports)
  • Bangladesh, PNG, Malaysia, Turkey: 100 (commencement details in the WHM reports).

Source: Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Working Holiday Maker visa program reports, (various years).

 

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