28 June 2017
PDF version [430KB]
Alicia Hall
Statistics and Mapping Section
Data on home ownership
rates can be derived from the Australian Bureau of Statistic (ABS) Census of
Population and Housing (the Census), the ABS’ Survey of Income
and Housing and the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia
(HILDA) survey. The Census is collected on a five yearly cycle, the ABS Survey of Income and Housing is currently run every two years, and the HILDA
Survey is run annually.
This paper presents results from these
data sources by a range of metrics over time, including age, income, household
composition and geography.
Methodological concerns
The figures in this paper are provided
at a household level, as housing tenure typically relates to the entire
household, and housing costs and income are more easily calculated at the
household level.
The data in this paper on tenure type[1]
relates to the dwelling in which the household is residing at the time of the
relevant survey.[2]
As such, the paper does not present data on those who own a property but are
currently renting, or data on investment properties.
There will be slightly different results
across the three datasets, as the Census aims to enumerate Australia’s entire
dwelling stock, whilst the Survey of Income and Housing and the HILDA survey
are based on a sample of households. In addition, each of these three sources
has different methodologies for collection and methodologies within each source
change over time.[3] As such, it is important to look at the broader
trends, and compare results across the data sources.
The 2016 Census results have been
progressively released from 27 June 2017. Selected 2016 data has been included
in this analysis.
Trends in overall home ownership
rates by household and person
Census data indicates that overall
household home ownership rates (including those dwellings where there is a
mortgage over the property, as well as those dwellings owned outright) have not
changed substantially since the 1960s, hovering around 70 per cent over the
past 50 years. The following table shows the five yearly rates from 1947 to
2016.
Proportion of owner occupied private
dwellings, based on Census data
|
|
1947 |
1954 |
1961 |
1966 |
1971 |
1976 |
1981 |
1986 |
1991 |
1996 |
2001 |
2006 |
2011 |
2016 |
|
%
|
53.4 |
63.3 |
70.2 |
71.4 |
68.8 |
68.4 |
70.1 |
70.4 |
68.9 |
69.0 |
69.5 |
69.8 |
68.5 |
67.1 |
Source: 1947, 1954 and 1961 figures
sourced from ABS, Social Indicators, 1992 (cat. no. 4101.0), p. 315.
Hard copy held by Parliamentary Library. 1966 to 2006 figures sourced from ABS,
Housing Occupancy and Costs, 2005–06, Feature Article: First Home Buyers
in Australia (cat. no. 4130.0.55.001.) 2011 figure sourced from ABS, 2011
Census of Population and Housing, Community Profiles, Time Series Profile, Table
18. 2016 figure sourced from ABS, 2016 Census of Population and Housing,
Community Profiles, Time Series Profile, Table 18. Further details on these
sources (and methodologies) are provided in the Appendix.
However, if we look at the Census data
in combination with other more recent and regular sources, it is possible to discern
a slow but marked decline in levels of home ownership since the early 2000s.
The ABS’ Survey of Income and Housing indicates that owners represented
70.6 per cent of all households in 1999–00, falling to 67.2 per cent of all
households in 2013–14.
Estimated proportion of households
that are owner occupiers, based on ABS Survey of Income and Housing
|
|
1994–95
|
1995–96
|
1996–97
|
1997–98
|
1999–00
|
2000–01
|
2002–03
|
2003–04
|
2005–06
|
2007–08
|
2009–10
|
2011–12
|
2013–14
|
|
%
|
71.4
|
70.9
|
69.7
|
70.3
|
70.6
|
70.4
|
69.5
|
70.0
|
69.3
|
68.3
|
68.8
|
67.4
|
67.2
|
Source: ABS, Housing Occupancy and
Costs, 2013–14, cat. no. 4130.0.
The HILDA survey data also suggests a
decline in home ownership rates, falling from 68.8 per cent of households to
64.9 per cent in the period between 2001 and 2014 (a fall of 3.9 percentage
points).
Estimated proportion of households
living in owner occupied dwellings, based on HILDA survey
| |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
|
%
|
68.8
|
68.4
|
68.2
|
68.1
|
67.7
|
67.7
|
67.9
|
67.6
|
66.6
|
66.7
|
64.9
|
65.3
|
64.8
|
64.9
|
Source: Melbourne Institute of Applied
Economic and Social Research, The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in
Australia Survey: Selected Findings from Waves 1 to 14, 2016.
It is also possible to examine home
ownership rates for individuals, rather than by households. The HILDA survey
indicates a significant recent decline in the level of individual home
ownership in Australia, with a decline of over five percentage points from 2002
to 2014.[4]
These figures are lower than the household rates as a number of people live in
homes that are owner occupied, but themselves are not the owners. [5]
Estimated proportion of individuals
aged 18 and over who are legal owners of the home in which they live, based on
HILDA survey
| |
2002 |
2006 |
2010 |
2014 |
| % |
57.0 |
55.8 |
54.4 |
51.7 |
Source: Melbourne Institute of Applied
Economic and Social Research, The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in
Australia Survey: Selected Findings from Waves 1 to 14, 2016.
Trends in home ownership rates by age
Although overall home ownership rates in
Australia have not declined greatly over the last fifty years, rates of home
ownership have changed markedly for certain age groups. The following table,
reproduced from Judith Yates’ article in The Conversation ‘Explainer:
What’s really keeping young and first home buyers out of the housing market’,
shows home ownership rates by age since 1961.
Home ownership rates by age of
household reference person, based on Census Data
| % |
1961 |
1966 |
1971 |
1976 |
1981 |
1986 |
1991 |
1996 |
2001 |
2006 |
2011 |
| AGE |
|
| 15–24 |
34 |
30 |
26 |
25 |
25 |
26 |
24 |
22 |
24 |
24 |
25 |
| 25–34 |
60 |
58 |
56 |
60 |
61 |
58 |
56 |
52 |
51 |
51 |
47 |
| 35–44 |
72 |
71 |
71 |
73 |
75 |
74 |
74 |
70 |
69 |
69 |
64 |
| 45–54 |
75 |
76 |
76 |
76 |
79 |
79 |
81 |
79 |
78 |
78 |
73 |
| 55–64 |
78 |
78 |
79 |
78 |
81 |
82 |
84 |
83 |
82 |
82 |
79 |
| 65+ years |
81 |
80 |
80 |
75 |
78 |
80 |
84 |
82 |
82 |
82 |
79 |
| All households |
72 |
70 |
69 |
68 |
70 |
70 |
72 |
69 |
70 |
70 |
67 |
Source: The Conversation (Yates,
Judith). ‘Explainer: What’s really keeping young and first home buyers out of
the housing market?’ Home ownership rates by age of household reference person
(Special request tabulations from Census data; data for 1966 interpolated).
Please note that there are slight differences in total household rates from
those quoted previously, presumably due to methodological differences in
calculations.
This data indicates that home ownership
rates for younger households have declined. For example, in the 25–34 years age
range, home ownership rates declined from 60 per cent of households in 1961 to
47 per cent in 2011. Similarly, in the 35–44 years age range, home ownership
rates fell from 72 to 64 per cent of households. This has not resulted in an
overall decline in home ownership levels, due to high levels of home ownership
for older households combined with the ageing of the population.[6]
The ABS’ Survey of Income and Housing
and the HILDA survey suggests an even more dramatic decline in levels of
home ownership for those households with a reference person aged 25–34 years in
recent years, with the ABS reporting a fall to 38.6 per cent in 2013–14, and
HILDA reporting a fall to 29.2 per cent for 2014 (see the following tables).
Home ownership rates by age of
reference person, based on ABS Survey of Income and Housing
| % |
1995–96 |
2013–14 |
| AGE |
|
| 15–24 |
18.3 |
12.8 |
| 25–34 |
52.2 |
38.6 |
| 35–44 |
72.9 |
62.6 |
| 45–54 |
81.6 |
73.5 |
| 55–64 |
85.1 |
80.4 |
| 65+ years |
85.2 |
84.5 |
| All households |
71.2 |
67.2 |
Source: ABS, Housing Occupancy and
Costs, cat. no. 4130.0, 1995–96, p. 19, Table 6. Also ABS, Housing
Occupancy and Costs, cat. no. 4130.0, 2013–14, Table 10, All households,
Selected household characteristics by age of household reference person.
Home ownership rates by age of reference
person, based on HILDA survey
| % |
2002 |
2014 |
| AGE |
|
| 25–34 |
38.7 |
29.2 |
| 35–44 |
63.2 |
52.4 |
| 45–54 |
75.6 |
67.4 |
| 55–64 |
75.1 |
72.9 |
Source: Melbourne Institute of Applied
Economic and Social Research, The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in
Australia Survey: Selected Findings from Waves 1 to 14, 2016, p. 68.
Trends in home ownership rates in
Australia by income
Between 1988–89 and 2013–14, rates of
home ownership fell for all equivalised disposable income quintiles, except for
the highest quintile. The largest falls in absolute terms was experienced in
the second and third income quintiles.
Home ownership rates by equivalised
disposable income quintiles for all age groups
| |
Equivalised disposable income
quintile |
| % |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
All |
| 1988–89 |
65.4 |
74.3 |
76.6 |
75.6 |
71.5 |
72.7 |
| 1995–96 |
62.7 |
67.9 |
72.9 |
75.2 |
75.8 |
70.9 |
| 2000–01 |
61.4 |
66.3 |
72.3 |
74.8 |
77.1 |
70.4 |
| 2005–06 |
60.4 |
67.5 |
69.7 |
72.0 |
76.8 |
69.3 |
| 2009–10 |
61.5 |
64.2 |
70.3 |
72.1 |
75.6 |
68.8 |
| 2011–12 |
60.2 |
65.3 |
66.7 |
69.5 |
75.4 |
67.4 |
| 2013–14 |
58.1 |
64.9 |
67.8 |
70.7 |
74.4 |
67.2 |
| Difference |
–7.3 |
–9.4 |
–8.8 |
–5.0 |
+2.9 |
–5.5 |
Source: The Conversation (Yates,
Judith). ‘Explainer: What’s really keeping young and first home buyers out of
the housing market? updated to 2013–14 by Judith Yates. (Sourced by Yates from
ABS Surveys of Income and Housing, derived from Confidentialised Unit
Record Files.)
Trends in home ownership rates in
Australia by income and age
As noted previously, younger households
have experienced significant declines in home ownership rates. However, this
has not affected all income quintiles in these age groups equally. If we
examine the 25–34 years age range, we can see significant falls across all
income quintiles, with the highest reductions felt in the second and third
income quintiles.
Home ownership rates by equivalised
disposable household income quintiles for the 25–34 age group
|
|
Equivalised disposable household
income quintile |
| % |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
All |
| 1988–89 |
42.1 |
56.1 |
67.2 |
65.8 |
60.2 |
59.7 |
| 1995–96 |
39.2 |
38.1 |
49.7 |
60.9 |
55.7 |
50.4 |
| 2000–01 |
26.5 |
35.8 |
57.4 |
57.5 |
59.1 |
50.8 |
| 2005–06 |
28.1 |
38.1 |
47.1 |
52.9 |
55.6 |
47.8 |
| 2009–10 |
24.8 |
28.9 |
42.6 |
53.1 |
53.5 |
44.8 |
| 2011–12 |
27.3 |
33.6 |
37.5 |
44.8 |
53.0 |
42.0 |
| 2013–14 |
23.7 |
31.2 |
32.5 |
43.7 |
48.8 |
38.6 |
| Difference |
–18.3 |
–24.9 |
–34.7 |
–22.1 |
–11.4 |
–21.0 |
Source: The Conversation (Yates,
Judith). ‘Explainer: What’s really keeping young and first home buyers out of
the housing market? updated to 2013–14 by Judith Yates. (Sourced by Yates from
ABS Surveys of Income and Housing, derived from Confidentialised Unit Record
Files)
In the 35–44 years
age bracket, the declines are lower in the lowest two income quintiles.
Home ownership
rates by equivalised disposable household income quintiles for the 35–44 age
group
|
|
Equivalised
disposable household income quintile
|
| % |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
All |
| 1988–89 |
60.5 |
72.5 |
79.8 |
79.1 |
73.6 |
74.4 |
| 1995–96 |
56.4 |
65.5 |
75.5 |
76.5 |
77.9 |
71.6 |
| 2000–01 |
49.5 |
62.2 |
67.8 |
80.2 |
77.6 |
69.1 |
| 2005–06 |
42.9 |
60.3 |
69.5 |
72.3 |
76.3 |
66.1 |
| 2009–10 |
41.7 |
52.5 |
67.5 |
69.9 |
75.9 |
63.6 |
| 2011–12 |
35.8 |
55.6 |
62.5 |
69.5 |
74.3 |
62.2 |
| 2013–14 |
36.7 |
51.8 |
65.6 |
72.8 |
75.7 |
62.7 |
| Difference |
–23.8 |
–20.7 |
–14.1 |
–6.2 |
+2.1 |
–11.7 |
Source: The
Conversation (Yates, Judith). ‘Explainer: What’s really keeping young and
first home buyers out of the housing market? updated to 2013–14 by Judith
Yates. (Sourced by Yates from ABS Surveys of Income and Housing, derived from
Confidentialised Unit Record Files.)
Amongst the age groups 45–54 years and
55–64 years, the lowest equivalised disposable income quintile experienced the
biggest declines in home ownership rates. Nearly all income quintiles in the
65+ age group increased slightly during the period 1988–89 to 2013–14.
Home ownership rates in Australia by
household composition
Comparing home ownership rates over time
between different household types is problematic due to changes in reference
units, and family types across survey years.
Burke, Stone and Ralston[7]
analysed the proportion of different household types who are purchasers across
two different age groups between 1981 and 2011. This data relates to those who
are not yet outright owners of their home (that is, they still have a
mortgage). For the 25–34 years age group, the proportion of households who are
purchasers declined across all household types, except for singles. For those
aged 35–44 years, the proportion of households that are purchasers increased
for singles, couples and couples with children, but declined for sole parents.
In this context, Burke, Stone and Ralston (p. 43) comment that: ‘Dual incomes
is now a necessity for home purchase, which is highly problematic given both
the growth in single-adult-headed households and increasing rates of deferred marriage
(being single for longer) and relationship breakdown.’
The
following table is reproduced from the report.
Proportion of household types who are purchasers, percentage
Source: T Burke, W Stone and L Ralston,
Generational change in home purchase
opportunity in Australia, Australian
Housing and Urban Research Institute with
Swinbourne University, Final Report no. 232, November 2014, p. 27.
Home ownership rates in Australia by
state/territory
The ABS’ Survey of Income and Housing
shows the largest declines in Victoria and Queensland from 1994–95 to 2013–14
(see the following graph).
Home ownership rates (per cent) 1994–95
and 2013–14, from ABS Survey of Income and Housing
Source: ABS, Housing Occupancy and
Costs, 2013–14 (cat. no. 4130.0)
Proportion of Australian households
that own their home outright
Based on the ABS Survey of Income and
Housing, the number of owners without a mortgage has declined since 1994–95,
from 41.8 per cent of owners to just 31.4 per cent of owners in 2013–14 (see
the following table). The 2016 Census data shows a similar trend, with the
number of occupied private dwellings owned outright declining from 32.1 per
cent in the 2011 Census, to 31.0 per cent in the 2016 Census.[8]
|
|
1994–95
|
1995–96
|
1996–97
|
1997–98
|
1999–00
|
2000–01
|
2002–03
|
2003–04
|
2005–06
|
2007–08
|
2009–10
|
2011–12
|
2013–14
|
| Owner without a mortgage |
41.8 |
42.8 |
41.3 |
39.5 |
38.6 |
38.2 |
36.4 |
34.9 |
34.3 |
33.2 |
32.6 |
30.9 |
31.4 |
| Owner with a mortgage |
29.6 |
28.1 |
28.3 |
30.9 |
32.1 |
32.1 |
33.1 |
35.1 |
35.0 |
35.1 |
36.2 |
36.6 |
35.8 |
| Total owners |
71.4 |
70.9 |
69.7 |
70.3 |
70.6 |
70.4 |
69.5 |
70.0 |
69.3 |
68.3 |
68.8 |
67.4 |
67.2 |
Source: ABS, Housing Occupancy and
Costs (cat. no. 4130.0)
Other resources on home ownership
T Burke, W Stone and L Ralston, Generational change
in home purchase opportunity in Australia, Australian Housing and Urban
Research Institute with Swinbourne University, Final Report no. 232, November
2014.
House of Representatives Standing Committee on
Economics, Report on the Inquiry into Home Ownership, Canberra, December
2016.
T Kryger, Home Ownership in Australia: Data and
Trends, Research Paper no. 21, 2008–09, Parliamentary Library, Canberra,
2009.
Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social
Research, The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey:
Selected Findings from Waves 1 to 14, 2016, the 11th Annual
Statistical Report of the HILDA Survey, Melbourne, 2016.
National Housing Supply Council, abolished on 8 November
2013, has a range of reports on its website. http://www.treasury.gov.au/Policy–Topics/PeopleAndSociety/completed–programs–initiatives/NHSC
Productivity Commission, First Home
Ownership, Report no. 28, Melbourne, March 2004.
Senate Economics References Committee, Out
of Reach? The Australian housing affordability challenge, Canberra, 8 May
2015.
Senate Select Committee on Housing Affordability in
Australia, A good house is hard to find: Housing affordability in Australia,
Canberra, June 2008.
J Yates, H Kendig, B Phillips, with V Milligan and R
Tanton, Sustaining fair shares: The Australian housing system and
intergenerational sustainability, Australian Housing and Urban Research
Institute, Sydney Research Centre, RMIT – NATSEM Research Centre, Final Report
No. 111, February 2008.
Appendix: Proportion
of owner occupied private dwellings, based on Census data
1947, 1954 and 1961 figures
-
Sourced from ABS, Social Indicators, Australia, 1992 (cat.
no. 4101.0), Table 7.1.2, p. 315. Hard copy held by Parliamentary Library.
-
This table is titled ‘Occupied Private Dwellings: Nature of
Occupancy’.
- It contains details of nature of occupancy from 1947 to 1986.
-
The data is provided in percentages (although there is a total
absolute figure).
- The five categories of occupancy are:
-
Owner
-
Purchaser
- Tenant: Government (Dwellings owned by Government Housing
Authorities).
- Tenant: Other
- Other (Includes rent free).
- The proportion of owner occupied private dwellings in the period
from 1966 to 1986 matches the proportions in the following source
(except for 1976, where there was a difference of 0.1 per cent).
1966 to 2006 figures
-
Sourced from ABS, Housing Occupancy and Costs, 2005–06,
Feature Article: First Home Buyers in Australia (cat. no. 4130.0.55.001.)
- This table is titled ‘All occupied private dwellings by tenure
type.’
- It contains details of tenure type from 1966 to 2006.
- The data is provided in absolute figures, as well as containing
the proportion of owner–occupied private dwellings for each Census year.
- The four categories of tenure are:
-
Owner without a mortgage
- Owner with a mortgage
-
Renter
- Other Tenure
- The notes to the table advise that:
- The total figures exclude not stated.
- “Following the 1967 Referendum and a subsequent change in the
Indigenous question wording in the Census in 1971, the Indigenous census count
increased 45%. This change made a small contribution to the decrease in the measured
proportion of owner occupied private dwellings.”
- The 1976 and 1981 owner occupied private dwellings figures
“includes ‘owner/purchaser undefined’ which account for 0.4% of the total in
1976 and 1.9% in 1981. In subsequent years only the specific categories of
‘owner with a mortgage’ and owner without a mortgage were included on Census
forms, which may have resulted in some decline in measured ownership rates.”
-
In 1976 “due to budgetary restraints, the ABS was unable to
complete the normal processing of the data and a 50% sample was processed. The
impact of this on the measured proportion of owner occupied private dwellings
is not clear.”
-
In 1996, 2001 and 2006 ‘owner with a mortgage’ includes
dwellings “being purchased under a rent/buy scheme....In previous years
this tenure category was not separately catered for on Census forms, and it is
not known how households with rent/buy tenure would have responded to the
questions on tenure.”
- The figures from 2001 and 2006 match the proportions calculated
from the following source.
2011 figure
- Sourced from ABS, 2011 Census of Population and Housing,
Community Profiles, Time Series Profile, Table 18.
- Figure includes ‘visitors’ only and ‘other non–classifiable
households.’
- Tenure type ‘not stated’ has been excluded.
- Contains details of tenure type from 2001, 2006 and 2011.
- The categories of tenure are:
-
Owned outright
- Owned with a mortgage (including dwellings being purchased under
a rent buy scheme.)
- Rented: Real estate agent
-
Rented: State or territory housing authority
- Rented: Person not in same household (comprises dwellings being
rented from a parent/other relative or other person).
-
Rented: Housing co–operative/community/church group
- Rented: Other landlord type (comprises dwellings being rented
through a ‘Residential park (includes caravan parks and marinas), ‘Employer –
Government (includes Defence Housing Authority)’ and ‘Employer – other
employer.’
-
Other tenure type (includes dwellings being occupied under a life
tenure scheme.)
- Tenure type not stated.
2016 figure
-
Sourced from ABS, 2016 Census of Population and Housing,
Community Profiles, Time Series Profile, Table 18.
- Figure includes ‘visitor only’ and ‘other non-classifiable
households.’
- Tenure type ‘not stated’ has been excluded.
- Contains details of tenure type from 2006, 2011 and 2016.
- The categories of tenure are:
- Owned outright
- Owned with a mortgage (including dwellings being purchased under
a shared equity scheme).
-
Rented: Real estate agent
- Rented: State or territory housing authority
- Rented: Person not in same household (comprises dwellings being
rented from a parent/relative or other person).
- Rented; Housing co-operative/community/church group
-
Rented: Other landlord type (comprises dwellings being rented
through a ‘Residential park (includes caravan parks and marinas)’, Employer –
Government (includes Defence Housing Authority)’ and ‘Employer – other
employer.’
- Rented; Landlord type not stated.
- Other tenure type (include dwellings being occupied under a life
tenure scheme).
- Tenure type not stated.
[1]
‘Tenure type’ is defined in the ABS
Survey of Income and Housing User Guide 2013–14 as: ‘The nature of a
household's legal right to occupy the dwelling in which the household members
usually reside. Tenure is determined according to whether the household owns
the dwelling outright, owns the dwelling but has a mortgage or loan secured
against it, is paying rent to live in the dwelling, or has some other
arrangement to occupy the dwelling.’
[2]
Question
56 of the 2011 Census asked: ‘Is this dwelling Owned outright, Owned
with a mortgage, Being purchased under a rent/buy scheme, Being rented, Being
occupied rent free, Being occupied under a life tenure scheme, or Other?’ The
ABS’ 2013–14 Survey of Income and Housing questionnaire asks the household spokesperson to provide
information on tenure type for ‘this dwelling’, whilst the household
questionnaire for Wave 14 of the HILDA survey asks ‘Do you (or any other
members of this household) own this home, rent it, or do you live here rent
free?’
[3]
For example, from 1976 to 1991, tenure (nature of occupancy) data in the Census
was derived from mortgage and rent questions.
[4]
HILDA also publishes annual person level figures for levels of home ownership.
However, they consider that due to the methodology used in their creation,
these figures are less robust than the figures outlined above.
[5]
Yates argues that ‘data on persons in home
ownership show even greater declines because they reflect the increasing
tendency for younger persons to stay longer in the family home’, in The
Conversation (Yates, Judith). ‘Explainer: What’s really keeping young and first
home buyers out of the housing market?’ August 12, 2015, <https://theconversation.com/explainer–whats–really–keeping–young–and–first–home–buyers–out–of–the–housing–market–45716>.
[6]
Yates, Judith, Submission to the House of Representative Standing Committee
on Economics, Inquiry into Home Ownership, Submission 3, June 2015.
[7]
T Burke, W Stone and L Ralston, Generational change in home purchase
opportunity in Australia, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute
with Swinbourne University, Final Report no. 232, November 2014.
[8]
2016 Census of Population and Housing, 2016 Census QuickStats, Australia.
These figures exclude ‘visitor only’ and ‘other non-classifiable households.’
For copyright reasons some linked items are only available to members of Parliament.
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