Current Issues
Australia s settlement services for refugees and migrants
E-Brief: Online Only issued 9 June 2006; updated 19 September
2006
Introduction
Australia s first federal Department
of Immigration was established in 1945. Since then, almost
six
million migrants, including over 645 000
refugees, have settled in the country.
Source countries have shifted from the UK to Northern Europe,
to Southern Europe, to the Middle East and Asia. Today, 24 per cent
of Australia s population is overseas-born, and 40 per cent has one
or both parents born overseas. Australia s population
is drawn from about 185 countries and over 200 languages are spoken
at home.
The aim of settlement services is to assist new migrants to
participate as soon and as fully as possible in Australia s economy
and society. Settlement services and programs have been provided by
the Commonwealth government since the post-war migration program
first began. They have expanded and evolved over the last 50 years
as the population has grown increasingly diverse, and within
over-arching policy frameworks that have evolved from assimilation,
through integration, to multiculturalism.
Today, Australia s
multicultural programs and services are funded via many
commonwealth and state agencies, and cover a wide range of
activities and structures, including ethnic radio, SBS TV, grants
to ethnic schools, anti-discrimination tribunals, advisory
committees, community language teaching and inter-faith dialogues.
Multicultural services administered through the Commonwealth
Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs include the
Living In Harmony
initiative, including Harmony Day; the Access and Equity strategy
(see the
Fairer Government Services and
Programs
website), and the Diversity Works!
Program.
Australia s current
settlement services comprise a
range of programs and services such as; English language tuition,
interpreting services and accommodation and health services.
Over the last 10 years, the bulk of permanent migrants have been
skilled and English-speaking, and settlement services have
increasingly focussed on refugees and humanitarian settlers who
have arrived under the annual Humanitarian
Program. These humanitarian settlement services are delivered
via the Integrated
Humanitarian Settlement Strategy.
This electronic brief provides an overview of Australia s
settlement services for migrants and humanitarian entrants, and a
guide to internet resources, research and comment on current
settlement issues in Australia. It also provides information about
the development of settlement and integration services
overseas.
History
In 1945, the government of the day established Australia s
first
Department of Immigration in order to manage the post-war
migration of migrants and displaced persons. Settlement services
began to be developed from the outset. The most recent official
history of the development of Australia settlement services is in
the Department of Immigration s 2003
Report on the Review of Settlement Services for Migrants and
Humanitarian Entrants, particularly the first chapter. Some of
the background described in this report is outlined below.
In the early post-war period, migrants and refugees were
expected to assimilate and blend into the population as quickly as
possible. The government s
assimilation policies were based on an assumption that this
would not be a difficulty for new arrivals. Settlement assistance
was limited to the provision of migrant hostels and some language
tuition.
By the 1960s and 1970s, the phrase goals of assimilation was
replaced by goals of
integration , in recognition of the fact that adjusting to a
new way of life might not be easy for everyone, and that new
arrivals may not want to lose their cultural identity. The
Department of Immigration expanded language and other settlement
services as a result. The
Child Migrant Education Program, the
Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS) and the
Committee on Overseas Professional Qualifications were all
established in these years.
In 1978, following the Galbally
Review of Post-Arrival Programs and Services
to Migrants, there was another shift in the policy
framework for managing cultural and linguistic diversity, towards
multiculturalism. Existing settlement services (English
language teaching, on-arrival accommodation and orientation
assistance, interpreting and translating services, assistance with
overseas qualifications recognition) were expanded, and new
programs and services were introduced (including ethnic radio and
the SBS, Migrant Resource Centres and grants to ethnic community
organisations.) The
National Agenda for a Multicultural Australia adopted by the
government in 1989 defined official multiculturalism and emphasised
the need to both respect cultural diversity and further assist new
migrants to settle in the country.
In 1991 the
National Integrated Settlement Strategy was introduced to
better coordinate settlement services across commonwealth and state
portfolios and departments and non-government agencies.
James Jupp s
The Australian People: an encyclopedia of the nation its people and
their origins provides more historical background. Other
immigration research
is listed on the Department of Immigration and Multicultural
Affairs (DIMA) website.
Review of Settlement Services
In August 2002, the Hon Gary Hardgrave MP, the then Minister for
Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs, announced a Review of
Settlement Services for Migrants and Humanitarian Entrants. The
resulting
Report on the Review of Settlement Services for Migrants and
Humanitarian Entrants was released in May 2003. For a concise
summary of the report follow this link.
The review outlined the
history of immigration to Australia since 1945 and the
resulting
demographic changes and compared government policies with
other countries with formal migration resettlement programs,
such as Canada, New Zealand and the USA. It is worth noting that
currently only about 20 countries participate in the United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) resettlement program and
accept quotas of refugees on an annual basis. In 2004, of the main
countries which resettled refugees through UNHCR the USA accounted
for 63 per cent, Australia 19 per cent, Canada 13 per cent, Sweden
2 per cent, Norway 1 per cent, Finland 1 per cent, and Denmark 1
per cent. Taking into account both UNHCR resettlement figures and
other humanitarian intakes, in 2004 the USA admitted the largest
number of resettled refugees (52 900), followed by Australia (16
000) and Canada (10 500) (Sources: UNHCR, 2004 Global Refugee
Trends and Refugees by numbers, 2005). For details on what
resettlement means see the UNHCR publication
Refugee resettlement: an international handbook to guide reception
and integration, written by the Victorian Foundation for
Survivors of Torture (VFST) and funded by the Australian government
in 2002. The latest
summary of Australia s resettlement policies is in the United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Resettlement
Handbook .
The
Report on the Review of Settlement Services for Migrants and
Humanitarian Entrants also discussed cultural diversity and
policy implications and outlined some of the difficulties faced by
settlers and their different
settlement experiences.
A taskforce, chaired by the Department of the Prime Minister and
Cabinet, was established in July 2003 to consider issues arising
from the review and consultation with stakeholders has been ongoing
ever since. One of the major recommendations of the review was that
the Migrant Resource Centre (MRC) and Community Settlement Services
Scheme (CSSS) funding program be replaced by a
Settlement Grants Program (SGP).
In March 2006 the government released the
National Framework for Settlement Planning, followed in August
by a national report on
Settlement needs of new arrivals 2006. The report includes
settlement arrival statistics, specific settlement needs
experienced by refugees and a section on currently funded
government settlement programs.
State and territory reports were also produced and are
available from the department's website.
Settlement Grants Program
From 1 July 2006, CSSS and MRC funding will be replaced by the
Settlement Grants Program (SGP). A Settlement Grants Program Discussion Paper,
outlining the general policy framework of the SGP and the planned
consultation process was released in April 2005, and followed up
with community consultations in the states and territories. A final
report, the
Settlement Grants Policy Paper, was released by the department
in 2005.
During the Settlement Grants
consultation process in 2005, new national
priority settlement needs were identified by the department
in consultation with the community, the settlement service sector,
and local, state/territory and Commonwealth government agencies. A
new
National Framework for Settlement Planning was launched in
March 2006 and specific
2006 07 settlement needs for every
state and territory are listed on the website.
The department will administer the new program and every
applicant for funding must sign a
funding agreement and agree to
performance monitoring by the department.
Current entitlements for
newly-arrived migrants
Any newly arrived migrant may be eligible for a wide range of settlement services
such as assistance in accessing medical services, Centrelink, Job
Network, the First Home Owner Grant and so on.
Specific
settlement programs funded and
coordinated through the Commonwealth Department of Immigration and
Multicultural Affairs (DIMA), comprise:
- English language tuition through the Adult Migrant
English Program (AMEP)
- on-site and telephone interpreting and translating, through the
Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS)
- financial grants to community and service
organisations/programs such as Migrant
Resource Centres (MRCs) and the Community Settlement Services
Scheme (CSSS), through the
Community Grants Program.
- humanitarian settlement services through the Integrated
Humanitarian Settlement Strategy. The Integrated Humanitarian
Settlement Strategy (IHSS) was established in 1997 98 to provide a
more targeted approach to settlement services for humanitarian
entrants. Follow the link to see the criteria and services
provided.
Community-based service
providers
A variety of community organisations and service providers
are funded, through the Commonwealth DIMA, to deliver
community-based settlement services. DIMA
consults with these community organisations on a regular
basis.
In the case of the IHSS,
service providers are contracted to the department to deliver
on-arrival reception, counselling, and accommodation services.
Volunteer groups also work with service providers to support
entrants and assist them to settle into the local community.
The government also provides funding
for the
Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS) which contracts out
to
service providers whose professional skills are recognised by
the National Accreditation Authority for Translators and
Interpreters (NAATI).
A list of currently funded CSSS service
providers and MRCs is available on the DIMA website by following
these links. The CSSS page gives details of currently funded
projects and contact details of the funded organisations. The MRC
page includes details of both Migrant Resource Centres and Migrant
Service Agencies (MSA) that are currently funded. There is also a
list of MRCs by state and territory.
Details on funding allocations are available from the
Commonwealth Budget Papers,
particularly the Immigration
Portfolio Budget Statements. See, for example, the Immigration
Portfolio Budget Statement, 2006 07,
Section 3.
Current
funding specifically for
CSSS projects and MRC funding allocations are on DIMA s
website.
Current issues
The Review of Settlement Services for Migrants and Humanitarian
Entrants in 2003 identified several areas where Australia s
settlement services could improve, including a need for better
coordination between state and commonwealth service providers, and
less duplication of services. DIMA also regularly consults with
community settlement service providers and the Refugee Council of
Australia on current
settlement concerns and recieves the annual submission
Current issues and future directions: views from the community
sector.
Language barriers, economic difficulties,
housing barriers, unemployment
and
cultural barriers, can pose problems for some new migrants and
refugees to such an extent that the hurdles seem insurmountable.
Refugees are particularly vulnerable and can arrive with very
specific
health problems and language or cultural barriers, making it
difficult for them to settle healthily and happily into the
community. Some may have been tortured or experienced other trauma either before or during their
journey here for example. Although migrants usually have access to
our
health services and refugees have access to more intensive
health assistance such as trauma
counselling, some argue that the level of understanding by
health providers and other service providers is inadequate. It
should be noted that refugees with serious health problems that may
be significantly costly to the community might not pass the
health
requirement at all and access
to health care for some asylum seekers is very restricted.
There are also specific concerns for refugees settling in regional
areas, including isolation, poverty and vilification.
In spite of the settlement services available to new migrants
and refugees, those who have been in the country for less than five
years are often at a disadvantage when it comes to finding work. In
June 2005, there were 36 400 unemployed
migrants who had arrived in Australia between 2001 and 2005, most
of whom were from non-English speaking backgrounds. Those from the
Middle East and
Africa, in particular, have much higher
unemployment rates which may lead to disaffection and community
unrest in the long run if not addressed. Some suggest that the
Cronulla race riots, for example, were the result of
disaffection from certain community groups with low educational and
occupational opportunities.
Refugee and humanitarian resettlement from Africa
There are currently specific concerns for
African refugees arriving in the country. In 2004 05,
70 per cent of the offshore humanitarian visas granted were to
African refugees, many of whom are sent to areas where the numbers
of African refugees have swelled from nothing to several hundred in
the space of only two or three years. Previously, our
humanitarian intake was primarily from Europe and the Middle
East. Despite the extra attention the recent refugees from Africa
are receiving in the planning and delivery of settlement services,
there has been some concern expressed by refugee
advocates and other members of the community that Australia has
not been adequately prepared to cope with the special needs of
African refugees arriving with poor education, poor health, poor
language skills and a history of brutalisation and trauma from
years of civil wars and refugee camp experiences. A recent book by
Peter Brown, The
longest journey: resettling refugees from Africa, describes in
detail some of the appalling conditions some African refugees have
experienced and outlines attempts by Australia and the
international communty to cater for their specific needs.
Bridging Visa E (BVE) and Temporary Protection Visas (TPV)
Some asylum
seekers (those who have not applied for refugee status within
45 days of arrival, or who have been released from detention, or
who are pursuing appeals against negative decisions through the
courts, or appealing to the Minister) are excluded from even basic
welfare payments. They are in the community on
Bridging Visa E, and therefore ineligible for most government
entitlements.
Concern for this situation has been expressed by many
organisations, and some are suggesting that their
exclusion from settlement assistance is placing a huge burden
on many charities and community organisations, on whom they are
reliant on for assistance.
Refugees on Temporary
Protection Visas (TPVs) (those who have been granted refugee
status onshore, after having arrived unauthorised by boat, and
spending time in other countries where they could have sought
refuge) have basic welfare and medicare entitlements, but do not
have access to the full range of settlement services designed to
assist permanent settlement. There is widespread
concern about this situation and the burden on state and NGO
agencies. TPV holders also have no rights to family
reunion which some might argue makes it difficult to settle
happily in the country.
Statistics
The DIMA website has several statistical
publications with settler arrival numbers over the years.
Immigration Update 2004 05 provides the latest statistics on
settler arrivals by eligibility category, for example family
arrivals or humanitarian entrants.
The Australian Bureau of
Statistics (ABS) website is also a very useful site for
migration statistics. Of particular use is the
Migration Australia series, some of the migration related
feature articles,
Australia s Most Recent Immigrants 2001, and the
Australian Year Books.
Another important source of research into settlement outcomes is
DIMA s Longitudinal
Survey of Immigrants to Australia (LSIA). The survey collects
and analyses data from two cohorts; those who arrived between
September 1993 and August 1995, and those who arrived between
September 1999 and August 2000. The reports
to date are available on DIMA s website and on the research
publications page.
Overseas policies and services
Integration policy in Europe
There is an increasing awareness and acceptance of the need to
integrate
immigrant populations in European
countries.
According to the European
Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE) project, Good practice in the
reception and integration of refugees: networking across
Europe, the integration of refugees must be a dynamic two-way
process that begins from the day a refugee arrives in the host
society. ECRE believes that integration is a continuous long-term
process enabling refugees and their communities to live in harmony
with the host population of which they form a part. Integration
therefore places demands both on receiving societies and on
integrating individuals and communities. A synopsis of developments
within the Council of Europe and individual countries, and reports
of publications and ECRE papers and projects are published in the
ECRE
Integration Newsletter.
The
Council of Europe s Parliamentary Assembly in its 2005 report
on the
Integration of Immigrant Women in Europe,
called for more effective integration of immigrant women
in Europe. It denounced the two-fold discrimination that these
women face, on the grounds of their gender and ethnicity. More
specifically, it called on member states to protect and implement
full gender equality for immigrant women, and not to accept any
form of cultural or religious relativism in the field of women s
fundamental rights. The assembly condemned the recent violence in
the UK and France (2005), expressed concern at the numbers of
foreigners in Europe forced to live in ghetto areas, and disagreed
with any criticism of the multiculturalism concept. The focus on
women in immigrant societies stems from changes in the nature of
migration flows, where there are an increasing number of women
deciding to migrate alone.
The Assembly calls upon member states to promote the
participation of immigrant women in public, economic, social and
political life. Women should be granted a full legal status
independent of their spouses, especially those arriving under
family reunification arrangements, or those subject to
violence.
In its Recommendation 1261 (1995) on the situation
of immigrant women in Europe, the Assembly considered that the
member states of the Council of Europe must do everything possible
to eliminate the injustice and discrimination suffered by immigrant
women and adopt measures aimed at their harmonious integration into
society. Ten years later, immigrant women are still faced with
particular difficulties in a Europe which continues to be beset by
economic crisis and in which, since the events of 11 September
2001, intolerance and Islamophobia have become more prevalent.
Refugee resettlement and reception
Canada: Canada is most like Australia in terms
of its immigration history and the settlement services it has
developed. The Canadian federal government helps refugees resettle
in Canada through its Refugee and
Humanitarian Resettlement Program. This program
includes accommodation, financial and health assistance. Canada s
resettlement programs include a Government-Assisted
Refugee Program, a Private
Sponsorship of Refugees Program and a Joint
Assistance Sponsorship (JAS) Program. The government produces
an orientation
package for newcomers.
New Zealand: In
2003, the New Zealand Government agreed to a
New Zealand Immigration Settlement Strategy for migrants,
refugees and their families. The Strategy s goals for migrants
and refugees are that they obtain employment appropriate to their
qualifications and skills; are confident using English in a New
Zealand setting, or can access appropriate language support to
bridge the gap; are able to access appropriate information and
responsive services that are available to the wider community (for
example housing, education, and services for children); form
supportive social networks and establish a sustainable community
identity; feel safe expressing their ethnic identity and are
accepted by, and are part of, the wider host community; and
participate in civic, community and social activities.
All publicly provided health
services are available to people from refugee backgrounds. For more
detail see
The New Zealand Strategy in Outline. In 2004 there was a
review of the strategy and
feedback from the initial dialogue with stakeholders was
published.
United States: The USA does
not have a federal settlement program like Australia; services are
delivered at the state level, but it does have a federal program of
assistance for refugees.
The
U.S. Committee for Refugees and Migrants outlines refugee
resettlement services in the USA. Initially, an INS officer
approves the refugee's application for US resettlement, before
matching the refugee with an American
resettlement organization. Most of these non-profit
organisations rely on professional and volunteer staff to assist
refugees in the resettlement process.
The resettlement organisation that assesses a refugee's case is
responsible for assisting the refugee in the initial resettlement
phase. Each resettlement organisation provides a variety of
services to promote early self-sufficiency and cultural adjustment.
The following activities take place within the first thirty days of
arrival: application for a Social Security Number, school
registration, medical evaluation and English language
training. One of the more famous cases of resettlement in
the US was the Lost boys of
Sudan, many of whom have found it very difficult to settle.
Europe: Refugeenet
(EU Networks on Reception, Integration and Voluntary Repatriation
Project) provided an overview of services available to several
European countries, including language
tuition, access
to education, education
tables by country, and health
services. Please note the project ended in February 2002.
France:
French deputies back divisive immigration bill Wed May 17,
2006. It will be harder for resident immigrants to bring their
families, newcomers will be forced to take French and civics
lessons, and the automatic right to a long-term residence permit
after 10 years in France will be ended. French Minister
Sarkozy has said the November 2005 riots in France's
high-immigration suburbs where unemployment is rampant among young
males is evidence of the failures of France's current system of
immigration. The violence which exploded in our suburbs is not
unconnected with the shocking failure of our policies of
integration and immigration, he told the National Assembly.
Germany:
New Immigration Act: the effects on integration. The new
Immigration Act (that came into force on 1st January
2006) aims to regulate the entry, stay, and economic activity of
foreigners and also introduces new integration measures. Foreign
applicants to Germany are legally obliged to undertake an
integration course under the Act, which they must pay for
individually. This course seeks to acquaint foreigners with the
legal system, language, history and culture of Germany. If a person
fails to attend then sanctions will be imposed, including reducing
benefits and removing the right to permanent residence. Under the
legislation, the Ministry of the Interior will also initiate a
nationwide integration programme.
Norway: Report No. 49 to the Storting (2003 04)
Diversity through inclusion and participation Responsibility and
freedom. The Government believes that diversity is positive.
The population in Norway is less homogeneous than it has been in
the past in terms of lifestyles, origin, religion, language used at
home and culture. Norway will become increasingly more diverse, and
policies must be adapted to the challenges this will bring.
The Government's integration and diversity policies the
Government has established an introductory programme. The
Government's aim is that newly arrived immigrants will gain access
to working life and society, and that each individual will be
welcomed with active measures when settling in a municipality. An
individually adapted introductory programme will provide basic
skills in Norwegian and insight into Norwegian society, and will
also include measures preparing for participation in working life
and/or education. The Government believes that individual
qualifications are a benefit for each person and also for society,
which will gain from the resources immigrants bring. The local
authorities must as soon as possible and no later than three months
after settlement in a municipality offer such a comprehensive
(year-round, full day) introductory programme to refugees of the
kind described above.
Sweden:
Sweden does not have a law-based integration programme for
refugees. Under the current system introduced in 1985, the National
Immigration Board (SIV) concludes agreements with the
municipalities regarding the reception of refugees (and certain
other aliens) in their area. Each municipality must establish an
integration programme which includes liaising with the local
employment office, the offer of permanent housing after being
granted a residence permit, and the same rights as nationals in
accordance with the Social Assistance Act if they are unable to
support themselves.
The Netherlands:
Integration policy as a priority: 2006 Justice
Budget: 20th September 2005.
According to the Integration and Immigration Minister, integration
policy will be a major focus of the 2006 Justice Budget. This
follows the Newcomers Integration Act, which will be introduced in
2006; under this bill individuals must pass a language and culture
exam in order to ensure that they integrate into Dutch society. The
successful completion of this exam will be a precondition for
obtaining a permanent residence permit.
Local Authorities are responsible for housing individuals who
have been given permission to stay in the Netherlands and for
teaching them the basic skills they need in Dutch society. Where
appropriate, they also issue social security payments and housing
benefit. On 25 November 2005,
The State Secretary of Social Affairs and Employment, Henk van
Hoof, granted 3 million Euros to help refugees find employment to
refugee assisting organisations, such as the Dutch Refugee Council
and the University Assistance Fund. The funding lasts until 2008,
and is aimed to assist refugees to find work. This forms part of
the government sponsored Broad-based Initiative for Social Cohesion
; the initiative was launched in January to co-ordinate
organisations in discussing how social cohesion can be promoted in
the Netherlands.
Key resources
- D. Bagnall,
Out of Africa , Bulletin with Newsweek, 11 April
2006
- A. Beer,
Housing need and provision for recently arrived refugees in
Australia, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute,
August 2005
- P. Brown, The
longest journey: resettling refugees from Africa,
2006
- W. Deane,
Australia s multiculturalism: time for assessment and renewal,
Australian Children s Rights News, no. 39, July
2005
- Department of Immigration and
Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs,
Immigration: federation to century s end, 2001
- Department of Immigration and
Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs,
Review of Settlement Services for Migrants and Humanitarian
Entrants , a concise summary of the review in Migration
Action, vol. 25, no. 2, 2003
- Department of Immigration and
Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs,
Report on the Review of Settlement Services for Migrants and
Humanitarian Entrants, 2003
- Department of Immigration and
Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, Settlement Grants Program
Discussion Paper and
Settlement Grants Policy Paper, 2005
- E. Gregory,
Refugee background migrants and social and economic exclusion ,
Parity, vol. 18, no. 2, March 2005
- G. Hugo, Migrants in
society, a paper prepared for the Policy Analysis and Research
Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration,
2005
- P. Junankar and S. Mahuteau,
Do migrants get good jobs? New migrant settlement in Australia
, The Economic Record, vol. 81, no. 255, August
2005
- J. Jupp,
The Australian People: an encyclopedia of the nation its people and
their origins, 2001
- L Lester, Immigrant
satisfaction: what is it, does it matter? National
Institute of Labour Studies, Flinders University, 2005
- B Murray and S. Skull,
Hurdles to health: immigrant and refugee health care in
Australia , Australian Health Review, vol. 29, no. 1,
February 2005
- M. Phillips,
Refugee settlement services: beyond the Settlement Services
review , Migration Action, vol. 27, no. 1,
2005
- A. Nsubuga-Kyobe,
Settlement services and African countries , Migration
Action, vol. 25, no. 2, 2003
- L. Olliff and J. Couch,
Pathways and pitfalls Youth Studies Australia, vol.
24, no. 3, 2005
- S. Richardson et al,
The labour force experience of new migrants, 2001
- S. Richardson et al, Life
in a new land: the experience of migrants in wave 1 of LSIA1 and
LSIA2, 2002
- S. Richardson et al,
The settlement experiences of new migrants: a comparison of wave
one of LSIA 1 and LSIA 2, 2002
- S. Richardson,
The changing settlement experience of new migrants: inter-wave
comparisons for cohort 1 and 2 of the LSIA, 2004
- S. Richardson,
The changing labour force experience of new migrants: inter-wave
comparisons for cohort 1 and 2 of the LSIA, 2004
- J. Salt, Current
trends in international migration in Europe, 2006
- J. Taylor, Refugees
and regional settlement: balancing priorities, 2005
- J. Taylor,
Refugees and regional settlement: win win? Brotherhood of St
Lawrence paper presented at the Australian Social Policy Conference
Looking back, looking forward , 20 22, July 2005, University of New
South Wales.
- J. Taylor,
Refugees and social exclusion: what the literature says ,
Migration Action, vol. 16, no. 2, 2004.
- United Nations Department of Economic and
Social Affairs/Population Division,
World Population Policies 2005, 2006
- UNHCR,
Refugee resettlement: an international handbook to guide reception
and integration, written by the Victorian Foundation for
Survivors of Torture (VFST) and funded by the federal government,
2002
- J. Zubrzycki,
Cronulla: a wakeup call for multiculturalism, New
Matilda, 25 January 2006
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