10
May 2017 (Updated 7 May 2019)
PDF version [318KB]
Hannah
Gobbett, Simon Speldewinde and Rob Lundie
Politics and Public Administration Section
Contents
Abbreviations
Introduction
Governors-General
First
Governor-General
First
Australian-born Governor-General
Governor-General
serving the longest term
Governor-General
serving the shortest term
Prime Ministers
First Prime Minister
First Leader of the
Opposition
Youngest person to
become Prime Minister
Oldest person to
become Prime Minister
Prime Minister
serving the longest term
Prime Minister
serving the shortest term
Oldest serving Prime
Minister
Prime Ministers who
served separate terms as Prime Minister
Prime Ministers who
lost their seats at a federal election
Deputy Prime
Ministers who lost their seats at a federal election
Prime Ministers who
died in office
Prime Minister from
the Senate
Prime Ministers who
have been replaced by their party
Ministers
Youngest person to become
a minister
Oldest person to
become a minister
Longest serving
minister
Minister serving the
shortest term
First minister to
resign because of a disagreement in Cabinet
Members of
Parliament
Number of people who
have been members of the Commonwealth Parliament
Senators and members
who have been found to be ineligible to serve or invalidly elected
Youngest person
elected
Youngest
person in the Senate
Oldest person elected
to the House of Representatives
Oldest person
appointed or elected to the Senate
Oldest and longest
serving member of the Commonwealth Parliament
Member of the
Commonwealth Parliament serving the shortest term
Oldest serving
senator
Highest number of
crossbenchers in the House of Representatives
Highest number of crossbenchers in
the Senate
First (and only)
member expelled from the House of Representatives
First member
suspended from the House of Representatives
First senator
suspended from the Senate
First member suspended from the
Federation Chamber
Member suspended or
ordered from the House of Representatives most often
Senator suspended
from the Senate most often
Speaker who has
ejected or presided over the suspension of the most members of the House of
Representatives
President who has
presided over the most suspensions of senators
Members of
Parliament who have crossed the floor most frequently
First (and only)
member to have their seat declared vacant through being absent without leave
First member to be
sung into Parliament
First senators and
members to make the affirmation of allegiance
State or territory
party leaders who have sat in Parliament together
Senators and members
who have died in office
Women in politics
First woman
political candidate
Women first eligible
to vote for the Commonwealth Parliament
First woman candidate for the House
of Representatives
First women
candidates for the Senate
First women elected
to Parliament
First woman to
become Governor-General
First woman to
become Prime Minister
First woman member
of the ministry/Cabinet
Highest percentage
of women ministers and/or cabinet ministers
First woman Speaker
of the House of Representatives
First woman
President of the Senate
First woman to lead
a federal parliamentary party
Indigenous members
of the Commonwealth Parliament
First Indigenous
members of the Commonwealth Parliament
First Indigenous
woman senator
First Indigenous
woman member of the House of Representatives
First Indigenous
minister
Commonwealth
Parliament
First Commonwealth
Parliament opened
Number of times the
Queen has opened Parliament
Welcome to Country
ceremony first conducted prior to the opening of Parliament
First President of
the Senate
First Speaker of the
House of Representatives
Presidents who have
resigned midterm or died in office
Speakers who have
resigned or died in office
Longest-serving
President
Longest-serving
Speaker
Longest speech in
Parliament
Highest number of
sitting days in a year
Lowest number of
sitting days in a year
First and only joint
sitting of the House of Representatives and the Senate following a double
dissolution election
First electronic
petition tabled in the Senate
First electronic
petition tabled in the House of Representatives
Petition with the
highest number of signatures
First broadcast of
the proceedings of Parliament
Longest sitting in the House of
Representatives
Longest sitting in the Senate
Shortest sitting in the House of
Representatives
Shortest sitting in the Senate
Legislation
First private
member’s Bill assented to
First private
senator’s Bill assented to
Largest and smallest
number of bills assented to in one year
Bill with the
highest number of sponsors
Longest debate on a
Bill in Parliament
Elections and
government
Largest Commonwealth
electorate by area
Smallest
Commonwealth electorate by area
Largest Commonwealth
electorate by population
Smallest
Commonwealth electorate by population
Smallest vote margin
to win a seat
First Commonwealth
election at which all Indigenous people could vote
Government with the
largest majority
Governments with the
smallest majorities after a federal election
Party which has been
in government the greatest amount of time overall
Longest continuous
period in government
Shortest period in
government
Referendums and
plebiscites
Sources
Abbreviations
| AD |
Australian Democrats |
| ALP |
Australian Labor Party |
| ANTI-SOC |
Anti-Socialist Party |
| CA |
Centre Alliance |
| CP |
Country Party |
| FLP |
Federal Labor Party |
| FT |
Free Trade |
| GRN |
Australian Greens |
| IND |
Independent |
| JLN |
Jacqui Lambie Network |
| LP |
Liberal Party |
| NAT |
Nationalist Party |
| NDP |
Nuclear Disarmament Party |
| NPA |
National Party of Australia |
| NXT |
Nick Xenophon Team |
| PHON |
Pauline Hanson’s One Nation |
| PROT |
Protectionist |
| UAP |
United Australia Party |
Introduction
This research paper is designed to answer some
of those frequently asked questions about who was the first, youngest, oldest,
most often (and so forth) in Australian federal politics. The focus is on
records for the Commonwealth Parliament, although a few significant records
relate to members of state parliaments. This paper updates and adds to a 2014 Parliamentary
Library Research paper entitled Selected
political records of the Commonwealth Parliament.[1]
The information is arranged under the
following broad categories: Governors-General; Prime Ministers; Ministers;
Members of Parliament; Women in politics; Indigenous members of the Commonwealth
Parliament; Commonwealth Parliament; Legislation; Elections and government; and
Referendums and plebiscites. Party/political affiliations are provided for parliamentarians,
as well as electoral division and state/territory for members of the House of Representatives
(for example, Robert Menzies (LP, Kooyong, Vic.)) and state/territory for
senators (for example, Margaret Reid (LP, ACT)).
The records have been compiled from sources that include the
parliamentary debates, the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of
Australia, the Australian Dictionary of Biography and state
parliamentary handbooks. A list of these sources can be found at the end of
this publication.
Unless otherwise specified, the information is current as
at 7 May 2019.
Governors-General
First Governor-General
The first Governor-General was John Adrian
Louis Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun, who served from 1 January 1901 to 9 January
1903.
First Australian-born Governor-General
The first Australian born Governor-General
was Isaac Isaacs who served from 22 January 1931 to 23 January 1936.
Governor-General serving the longest term
The longest-serving Governor-General was
Alexander Gore Arkwright Hore-Ruthven Gowrie who served for nine years and
eight days from 23 January 1936 to 30 January 1945.
Governor-General serving the shortest term
William Shepherd Morrison Dunrossil served
the shortest term as Governor-General, serving for one year and two days from 2
February 1960 to 3 February 1961.
Prime Ministers
First Prime Minister
The first Prime Minister was Edmund Barton
(Protectionist, Hunter, NSW) who served from 1 January 1901 to 4 September 1903.
First Leader of the Opposition
The first Leader of the Opposition was George
Reid (FT, East Sydney, NSW), who served from May 1901 to 18 August 1904.
Youngest person to become Prime Minister
The youngest Prime Minister was John Watson
(ALP, Bland, NSW) who became Prime Minister aged 37 and served from 27 April
1904 to 17 August 1904.
Oldest person to become Prime Minister
The oldest person to become Prime Minister
was John McEwen (CP, Murray, Vic.) who, after Prime Minister Harold Holt's disappearance,
became Prime Minister aged 67 years and eight months. He served from 19 December 1967
to 10 January 1968 when Senator John Gorton (LP, Vic.) was elected as
Leader by the Liberal Party.
Prime Minister serving the longest term
Robert Menzies (LP, Kooyong, Vic.) was the
longest-serving Prime Minister; he was Prime Minister for 16 years, one month
and eight days from 19 December 1949 to 26 January 1966. Previously he had also
been Prime Minister for two years, four months and four days from 26 April 1939
to 29 August 1941, making his total time in office 18 years, five months
and 12 days.
Prime Minister serving the shortest term
Frank Forde (ALP, Capricornia, Qld) served
the shortest period as Prime Minister, serving for eight days from 6 July 1945
to 13 July 1945 having been commissioned by the Governor-General upon the death
of John Curtin. He then lost the leadership ballot to Ben Chifley.
Oldest serving Prime Minister
The oldest, serving Prime Minister was Robert
Menzies (LP, Kooyong, Vic.) who was 71 years and one month of age when he
resigned as Prime Minister on 26 January 1966, having been in Parliament since
15 September 1934.
Prime Ministers who served separate terms as Prime Minister
Alfred Deakin (Protectionist, Ballaarat, Vic.) served three
separate terms as Prime Minister: 24 September 1903 to 27 April 1904, 5 July
1905 to 13 November 1908, and 2 June 1909 to 29 April 1910.
Andrew Fisher (ALP, Wide Bay, Qld) served three separate
terms: 13 November 1908 to 2 June 1909, 29 April 1910 to 24 June 1913,
and 17 September 1914 to 27 October 1915.
Robert Menzies (UAP, LP, Kooyong, Vic.) served two separate
terms: 26 April 1939 to 29 August 1941, and 19 December 1949 to 26
January 1966.
Kevin Rudd (ALP, Griffith, Qld) served two separate terms: 3
December 2007 to 24 June 2010, and 27 June 2013 to 18 September 2013.
Prime Ministers who lost their seats at a federal election
Stanley Bruce (NAT, Flinders, Vic.) lost his seat at the
federal election on 12 October 1929.
John Howard (LP, Bennelong, NSW) lost his seat at the
federal election on 24 November 2007.
Deputy Prime Ministers who lost their seats at a federal election
Frank Forde (ALP, Capricornia, Qld) was
defeated at the federal election on 25 September 1946. He is the only deputy
Prime Minister to have lost his seat.
Prime Ministers who died in office
Joseph Lyons (UAP, Wilmot, Tas.) was Prime Minister from 6
January 1932 until his death on 7 April 1939.
John Curtin (ALP, Fremantle, WA) was Prime Minister from 7
October 1941 until his death on 5 July 1945.
Harold Holt (LP, Higgins, Vic.) was Prime Minister from 26
January 1966 to 19 December 1967, the day on which he is presumed to have died
while swimming at Portsea, Victoria.
Prime Minister from the Senate
The only senator to become Prime Minister
was John Gorton (LP, Vic.). He was appointed Prime Minister while still a senator
on 10 January 1968, three weeks after the presumed death of Harold Holt (LP,
Higgins, Vic.). Gorton resigned from the Senate on 1 February 1968 in order to
contest a by-election for the House of Representatives seat held by Holt. As a
result, from 1 to 24 February 1968 (the date of the by-election), the Prime
Minister was not a member of the Parliament.
Prime Ministers who have been replaced by their party
William Morris Hughes (NAT, North Sydney, NSW) was replaced
by Stanley Bruce (NAT, Flinders, Vic.) on 9 February 1923.[2]
Robert Menzies (UAP, Kooyong, Vic.) was replaced by Arthur
Fadden (CP, Darling Downs, Qld) on 29 August 1941.
John Gorton (LP, Higgins, Vic.) was replaced by William
McMahon (LP, Lowe, NSW) on 10 March 1971.
Bob Hawke (ALP, Wills, Vic.) was replaced by Paul Keating
(ALP, Blaxland, NSW) on 20 December 1991.
Kevin Rudd (ALP, Griffith, Qld) was replaced by Julia
Gillard (ALP, Lalor, Vic.) on 24 June 2010.
Julia Gillard was replaced by Kevin Rudd on 27 June 2013.
Tony Abbott (LP, Warringah, NSW) was replaced by Malcolm
Turnbull (LP, Wentworth, NSW) on 14 September 2015.
Malcolm Turnbull was replaced by Scott Morrison (LP, Cook,
NSW) on 24 August 2018.
Ministers
Youngest person to become a minister
Katherine (Kate) Ellis (ALP, Adelaide, SA)
was 30 years and two months of age when appointed Minister for Youth on 3
December 2007.
Wyatt Roy (LP, Longman, Qld) was 25 years and
3 months of age when appointed as Assistant Minister for Innovation on 21 September
2015.[3]
Oldest person to become a minister
Senator Joseph Collings (FLP and later ALP,
Qld) was 76 years and four months of age when he first became a minister. He
served as Minister for the Interior from 7 October 1941 to 13 July 1945. He
subsequently became Vice-President of the Executive Council on 13 July 1945,
stepping down on 1 November 1946, at the age of 81 years and five months.
Longest serving minister
John McEwen (CP, Echuca; Indi; Murray,
Vic.) served as a minister for a total of 25 years, first from 29 November 1937
to 7 October 1941, and then from 19 December 1949 to 5 February 1971.
The longest unbroken period of service as a
minister was that of William McMahon (LP, Lowe, NSW), who served as a minister
from 17 July 1951 to 5 December 1972, a total of 21 years and four months.
Minister serving the shortest term
Senator Glenister Sheil (CP and later NPA,
Qld) is often described as the minister who served for the shortest period. He
was sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council on 20 December 1977.
His appointment was terminated two days later, before his ministerial
appointment (Minister for Veterans’ Affairs) was actually gazetted. This was
because he had made a statement in support of apartheid in South Africa which
was contrary to Government policy.
James Robert Dickson (Qld) was appointed
Minister for Defence in the first federal ministry on 1 January 1901, prior to
the election of the first Commonwealth Parliament. He died nine days later on
10 January 1901. Dickson was the first federal minister to die in office.
First minister to resign because of a disagreement in Cabinet
Charles Kingston (Protectionist, Adelaide,
SA) resigned as Minister for Trade and Customs from the Barton Ministry on 24
July 1903 over a disagreement in Cabinet about whether the proposed
Conciliation and Arbitration Bill 1903 should cover seamen on all ships engaged
in Australian coastal trade.
Members of Parliament
Number of people who have been members of the Commonwealth
Parliament
There have been 1,733 members of the
Commonwealth Parliament since Federation, including 50 who sat in both houses.[4] There have been 1,170 Members
of the House of Representatives and 613 senators since Federation (counting the
separate service of each of the 50 who sat in both houses).
Senators and members who have been found to be ineligible to serve
or invalidly elected
Malcolm McEacham (PROT, Melbourne, Vic.) had his election to
the House of Representatives on 16 December 1903 declared void on 10
March 1904. He lost the subsequent by-election on 30 March 1904.
Robert Blackwood (FT, Riverina, NSW) had his election to the
House of Representatives on 16 December 1903 declared void on 13 April 1904. He
lost the subsequent by-election on 18 May 1904.
Joseph Vardon (ANTI-SOC, SA) had his election to the Senate
at the 12 December 1906 election declared void on 31 May 1907. He was elected
at the supplementary election on 15 February 1908.
Albert Palmer (PROT, Echuca, Vic.) had his election to the
House of Representatives on 12 December 1906 declared void on 10 June 1907. He
was elected at the subsequent by-election on 10 July 1907.
James O’Loghlin (ALP, SA) had his selection by the South
Australian Parliament to fill a Senate casual vacancy on 11 July 1907 declared
void on 20 December 1907. He was subsequently elected at the federal election
of 31 May 1913.
Edwin Kerby (NAT, Ballaarat, Vic.) had his election to the
House of Representatives on 13 December 1919 declared void on 2 June 1920. He
lost the subsequent by-election on 10 July 1920.
Robert Wood (NDP, NSW) was disqualified on 12 May 1988 after
being elected to the Senate at the 11 July 1987 election.
Phil Cleary (IND, Wills, Vic.) had his election to the House
of Representatives on 11 April 1992 declared void on 25 November 1992. He subsequently
won the seat at the 13 March 1993 general election.
Jackie Kelly (LP, Lindsay, NSW) had her election to the
House of Representatives on 2 March 1996 declared void on 11 September 1996.
She was elected to the seat at the subsequent by-election on 19 October 1996.
Heather Hill (PHON, Qld) was disqualified on 23 June 1999
after being elected to the Senate at the 3 October 1998 election. She
never sat in Parliament.
Rodney Culleton (PHON, WA) had his election to the Senate on
2 July 2016 declared void on 3 February 2017.[5]
Bob Day (Family First, SA) was found on 5 April 2017 to have
been incapable of being elected to the Senate at the 2 July 2016 federal
election.[6]
Scott Ludlam (GRN, WA), Larissa Waters (GRN, Qld), Malcolm
Roberts (PHON, Qld), Barnaby Joyce (The Nationals, New England, NSW), and Fiona
Nash (The Nationals, NSW) were found on 27 October 2017 to have been incapable
of being elected at the 2 July 2016 federal election.[7]
Jacqui Lambie (JLN, Tas.) was found on 8 December 2017 to
have been incapable of being elected to the Senate at the 2 July 2016 federal
election.[8]
Skye Kakoschke-Moore (NXT/CA, SA) was found on 24 January
2018 to have been incapable of being elected to the Senate at the 2 July 2016
federal election.[9]
Katy Gallagher (ALP, ACT) was found on 9 May 2018 to have
been incapable of being elected to the Senate at the 2 July 2016 federal
election.[10]
Youngest person elected
Wyatt Roy (LP, Longman, Qld) was elected to
the House of Representatives on 21 August 2010 aged 20 years and three months.
He is the youngest person elected to any Australian parliament.
Previously, the youngest person elected to
the House of Representatives was Edwin Corboy (ALP, Swan, WA). He was elected
at a by-election on 26 October 1918 aged 22 years and two months and served
until defeated at the next election on 13 December 1919. Corboy was elected
when the qualifying age for candidates was 21, which remained the case until
1973 when the age was lowered to 18.
The youngest woman elected to the House of
Representatives is Katherine (Kate) Ellis (ALP, Adelaide, SA) who was elected
on 9 October 2004 aged 27 years.
The youngest woman elected to any
Australian parliament is Kelly Vincent (Dignity for Disability) who was elected
to the South Australian Legislative Council on 20 March 2010 aged 21 years and four
months.
Youngest person in the Senate
Senator William (Bill) O'Chee (NPA, Qld)
was appointed to the Senate under section 15 of the Constitution to fill
a casual vacancy on 8 May 1990. He was aged 24 years and 10 months.
The youngest person elected to the Senate
was Senator Sarah Hanson-Young (GRN, SA) on 24 November 2007 aged 25 years and 11
months. Hanson-Young’s term did not commence until 1 July 2008 when she was 26
years and six months of age.
Senator Natasha Stott Despoja (AD, SA) was
appointed to the Senate under section 15 of the Constitution on 29 November 1995
aged 26 years and two months, and her term commenced immediately from that
date.
Oldest
person elected to the House of Representatives
Edward Braddon (FT, Tasmania; Wilmot, Tas.)
was elected at the age of 71 years and nine months and served from 29 March
1901 until his death on 2 February 1904.
Oldest person appointed or elected to the Senate
Senator Frederick Furner Ward (ALP, SA) was
elected at the 1946 election and his term began on 1 July 1947 when he was aged
75 years and one month. The oldest person elected to any Australian parliament
was Val Jeffrey (LP) who was elected to the Australian Capital Territory
Legislative Assembly on 29 July 2016 aged 81 years and 7 months.[11]
Oldest and longest serving member of the Commonwealth Parliament
William Morris Hughes entered Parliament
aged 38 years and six months on 29 March 1901 and died aged 90 years and one
month on 28 October 1952 while still a member. He served for 51 years and seven
months representing a number of electorates (West Sydney, North Sydney,
Bradfield, NSW; Bendigo, Vic.) and various parties (ALP, NAT, UAP, LP).
Member of the Commonwealth Parliament serving the shortest term
Charles Howroyd (NAT, Darwin, Tas.) died on
10 May 1917, five days after being elected on 5 May 1917. He never sat in
Parliament.
Oldest serving senator
Senator Joseph Collings (ALP, Qld) was 85
years, one month and 20 days when he retired from the Senate on 30 June 1950
as the oldest person to have served as a senator.
Highest number of crossbenchers in the House of Representatives
Since 1950 the highest number of
crossbenchers in the House of Representatives has been eight. This occurred for
a short period from 29 April to 7 May 2012.[12]
The crossbench included Adam Bandt (GRN, Melbourne, Vic.); Bob Katter (KAP,
Kennedy, Qld); Rob Oakeshott (IND, Lyne, NSW); Tony Windsor (IND, New England,
NSW); Andrew Wilkie (IND, Denison, Tas.); Tony Crook (NATS WA, O’Connor, WA);
Peter Slipper (IND, Fisher, Qld) and Craig Thomson (IND, Dobell, NSW). Tony
Crook moved to sit with the Nationals from 8 May 2012.
Highest number of crossbenchers in the Senate
The highest number of crossbenchers in the
Senate since Federation increased to 21 following the departure of Cory
Bernardi (IND, SA) from the Liberal Party on 7 February 2017.
First (and only) member expelled from the House of Representatives
Hugh Mahon (ALP, Kalgoorlie, WA) was
expelled on 12 November 1920:
... having by seditious and disloyal
utterances ... been guilty of conduct unfitting for him to remain a Member ... and
inconsistent with the oath of allegiance which he has taken as a Member.[13]
This followed a speech Mahon gave at a
public meeting in Melbourne in which he criticised British policy in Ireland. Mahon’s
seat was declared vacant; he contested the subsequent by-election but was
unsuccessful. The Parliamentary Privileges Act 1987 (Cth) means that the
House of Representatives no longer has the power to expel a member.
First member suspended from the House of Representatives
On 18 August 1910 James Catts (ALP, Cook,
NSW) was suspended from the House of Representatives for the remainder of the
day’s sitting for referring to a statement by Elliott Johnson (LP, Lang, NSW)
as 'a dirty, skunky thing to say' and for going over to the other side of the
Chamber and saying 'you dirty skunks'.
On 21 February 1994 a new Standing Order
(304A, later 94a) came into effect. This allows the Speaker to order the
withdrawal of a member from the Chamber for one hour (‘sin bin’) for disorderly
conduct without a question having to be put to the House. Wilson Tuckey (LP,
O’Connor, WA) was the first member to be asked to withdraw from the Chamber
under this Standing Order on 24 February 1994, just three days after it came
into effect.
First senator suspended from the Senate
On 1 November 1912 Senator Arthur Rae (ALP,
NSW) was suspended from the Senate for describing a statement attributed to him
by Senator Edward Millen (ANTI-SOC, NSW) as 'a deliberate falsehood' and then
failing to withdraw it. He was suspended for the remainder of the day's
sitting.[14]
First member
suspended from the Federation Chamber
The first member to be named and suspended from the House of
Representatives following disorder in the Main Committee was Wayne Swan (ALP,
Lilley, Qld) on 8 February 2001. He persisted in disorderly behaviour by
continuing to interject after being called to order and thus defied the Chair.[15]
The first member ordered from the Federation Chamber for 15
minutes, under a standing order introduced in 2006, was Ed Husic (ALP, Chifley,
NSW) on 13 February 2014. He was ejected for continuing to interject after a
warning had been given by the Chair.
Member suspended or ordered from the House of Representatives most
often
Nick Champion (ALP, Wakefield, SA) has been
ejected 93 times for one hour on each occasion.
Senator suspended from the Senate most often
Senator James Keeffe (ALP, Qld) was
suspended six times during his term from 1 July 1965 to 4 February 1983.
Speaker who has ejected or presided over the suspension of the most members
of the House of Representatives
During Bronwyn Bishop’s (LP, Mackellar,
NSW) term as Speaker (12 November 2013 to 10 August 2015) there were 402
occasions when members were suspended, or ordered to withdraw from the Chamber
for one hour. She herself ordered out 400 members.
President who has presided over the most suspensions of senators
Alister McMullin (LP, NSW), President from
8 September 1953 to 30 June 1971, and Sir Condor Laucke (LP, SA), President
from 17 February 1976 to 30 June 1981, both suspended senators on six
occasions.
Members of Parliament who have crossed the floor most frequently
Senator Reginald (Reg) Wright (LP, Tas.)
crossed the floor 150 times from 22 February 1950 to 30 June 1978. Senator Ian
Wood (LP, Qld) crossed the floor 130 times over the same period.[16]
First (and only) member to have their seat declared vacant through
being absent without leave
Senator John Ferguson (FT, Qld) had his
seat become vacant on 6 October 1903 for being absent without leave for two
months from 6 August 1903.[17]
First member to be sung into Parliament
Linda Burney (ALP, Barton, NSW), the first Indigenous
woman elected to the House of Representatives, was sung into the House of
Representatives on 31 August 2016 by Wiradjuri woman, Lynette Riley. She sang
in the Wiradjuri language from the public gallery as part of Ms Burney’s first speech.[18]
First senators and members to make the affirmation of allegiance
Before taking their seats in Parliament all
MPs are required by the Constitution to swear allegiance to the Crown.
They may do this by taking an oath or making an affirmation. The first senators
to make an affirmation were Josiah Symon (FT, SA) and James Walker (FT, NSW) in
1901. The first member to do so was Edward Archer (ANTI-SOC, Capricornia, Qld)
on 20 February 1907.[19]
State or territory party leaders who have sat in Parliament together
Senators Katie Gallagher (ALP, ACT) and Zed
Seselja (LP, ACT) are the first members of Parliament to have opposed each
other in the same state/territory legislature and the same house of the Federal
Parliament. John Downer and Thomas Playford had previously opposed each other
in the South Australian Parliament, however, both entered the first Federal
Parliament in 1901 as senators for the Protectionist Party.
Senators and members who have died in office
54 senators and 79 members have died in
office. Senator Sir Frederick Sargood (FT, Vic.) was the first, dying while on
holiday in New Zealand on 2 January 1903.
Women in politics
First woman political candidate
In 1897 Catherine Helen Spence ran for the
National Australasian Convention. She came 22nd out of 33 candidates and was
not elected.
Women first eligible to vote for the Commonwealth Parliament
Women in South Australia and Western
Australia had been granted the right to vote before Federation and so were
eligible to vote in the first Commonwealth election on 29–30 March 1901. All
women (excluding Indigenous women) 21 years of age or older became eligible to
vote through the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 (Cth) which came into
effect on 12 June 1902. Thus the first election at which women could vote
for the Commonwealth Parliament was the election of 16 December 1903.
First woman
candidate for the House of Representatives
Selina Anderson (PROT) contested the 16 December 1903
election as a candidate for Dalley, NSW. She was also a candidate later under
her maiden name of Siggins for the Country Party in the seat of Calare at the
federal election on 16 December 1922. She was unsuccessful on both occasions.
First women candidates for the Senate
At the 16 December 1903 election senate
seats were contested by Vida Goldstein (for Victoria), and Nellie Martel and
Mary Ann Moore Bentley (for New South Wales). None were successful.
First women elected to Parliament
Enid Lyons (UAP and later LP, Darwin, Tas.)
was elected to the House of Representatives on 21 August 1943 and retired on 19
March 1951.
Senator Dorothy Tangney (ALP, WA) was elected
to the Senate on 21 August 1943 and served to 19 March 1951. Tangney was
re-elected and then served from 28 April 1951 to 30 June 1968.
The first woman elected to any Australian
parliament was Edith Cowan (NAT, West Perth, WA) who was elected to the WA
Legislative Assembly on 12 March 1921 and served until 22 March 1924.
First woman to become Governor-General
Quentin Bryce became Australia’s first
woman Governor-General on 5 September 2008.
First woman to become Prime Minister
Julia Gillard (ALP, Lalor, Vic.) became the
first woman Prime Minister on 24 June 2010. She became the first elected woman
Prime Minister following the federal election on 21 August 2010.
First woman member of the ministry/Cabinet
The first woman Cabinet member was Enid
Lyons (LP, Darwin, Tas.), Vice-President of the Executive Council from 19
December 1949 to 7 March 1951.
The first woman minister responsible for a
government department was Senator Annabelle Rankin (LP, Qld), Minister for
Housing from 26 January 1966 to 22 March 1971.
The first woman minister to administer a
government department and be a member of the Cabinet was Senator Margaret
Guilfoyle (LP, Vic.), who was appointed to Cabinet on 8 July 1976 during her
term as Minister for Social Security from 22 December 1975 to 3 November 1980.
Highest percentage of women ministers and/or cabinet ministers
The June 2013 Rudd ministry had the highest
proportion of women, with 11 women ministers out of a total ministry of 30 (36.7
per cent of the ministry). The June 2013 Rudd ministry also had the highest
proportion of women Cabinet members, with six women Cabinet ministers out of 20
(30 per cent of the Cabinet).
First woman Speaker of the House of Representatives
Joan Child (ALP, Henty, Vic.) served as
Speaker of the House of Representatives from 11 February 1986 to 5 June 1987,
and from 14 September 1987 to 28 August 1989.
First woman President of the Senate
Senator Margaret Reid (LP, ACT) served as
President of the Senate from 20 August 1996 to 18 August 2002.
First woman to lead a federal parliamentary party
Senator Janine Haines (AD, SA) was Leader
of the Australian Democrats from 18 August 1986 to 24 March 1990.
Indigenous members of the Commonwealth Parliament
First Indigenous members of the Commonwealth Parliament
Senator Neville Bonner (LP and later IND,
Qld), a descendant of the Yuggera and Ugarapal peoples, was the first
Indigenous senator.[20]
He was appointed on 11 June 1971 under section 15 of the Constitution
and was returned at the next election on 2 December 1972. He served until 4
February 1983.
Kenneth (Ken) Wyatt (LP, Hasluck, WA), a
Nyungar man, is the first Indigenous member of the House of Representatives. He
was elected on 21 August 2010.[21]
First Indigenous woman senator
Nova Peris (ALP, NT) was elected to the
Senate at the 2013 half-Senate election and served until her retirement on 9
May 2016. She is a descendant of the Gija, Yawaru and Iwatja peoples.[22]
First Indigenous woman member of the House of Representatives
Linda Burney (ALP, Barton, NSW), a
Wiradjuri woman, was elected to the House of Representatives on 2 July 2016.[23]
First Indigenous minister
Ken Wyatt (LP, Hasluck, WA) was the first
Indigenous minister, appointed as Assistant Minister for Health from 30 September 2015
to 18 February 2016; then Assistant Minister for Health and Aged Care to 24
January 2017. On 24 January 2017 he became the Minister for Aged Care and the
Minister for Sport.
Commonwealth Parliament
First Commonwealth Parliament opened
The first Commonwealth Parliament was
opened in Melbourne on 9 May 1901. Parliament later moved to the provisional
Parliament House in Canberra on 9 May 1927 and then to the present Parliament
House on 9 May 1988.
Number of times the Queen has opened Parliament
Queen Elizabeth II has opened Parliament on
three occasions: 15 February 1954, 28 February 1974, and 8 March 1977.
Welcome to Country ceremony first conducted prior to the opening of
Parliament
The Welcome to Country ceremony was first
conducted prior to the opening of the 42nd Parliament in the Members’ Hall of
Parliament House on 12 February 2008.
First President of the Senate
Senator Richard Baker (FT, SA) served as
the first President of the Senate from 9 May 1901 to 31 December 1906.
First Speaker of the House of Representatives
Frederick Holder (FT, and later PROT and ANTI-SOC,
South Australia and Wakefield, SA) served as the first Speaker of the House of
Representatives from 9 May 1901 until his death in the Chamber on 23 July 1909.
He is also the only Speaker to have died in office.
Presidents who have resigned mid-term or died in office
Senator Douglas McClelland (ALP, NSW) and
Senator Stephen Parry (LP, Tas.) are the only Presidents of the Senate to
resign mid-term. Senator McClelland was President from 21 April 1983 to 23
January 1987, and Senator Parry was President from 30 August 2016 to 13
November 2017 (he had also served as President previously from July 2014 to May
2016). The only President to have died in office was Senator James Cunningham (ALP,
WA) who was President of the Senate from 1 July 1941 to 4 July 1943.
Speakers who have resigned or died in office
Nine Speakers have resigned (Walter Nairn,
Jim Cope, Dr Harry Jenkins, Joan Child, Leo McLeay, Bob Halverson, Harry
Jenkins, Peter Slipper and Bronwyn Bishop) and two have died in office
(Frederick Holder and Archie Cameron).
Longest-serving President
Alister Maxwell McMullin (LP, NSW) served as
President of the Senate for over 17 years from 8 September 1953 to 30 June
1971.
Longest-serving Speaker
John McLeay (LP, Boothby, SA) served as
Speaker of the House of Representatives for over 10 years from 29 August 1956
to 31 October 1966.[24]
Longest speech in Parliament
Senator Albert Gardiner (ALP, NSW) spoke
for 12 hours and 40 minutes on the Commonwealth Electoral Bill 1918 from 10.03
pm on 13 November to 10.43 am on 14 November 1918. The transcript of the speech
took up 79 pages of Hansard (parliamentary debates).
Highest number of sitting days in a year
The House of Representatives sat for 122
days in 1904, the highest number of sitting days in a calendar year.
Lowest number of sitting days in a year
The House of Representatives sat for 29
days in 1937, the lowest number of sitting days in a calendar year.
First and only joint sitting of the House of Representatives and the
Senate following a double dissolution election
The House of Representatives and the Senate
held a joint sitting over 6–7 August 1974 to deal with six Bills which had been
‘trigger’ Bills for the double dissolution election on 18 May 1974. Although
there have been seven double dissolution elections (1914, 1951, 1974, 1975,
1983, 1987 and 2016) this is the only time a joint sitting has been held. A
joint sitting is different from a joint meeting of both Houses.
First electronic petition tabled in the Senate
The first electronic petition was presented
to the Senate by Senator Natasha Stott Despoja (AD, SA) on 26 June 1997.
The petition related to native title and called upon senators ‘to ensure that
regional agreements with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are
pursued in good faith, so as to determine their rights to their land in a
spirit of reconciliation.’[25]
First electronic petition tabled in the House of Representatives
The first electronic petition presented to
the House of Representatives was tabled on 7 November 2016 when seven such
petitions were tabled.[26]
Petition with the highest number of signatures
Since 1988, when the number of signatures was
first recorded, the petition with the greatest number of signatures was a
petition concerning funding support for community pharmacies. It was presented to
the House of Representatives on 26 February 2014 with 1,210,471
signatures.[27]
First broadcast of the proceedings of Parliament
Radio broadcasts of proceedings of the
House of Representatives began on 10 July 1946 and of the Senate on 17 July 1946.[28] Senate proceedings have
been regularly televised from August 1990 and House of Representatives
proceedings from February 1991.
Longest sitting
in the House of Representatives
The House of Representatives sat continuously for 57 hours
30 minutes from 2.30 pm on Thursday 16 November 1905 until midnight
on Saturday 18 November 1905. The sitting actually lasted until 12.05 pm on
Monday 20 November but was suspended over the Sunday.
The longest sitting was from 11.00 am on Friday 18 January
1918 until 6.22 pm on Friday 25 January 1918 (175 hours and 22 minutes); however,
during this period the sitting was suspended from 3.09 am on 19 January until 3.00 pm
on 25 January.[29]
Longest
sitting in the Senate
The Senate sat for 66 hours and 18 minutes over the period
from Thursday 16 December to Tuesday 21 December 1993.[30]
Shortest
sitting in the House of Representatives
The shortest sitting period in the House of Representatives
was for one minute on 14 March 1928 when the House was adjourned so that
Members could attend a function to honour the aviator, Bert Hinkler.[31]
Shortest
sitting in the Senate
The shortest sitting period in the Senate was for two
minutes on 24 October 2002 when the Senate was adjourned so that Senators could
attend a memorial service for the victims of the terrorist attacks in Bali.[32]
Legislation
First private member’s Bill assented to
The Life Assurance Companies Bill 1904 was introduced
by Littleton Groom (PROT, Darling Downs, Qld) and assented to on 23 November
1905 (Act no. 12 of 1905).
First private senator’s Bill assented to
The Commonwealth Conciliation and
Arbitration Bill 1908 was introduced by Senator Edward Needham (ALP, WA) and assented
to on 13 December 1909 (Act no. 28 of 1909).
Largest and smallest number of bills assented to in one year
A total of 264 Bills were assented to by
the Parliament in 1992, the largest number in one year. The smallest number of Bills
assented to was 12 in 1907.
Bill with the highest number of sponsors
The Racial Discrimination Amendment Bill
2016 was sponsored by 20 senators on its introduction to the Senate on 31
August 2016.
Longest debate on a Bill in Parliament
The longest debate on a single Bill in the
Senate was on the Native Title Amendment Bill 1997–debate on the Bill lasted
for 56 hours 8 minutes. Such records are not kept for the House of
Representatives.
Elections and government
Largest Commonwealth electorate by area
Durack in Western Australia covers an area
of 1,629,858 sq. kms.[33]
Smallest Commonwealth electorate by area
Grayndler in New South Wales covers an area
of 32 sq. kms.[34]
Largest Commonwealth electorate by population
Cowper in NSW had 124,507 people enrolled
as at 24 April 2019.[35]
Smallest Commonwealth electorate by population
Solomon in the Northern Territory had 69,332
people enrolled as at 24 April 2019.[36]
Smallest vote margin to win a seat
John Lynch (ALP) defeated Alfred Conroy
(LP) by just seven votes (13,162 to 13,155) to win the seat of Werriwa (NSW) at
the federal election on 5 September 1914. There have been two contests where
the margin was less but in both cases the result was challenged and their
election declared void. Edwin Kerby defeated David McGrath by one vote for the
seat of Ballaarat, Victoria at the federal election on 13 December 1919, but his
election was declared void on 2 June 1920. Robert Blackwood defeated John
Chanter by five votes for the seat of Riverina, NSW at the federal election on 16
December 1903, but his election was declared void on 13 April 1904.
First Commonwealth election at which all Indigenous people could
vote
The right to vote had been extended to all
Indigenous people in 1962, but the House of Representatives election on 30
November 1963 was the first opportunity for the exercise of that right.
Government with the largest majority
The Fraser LP/NCP Coalition Government had
a majority of 55 after the 1975 federal election, having won 91 seats to the
ALP’s 36 in the House of Representatives.
Governments with the smallest majorities after a federal election
The Cook Liberal Party Government had a one
seat majority (38–37) after the 1913 federal election.
The Menzies UAP/CP Coalition retained government
after the September 1940 federal election with 36 seats. Labor also won 36
seats (ALP 32 and Non-Communist Labor 4), but two independents supported the
Government.[37]
The Menzies LP/CP Coalition retained government
after the December 1961 federal election. Although it had won the same number
of seats (62) as the ALP, the ALP numbers included two territory members (for
the ACT and NT) who did not have full voting rights and therefore could not
affect the outcome of divisions. After providing the Speaker the LP/CP
Coalition had a majority of one.
The 2010 federal election produced the first
hung parliament since 1940. Although the Coalition gained 72 seats, the Gillard
Labor Government retained power with 72 seats and the support of three
independent MPs and one Australian Greens MP.[38]
Party which has been in government the greatest amount of time
overall
Non-Labor parties have been in power for 67
per cent of the time since Federation (nearly 78 years) compared to the ALP’s
33 per cent (just over 38 years).
Longest continuous period in government
The Liberal/Country Party Coalition was in
government for 22 years, 11 months and 16 days from 19 December 1949
to 5 December 1972.
Shortest period in government
The ALP was in government for three months
and 22 days from 27 April 1904 to 17 August 1904.
Referendums and plebiscites
At the referendums to vote on 44 proposed
amendments to the Constitution since Federation, eight have been passed.
There have been three plebiscites: two on military conscription during World
War I which failed to pass, and one to choose a national song in 1977.
Sources
Bellwood T, ‘A close run thing: the narrowest of margins’, FlagPost, Parliamentary Library blog, 2 October 2013.
Evans H and Laing R, eds, Odgers’
Australian Senate practice, 13th edn, Department of the Senate, Canberra,
2012.
House of Representatives. Infosheet 11 – Petitions.
National Centre of Biography, Australian
Dictionary of Biography website, accessed 16 January 2017.
Lundie R, ‘That’s it, you’re out’: disorderly conduct in the House of
Representatives from 1901 to 2016, Research
paper, 2016–17, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 22 December 2016.
Lundie R, ‘Time in government since Federation’,
FlagPost, Parliamentary Library blog, 15 April 2011 [updated by the author].
McCann J, Traits and trends of Australia’s prime ministers, 1901 to 2015: a
quick guide, Research paper series, 2015–16,
Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 3 February 2016.
McKeown D, Oaths and affirmations made by the executive and members of federal
parliament since 1901, Research paper, 2013–14,
Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 24 October 2013.
Parliamentary handbook of the
Commonwealth of Australia, 32nd edn, Parliamentary
Library, Canberra, 2011.
Statistics compiled by the Parliamentary
Library.
Senate, ‘Women in the Senate’, Senate brief,
3, Department of the Senate, Canberra, April 2017.
Souter G, Acts of Parliament: a
narrative history of the Senate and House of Representatives Commonwealth of
Australia, Melbourne University Press, Carlton South, Vic., 1988.
Wright BC, ed, House of Representatives
practice, 6th edn, Department of the House of Representatives, Canberra,
2012.
All hyperlinks
were accessed as at 10 April 2017.
[1]. M Lumb and R
Lundie, Selected
political records of the Commonwealth Parliament, Research
paper, 2013–14, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 5 March 2014.
[2]. It could be
argued that, although Billy Hughes was replaced by a fellow Nationalist MP, his
resignation came at the insistence of the Country Party (G Souter, Acts of
Parliament: a narrative history of the Senate and House of Representatives
Commonwealth of Australia, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Vic., 1988,
p. 193).
[3]. Assistant
Ministers are designated as Parliamentary Secretaries under the Ministers of
State Act 1952.
[4]. These
numbers include three people who died before taking their seats: John Clasby
(UAP, East Sydney, NSW), Charles Howroyd (NAT, Darwin, Tas.) and Lionel
Courtnay (UAP, NSW). The numbers also include people whose election was
declared void or who were disqualified (see entry below) because they sat in
Parliament. However, Heather Hill (PHON, Qld) is not included because she was
disqualified before taking her seat.
[5] On 7 February
2017 the President of the Senate reported
to the Senate that on 11 January 2017 he had issued a statement declaring
Senator Culleton’s place in the Senate vacant. This followed a ruling by the
Federal Court on 23 December 2016 that he was an undischarged bankrupt. On 3
February 2017 the High Court, sitting as the Court of Disputed Returns, ruled
that he was a person who was convicted and subject to be sentenced for an
offence punishable by imprisonment for one year or longer at the time of the
2016 federal election, and therefore was incapable of being chosen as a Senator
under s 44(ii) of the Constitution.
[6]. The High
Court of Australia found that he had an indirect pecuniary interest in an
agreement with the Commonwealth and thus was in breach of section 44(v) of the Constitution.
He had previously resigned from the Senate on 1 November 2016.
[7]. All were
found incapable of being elected by virtue of the citizenship requirements in section
44(i) of the Constitution. Ludlam and Waters had previously resigned
from the Senate (on 14 July 2017 and 18 July 2017 respectively).
[8]. Lambie was found
incapable of being elected by virtue of the citizenship requirements in section
44(i) of the Constitution. She had previously resigned from the Senate
on 14 November 2017.
[9]. Kakoschke-Moore
was found incapable of being elected by virtue of the citizenship requirements
in section 44(i) of the Constitution.
[10]. Gallagher was
found incapable of being elected by virtue of the citizenship requirements in
section 44(i) of the Constitution.
[11]. ACT
Legislative Assembly, Members of the eighth Assembly 2012–2016, ‘Val
Jeffery’, n.d.; A Francis, ‘Val
Jeffery set to become ACT's oldest MLA, to sit in Legislative Assembly for just
six days’, ABC News, 28 July 2016.
[12]. Crossbenchers
include MPs who are members of minor parties not in coalition with the
Government or Opposition, Independents, and those from major parties who choose
to sit on the crossbenchers, for example, Tony Crook (NATS, WA).
[13]. For this and
other information about MPs’ suspensions see: R Lundie, ‘That’s it, you’re out’: disorderly conduct in the House of
Representatives from 1901 to 2016, Research
paper, 2016–17, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 22 December 2016.
[14]. Senate, Navigation
Bill, In Committee, Debates, 1 November 1912, pp. 4997–9.
[15]. The Main
Committee, renamed the Federation Chamber in February 2012, was established in
1994 to deal with non-controversial legislation.
[16]. Detailed
information about MPs crossing the floor is only available from 1950 onwards.
[17]. The vacancy
occurred under section 20 of the Constitution:
‘The place of a senator shall become vacant if for two consecutive months of
any session of the Parliament he, without the permission of the Senate, fails
to attend the Senate’.
[18]. L Burney, Governor-General’s
speech: address in reply, House of Representatives, Debates, 31
August 2016, p. 163.
[19]. D McKeown, Oaths and affirmations made by the executive and members of federal
parliament since 1901, Research paper, 2013–14,
Parliamentary Library, Canberra, updated 24 October 2013, p. 9.
[20]. T Rowse, ‘Bonner,
Neville Thomas (1922–1999)’, The Biographical dictionary of the
Australian Senate, online edition, The Senate, Canberra.
[21]. K Wyatt, ‘Governor-General’s
speech: address in reply’, House of Representatives, Debates, 29
September 2010, p. 211.
[22]. N Peris, ‘First
speech’, Senate, Debates, 13 November 2013, p. 253.
[23]. L Burney, Governor-General’s
speech: address in reply, House of Representatives, Debates, 31
August 2016, p. 163.
[24] His service covered
four periods: 29.8.1956–14.10.1958; 17.2.1959–2.11.1961; 20.2.1962–1.11.1963;
25.2.1964–31.10.1966.
[25]. Senate, Petition:
native title, Debates, 26 June 1997, p. 5259.
[26]. House of
Representatives, Petitions Committee, report,
Debates, 7 November 2016, p. 2853.
[27]. House of
Representatives, Chamber Research Office, Infosheet 11: Petitions,
November 2016. This publication contains a photo of the petition.
[28]. I Ward, ‘Parliament
on “the wireless” in Australia’, Australian Journal of Politics and
History, 60(2), 2014, pp. 157–176.; ‘Senate goes on the air’, Townsville
Daily Bulletin, 19 July 1946, p. 4.
[29]. BC Wright, ed, House of Representatives practice, 6th edn,
Department of the House of Representatives, Canberra, 2012, p. 240.
[30].
The periods were: 16 December 1993 (9 am to midnight); 17 December 1993 (9 am—1
pm, 2 pm—6 pm, 7 pm—after midnight); 18 December 1993 (9 am—1 pm, 2 pm—6.30
pm, 8 pm—after midnight); 20 December 1993 (10 am–1 pm, 2 pm—6.30 pm, 8 pm
—12.49 am on 21 December); 21 December 1993 (9 am—1 pm, 2 pm—6.30 pm, 8
pm—2.21 am on 22 December). Australia, Senate, Journals,
53, 1993–1995, 16–21 December 1993, pp. 1073, 1091, 1104, 1112.
[31].
Wright, House of Representatives practice, op. cit.
[32]. Senate, Notices,
Debates, 24 October 2002, p. 5816.
[33]. Australian Electoral Commission (AEC), ‘Current federal
electoral divisions’, AEC website, 11 July 2018.
[34]. Ibid.
[35]. AEC, ‘Elector count by division, age group and gender (31 December 2016)’, AEC website, 24 April 2019.
[36]. Ibid.
[37]. Menzies
resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by Arthur Fadden (CP, Darling
Downs, Qld) on 29 August 1941.
[38]. The
Coalition’s 72 seats did not include Tony Crook (NATS WA, O’Connor, WA) who chose
to sit on the crossbench. Those supporting Labor were Rob Oakeshott (IND, Lyne,
NSW), Tony Windsor (IND, New England, NSW), Andrew Wilkie (IND, Denison, Tas.)
and Adam Bandt (AG, Melbourne, Vic.)
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