Appendix H – Statement of Reasons – Al-Qa’ida in Iraq (AQI)

(Also known as: Al-Qa’ida of Jihad in the Land of the Two Rivers; Al-Qa’ida of Jihad Organization in the Land of the Two Rivers; Al-Tawhid; Al-Tawhid and al-Jihad; AQI – Zarqawi; Brigades of Tawhid; Islamic State in Iraq; Jama’at al-Tawhid wa’al-Jihad; Kateab al-Tawhid; Mujahidin Shura Council; Qaida of the Jihad in the Land of the Two Rivers; Tanzeem Qa’idat al‑Jihad/Bilad al Raafidaini; Tanzim Qa’idat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn; The al-Zarqawi network; The Monotheism and Jihad Group; The Organisation Base of Jihad/Mesopotamia; The Organisation of Jihad’s Base in the Country of the Two Rivers; Unity and Holy Struggle; Unity and Holy War; Unity and Jihad Group)

The following information is based on publicly available details about al-Qa’ida in Iraq, formerly listed as Tanzim Qa’idat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (TQJBR).  To the Australian Government’s knowledge, these details are accurate and reliable and have been corroborated by classified information. 

Basis for listing a terrorist organisation

Division 102 of the Criminal Code provides that for an organisation to be listed as a terrorist organisation, the Attorney-General must be satisfied on reasonable grounds that the organisation:

(a)    is directly or indirectly engaged in, preparing, planning, assisting in or fostering the doing of a terrorist act (whether or not a terrorist act has occurred or will occur); or

(b)   advocates the doing of a terrorist act (whether or not a terrorist act has occurred or will occur).

Details of the organisation

Al Qa’ida in Iraq (AQI) is a Sunni extremist group that operates within Iraq.  The group operates mainly in central and northern Iraq but maintains a presence throughout the entire country.  AQI networks are based primarily in Sunni areas and regions where other groups engaged in sectarian violence are located.  Currently, AQI largely is funded and equipped through criminal activities and intimidation tactics within Iraq, as well as from neighbouring countries who buy goods extorted by AQI.

Objectives

AQI’s key religious, political and ideological aims are to expel foreign forces from Iraq and to establish an Islamic caliphate under strict Sharia law in Iraq.  However, the withdrawal of US troops from urban centres in mid-2009 has reduced the reasons for targeting, and opportunity to target, foreign forces and hence AQI recently has been focused more on targeting the Iraqi government in large-scale attacks with several occurring since August 2009.  These attacks are aimed at undermining the government and the remaining foreign forces and Iraqi security forces (ISF) as well as disrupting democratic processes.  AQI continues to lead a sectarian battle in Iraq which has targeted the Shia majority, the Kurdish and other minority groups, as well as Sunnis who are supportive of the Iraqi Government.

Leadership

AQI was led most recently by Abu Ayuub al-Masri (aka: Abu Hamza al-Mujahir, or ‘the immigrant’); however, al-Masri died in a US air strike on 18 April 2010.  Al‑Masri was an Egyptian who formerly was responsible for AQI’s intelligence operations and the solicitation of new recruits.  Al-Masri led AQI since the death of former AQI leader, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, in 2006.

Al-Zarqawi pledged allegiance to al-Qa’ida (AQ) on 17 October 2004 via an internet posting.  A statement by Usama bin Laden, broadcast on 27 December 2005, welcomed the union and exhorted mujahedeen in Iraq to obey al-Zarqawi.  Al‑Zarqawi led AQI until June 2006 when he was killed by US forces.  While leading AQI, al-Zarqawi maintained a campaign to establish an Islamic caliphate and expel Coalition forces from Iraq.  In addition, al-Zarqawi remained focused on inciting Sunni-Shia sectarian violence.  These remain AQI’s priorities.

The Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) which formed in December 2006 is a Sunni umbrella group, largely comprised of AQI members and is responsible for conducting many of AQI’s large-scale attacks.  The leader of the ISI was Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al‑Baghdadi – until his death on 19 April 2010.  The ISI announced on 16 May 2010 that Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi al-Huayni al-Qurashi has replaced al-Baghdadi as leader of the ISI and that Abu Abdullah al-Husseini al-Qurashi will be deputy leader and Prime Minister to replace al-Masri.  The deceased Al-Masri also was referred to as the ISI’s Minister of War.  The ISI announced on 16 May that Al-Nasir Lidin Allah Abu-Sulayman is now the ISI’s Minister of War.  Despite al-Baghdadi being named the Leader of the ISI, al-Masri is considered to have held the most power and operational leadership in AQI.  It is evident from recent statements produced by the ISI that AQI continued to maintain a cabinet-structure and regional emirs within its leadership.  However, in June 2010 the US announced that 42 of the 50 chiefs of AQI had been captured or killed in the preceding three months.

The death of al-Masri and al-Baghdadi will impact the effectiveness of AQI, particularly in the short to medium term; however, AQI has recovered previously from the death of a leader (al-Zarqawi) and could do so again.

Membership

The exact number of individuals associated directly with AQI is unknown.  Iraqis are now the dominant group within AQI whereas previously foreign extremists comprised the majority of members.  Local Iraqi Sunni support for AQI was affected adversely by earlier indiscriminate attacks and the resulting backlash from Coalition forces, Iraqi forces and the wider community.

Terrorist activity of the organisation

Directly or indirectly engaged in the doing of terrorist acts

Since AQI’s proscription on 3 November 2008, it has been involved in the following large-scale terrorist attacks:

• April 2010: the Iranian, German and Egyptian missions were targeted in bombings that killed around 35 people and wounded approximately 200.
  
  
• 3 March 2010: three suicide bombings in Baquba targeted two military and police buildings and a hospital, killing around 30 people.  The ISI later claimed this attack.
  
  
• 26 January 2010: a suicide bomber targeted a forensic laboratory in the Interior Ministry in Baghdad, killing around 20 individuals.  This attack and the attacks occurring since 19 August 2009 in Baghdad were all declared to be part of the ‘Invasion of the Captive’ campaign.
  
  
• 25 January 2010: 37 people were killed when co-ordinated suicide bombers struck three Baghdad hotels.
  
  
• 8 December 2009: five explosions targeting government buildings around Baghdad killed around 130 individuals and wounded 400.
  
  
• 25 October 2009: two explosions targeting Iraqi government buildings killed over 150 individuals and injured around 500.  This attack was the largest attack in Iraq since 2007.
  
  
• 19 August 2009: around 100 civilians were killed and almost 600 injured when two near-simultaneous explosions detonated near government buildings in Baghdad.

AQI also continue to be engaged in several campaigns which involve smaller attacks aimed at inciting sectarian violence and more recently disrupted democratic processes during the March 2010 election period.

• The ISI has claimed a spate of attacks which occurred in the lead up and during the March 2010 elections.  Attacks included IEDs, armed clashes and rocket strikes and are claimed to be part of the ‘Axe of al-Khalil Campaign’ which is aimed at disrupting democratic processes.
  
  
• The ISI claimed two October 2009 suicide bombings in Mosul which targeted Iraqi soldiers and a Kurdish Peshmerga convoy.

Directly or indirectly fostering and/or advocating the doing of terrorist acts

AQI has released a number of media statements which advocate terrorist acts and call for violence against numerous targets.  Some of these statements are listed below:

• 14 May 2010: the new War Minister of the ISI, Abu Suleiman, announced a new campaign stating that the ISI would continue to wage violent jihad.
  
  
• 9 March 2010: al-Furqan, the media arm of the ISI, released a video of three fighters who incite Muslims to participate in violent jihad.
  
  
• 7 March 2010: al-Baghdadi said that AQI’s fight against Coalition Forces continues and encouraged Muslims and Somalis to join al-Shabaab.
  
  
• 5 March 2010: the ISI declared a curfew on Election Day saying that those who defy the curfew will ‘unfortunately expose himself to the anger of Allah and then to all kinds of weapons of the Mujahideen’.  This follows a statement released on 12 February 2010 in which al-Baghdadi threatened a military response to the Iraqi parliamentary elections.
  
  
• 22 February 2010: the ISI issued a video which states that there are dozens of young jihadists who await the day when they can shed the blood of American ‘Crusaders’ and those who support them.  In the same recording a jihadist names heretics, the Peshmerga, the Americans and the ‘pagan’ Iraqi forces as possible targets for his ‘martyrdom-seeking operation’.
  
  
• 11 January 2010: the ISI released a video that documents a suicide bomber in his quest to conduct a bombing against a base.
  
  
• 23 October 2008: al-Masri threatened attacks against the US, Australia and Britain when asked in an interview if he has any intention of striking Western interests.
  
  
• 22 September 2008: al-Masri and al-Baghdadi encourage the mujahedeen to kill and raid ‘the enemies’.
  
  
• 28 July 2008: the ISI declares a new military campaign called ‘Invasion of Revenge for the Martyr Brother, Abu Khalef’, avenging deaths caused by Coalition and Iraqi forces.
  
  
• 14 April 2008: al-Baghdadi calls for Sunni unity and encourages all Sunnis (including those working for the Iraqi government to turn their guns towards the ‘Crusader’ enemy.  Al-Baghdadi says the ISI will punish anyone who aids the ‘occupying Crusaders’.
  
  
• 10 February 2008: the ISI renews their resolve to continue to fight against the ‘aggressor’.

Conclusion

In view of the above information, ASIO assesses AQI is continuing to directly and indirectly engage in, preparing, planning, assisting in and fostering the doing of acts, and advocates the doing of terrorist acts.  This assessment is corroborated by information provided by reliable and credible intelligence sources, as well as by the terrorist acts conducted by AQI in the past.

In the course of pursuing its objectives in Iraq, AQI is known to have committed or threatened action:

• with the intention of advancing AQI’s political, religious or ideological causes;

·         that causes, or could cause, serious damage to property, the death of persons or endangers a person’s life; and

·         with the intention of creating a serious risk to the safety of sections of the public globally.

Other relevant information

• AQI receives ideological support from, or has promoted ideological support for, several other terrorist organisations, including Al-Qa’ida (AQ), Al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), Salafists in Gaza and Al-Shabaab.
  
  
• On 26 March 2010, the ISI released a statement urging Muslims to support the family of Usama bin Laden, some of whom are currently imprisoned in Iran.
  
  
• AQI is listed on the United Nations 1267 Committee’s consolidated list and as a proscribed terrorist organisation by the governments of New Zealand and the United States.
  
  
• AQI was listed as a proscribed terrorist organisation on 2 March 2005, and relisted on 17 February 2007 and 3 November 2008.