Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        Petajoule is a measure of energy equivalent to 10¹⁵ joules. 1 petajoule is the heat energy approximately equivalent to 43 000 tonnes of black coal or 29 million litres of petrol. [Energy in Australia 2010, Australian Government Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism.]

[2]        NSW Parliamentary Library Research Service, e-brief 1/2011, January 2011, p 2.

[3]        CSIRO, presentation to the committee, 6 July 2011. Demonstrated economic reserves are proven reserves, commercially viable with current technology. Demonstrated reserves are those which have been proven but are not commercially viable at current prices or with current technology. Inferred reserves reflect the content of known geological formations which, by extrapolation from demonstrated reserves, are likely to contain given quantities of gas.

[4]        See, Blueprint for Queensland's LNG Industry, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation (2009) http://www.industry.qld.gov.au/documents/LNG/Blueprint_for_Queenslands_LNG_Industry.pdf  (accessed 14 June 2011).

[5]        http://www.amisglobalsolutions.com/coalseamgas.htm (Accessed 2 June 2011).

[6]        Coalbed Natural Gas; Energy and the Environment (2010), ed. K J Reddy, p. 6.

[7]        Coalbed Natural Gas; Energy and the Environment (2010), ed. K J Reddy, p. 11.

[8]        AP LNG, Submission 366, p.24

[9]        Mr P. Maxon, CEO, AP LNG, Committee Hansard, 9 September 2011, p. 3.

[10]      Queensland Gas Co. (QGC), Submission 259, p. 11.

[11]      Queensland Government, Code of Practice for Constructing and Abandoning Coal Seam Gas Wells in Queensland (November 2011) Version 1.0

[12]      Code of Practice, p.3

[13]      CSIRO, Coal Seam Gas Fact sheet no.3, p.2. 100 cubic metres= 100 000 litres.

[14]      Robert Loughnan, Mayor, Maranoa Regional Council, Committee Hansard, 18 July 2011, p. 20.

[15]      Robert Loughnan, Mayor, Maranoa Regional Council, Committee Hansard, 18 July 2011, p. 20.

[16]      AP LNG, Submission 366, p.53

[17]      SBS Insight, 20 September 2011.

[18]      QGC, Submission 259, p. 5.

[19]      AP LNG, Submission 366, p. 5.

[20]      Queensland Government, Submission 358, p. 4.

[21]      Dr J R Underschultz, Theme Leader, Petroleum & Geothermal Portfolio, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2011, p. 62.

[22]      Worley Parsons, Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Study of Australian CSG to LNG (April 2011).

[23]      Queensland Government, Submission 358, pp 13–14.

[24]      OzEnvironmental, Submission 346, p. 2, quoting pages 32 & 33 of the QGC submission to the Queensland Department of Resources & Environmental Management.

[25]      AP LNG, Submission 366, p. 32.

[26]      New focus on scientific evidence to build confidence in coal seam gas and coal mining
21 November  2011,  Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister and Treasurer http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/new-focus-scientific-evidence-build-confidence-coal-seam-gas-and-coal-mining

Chapter 2 - WATER

[1]        National Water Commission, http://www.nwc.gov.au/groundwater/groundwater-surface-water-connectivity (Accessed 4 November 2011).

[2]        AP LNG, Coal Seam Gas production and groundwater supplies, p. 2.

[3]        AP LNG, Submission 366, p. 24.

[4]        QGC, Submission 359, p. 8.

[5]        Geoscience Australia & Dr M A Habermehl, Summary of Advice in Relation to the Potential Impacts of Coal Seam Gas extraction in the Surat and Bowen Basins, Queensland, Phase one report summary , (Canberra, September 2010) p. 1. This advice was provided to the Commonwealth Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population & Communities as part of the approval process of the Santos, Queensland Gas and AP LNG projects under the Environmental Protection & Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999.

[6]        Geoscience Australia & Dr M A Habermehl, Summary of Advice, p. 1

[7]        Geoscience Australia & Dr M A Habermehl, Summary of Advice, p. 7, Recommendation 3.

[8]        Geoscience Australia & Dr M A Habermehl, Summary of Advice, p. 1

[9]        CSIRO, Hydrology of the Great Artesian Basin, Coal Seam Gas Factsheet #6, (August 2011).

[10]      Andrew Herczeg, Groundwater, in CSIRO, Water, (2011), pp 59–60

[11]      I. Prosser, L. Wolf & A. Littleboy, Water in Mining and Industry, in CSIRO, Water, (2011) p. 144.

[12]      Andrew Herczeg, Groundwater, in CSIRO, Water, (2011), p. 47.

[13]      Mr I Hayllor, Committee Hansard, 19 July 2011, p. 11.

[14]      National Water Commission, Position Paper, Coal Seam Gas and Water Challenge, December 2010.

[15]      CSIRO, Coal seam gas developments – predicting impacts, (November 2011).

[16]      Andrew Herczeg, Groundwater, in CSIRO, Water, (2011), p. 47.

[17]      CSIRO, Briefing to the Senate Standing Committee on Rural Affairs and Transport, 7 July 2011, Power Point slide no.17

[18]      Geoff Edwards, An Issues Paper on the Management of Water Co-produced  with Coal Seam Gas, (December 2006), p. 26.

[19]      CSIRO, 7 July 2011, Briefing, slide no. 26.

[20]      National Water Commission, Position Paper, Coal Seam Gas and Water Challenge, December 2010, p. 1.

[21]      Andrew Herczeg, Groundwater, in CSIRO, Water, (2011), p.56.

[22]      Mrs Ruth Armstrong, Committee Hansard, 19 July 2011, p. 13.

[23]      Draft Water Group Advice on EPBC Act Referrals, September 2010, p. 14, tabled in the Senate, 16 November 2010.

[24]      Andrew Herczeg, Groundwater, in CSIRO, Water, (2011), p. 56.

[25]      Geoscience Australia & Dr M A Habermehl, Summary

[26]      Geoscience Australia & Dr M A Habermehl, Summary

[27]      CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2011, p.65-66

[28]      AP LNG, Submission 366, p. 31.

[29]      Queensland Gas Co (QGC); Santos, Origin and Arrow Energy.

[30]      USQ, Preliminary Assessment of Cumulative Drawdown Impacts in the Surat Basin Associated with the Coal Seam Gas Industry, (March 2011), p. 1.

[31]      AP LNG, Submission 366, p. 29.

[32]      AP LNG, Submission 366, p. 29.

[33]      Queensland Government, Submission 358, pp 10–11.

[34]      Santos, Submission 353, p. 15.

[35]      Santos, Submission 353, p. 15.

[36]      Santos is at an advanced stage in investigating the potential of reinjection of water into the Gubberamunda aquifer from which Roma draws its water.

[37]      Geoscience Australia & Dr M A Habermehl, Summary.

[38]      I. Prosser, L. Wolf & A. Littleboy, Water in Mining and Industry, in CSIRO, Water, (2011), p. 144.

[39]      Data from Origin, Santos, QGC and Arrow was combined for presentation at a recent series of APPEA Water Forums, and indicates that the current estimated average production volumes over the following 30 years is 75,000ML/year (75GL/year), which is approximately 20% lower than that estimated at the time of submission of the 3 approved EIS’s. Letter to the committee, A Moser, Groundwater Manager, Origin Energy, 8 November 2011.

[40]      Queensland Government, Submission 358, p. 9.

[41]      CSIRO, http://www.csiro.au/science/Great-Artesian-Basin-Assessment.html.

[42]      Namoi Water Catchment Study, Terms of Reference,  http://www.namoicatchmentwaterstudy.com.au/client_images/966741.pdf

[43]      National Water Commission, Position Paper, Coal Seam Gas and Water Challenge, December 2010

[44]      Water Act 2007 (C'wealth), s.3 (a) & (d).

[45]      Water Act 2007 (C'wealth), s.4 (1)

[46]      Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (C'wealth), s.16 & 18

[47]      Andrew Herczeg, Groundwater, in CSIRO, Water, (2011), p.56

[48]      Geoscience Australia & Dr M A Habermehl, Summary

[49]      Geoscience Australia & Dr M A Habermehl, Summary

[50]      E-mail advice, Andrew Moser, Groundwater Manager, Origin Energy, 8 November 2011.

[51]      CSIRO, Coal Seam Gas Fact sheet no.3, p.2.

[52]      Eastern Star Gas, Gas Production well Design- No Need for Fraccing, undated publication, provided to the committee secretariat.

[53]      Mr Robert de Weijer, CEO, Dart Energy Ltd, Committee Hansard, 9 September 2011, p. 18.

[54]      See, for example, AP LNG, Submission 366, pp 44–46.

[55]      Santos, Submission 353, p. 29.

[56]     Coal Seam Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid Risk Assessment. Response to the Coordinator-General Requirements for Coal Seam Gas Operations in the Surat and Bowen Basins, Queensland. Golder Associates, 21 October 2010, in National Toxics Network, Submission 227, p. 10.

[57]      National Toxics Network, Submission 227, pp 9–10.

[58]      Committee Hansard, 9 September 2011, pp 40–56.

[59]      BTEX is a shorthand for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylelnes which are found in association with petroleum products. Though not permitted to be used as fraccing chemicals naturally occurring BTEX may be found in coal seams and extracted water and is present in petroleum fuels and lubricants used in industry and agriculture.

[60]      Committee Hansard, 9 September 2011, p. 54.

[61]      CSIRO. Coal Seam Gas Factsheet no. 3, July 2011, p.1

[62]      Proppants are substances, usually sand, included in fraccing fluids to hold open the fissures made in the rock, allowing the gas to flow.

[63]      Santos, Submission 353, p. 29.

[64]      Anne Bridle, Submission 328, p. 30.

[65]      Geoscience Australia & Dr M A Habermehl, Summary, pp 4–5.

[66]      Queensland Government, Submission 358, pp 20–21.

[67]      Dr J Underschultz, Theme leader, Petroleum and Geothermal Portfolio, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2011, p. 68 .

Chapter 3 - Use of produced water

[1]        RPS Australia East Pty Ltd, Onshore co-produced water: extent and management, Waterlines Report Series No. 54 September 2011, table 2, p. 11. By comparison CSG produced in the Sydney Basin yields a ratio of 1.2 ml/pj.

[2]        RPS Australia East Pty Ltd, Onshore co-produced water, table 7, p. 16.

[3]        Recent estimates for produced water are much lower. See chapter 1.

[4]        AP LNG, Submission 366, p 24. (25 to 57 gl/pa)

[5]        Santos, Submission 353, p. 17.

[6]        The concentration of total dissolved solids (tds) in CSG water ranges from 200 to 10 000+ milligrams per litre. In comparison, sea water has tds values of 36 -38 000 mg/l.

[7]        Santos, Submission 353, p. 17.

[8]        National Toxics Network, Submission 227, p. 15.

[9]        http://www.arrowenergy.com.au/icms_docs/73090_Water_and_salt_management_brochure.pdf

[10]      Queensland Government, Coal Seam Gas Water Management Policy (June 2010), p. 4.

[11]      Mr A Pickard, Submission 207.

[12]      Queensland Government, The Hon Vicki Darling, Ministerial Media Statement, 9 August 2011.

[13]      Santos, Submission 353, pp 18–19.

[14]      AP LNG, Submission 366, p. 35.

[15]      QGC, Submission 259, p. 10.

[16]      AP LNG, Submission 366, p. 36.

[17]      Santos, Submission 353, p. 19.

[18]      Santos, Submission 353, p. 19 and Submission 366, p. 35.

[19]      QGC, Submission 259, p. 10.

[20]      AP LNG, Submission 366, p.37

[21]      Queensland Government,  Coal Seam Gas Water Management Policy, (June 2010), p.2

[22]      QGC, Submission 259, p. 9.

[23]      Santos, Submission 353, p.19

[24]      USQ,  Preliminary Assessment of Cumulative Drawdown Impacts in the Surat Basin Associated with the Coal Seam Gas Industry, (March 2011), p.1 It has been suggested that vertical movement of water into the Walloon Coal Measures after depressurization could be significant.

[25]      Mr P Maxon, CEO AP LNG, Committee Hansard, 9 September 2011, p.12.

[26]      Mr P Maxon, CEO AP LNG, Committee Hansard, 9 September 2011, p.12.

[27]      QGC, Submission 359, p. 11; Mr P Maxon, CEO, AP LNG, Committee Hansard, 9 September 2011, p. 3.

[28]      QGC, Submission 259, p. 11.

[29]      Mr P Maxon, CEO AP LNG, Committee Hansard, 9 September 2011, p. 3.

[30]      GE Penrice, Media Release, 24 October 2011.

[31]      Mr A Arakel, Brine Management in the CSG Industry- the untold story, 24 June 2011.

[32]      Mr A Arakel, Brine Management in the CSG Industry

[33]      AP LNG, Submission 366, p. 38.

Chapter 4 - LAND ACCESS & LAND USE

[1]        Mr J Baulderstone, Vice President Eastern Australia, Santos, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2011, p. 15.

[2]        There are some minor exception to this in relation to long-standing rights, for example to coal, and the situation with regard to off-shore minerals, oil and gas and in the Territories is different but this report is concerned only with onshore CSG exploration and production in the Murray-Darling Basin.

[3]        Petroleum and Gas (Production & Safety ) Act 2004(Qld), s.31(2) & s.32(1).

[4]        Petroleum and Gas (Production & Safety ) Act 2004(Qld),, s.33(1).

[5]        Examples of preliminary activities are walking the area, taking soil samples or survey pegging.

[6]        Department of Employment, Economic Development & Innovation (Qld), Guide to Queensland's new land access laws, November 2010, p. 1.  http://mines.industry.qld.gov.au/assets/land-tenure-pdf/6184_landaccesslaws_guide_print.pdf

See also: http://mines.industry.qld.gov.au/mining/land-access-policy-framework.htm.

[7]        Department of Employment, economic Development & Innovation (Qld) Land Access Code, November 2010, http://www.agforceqld.org.au/file.php?id=685&open=yes.

[8]        Queensland Government, Submission 358, p. 23.

[9]        The criteria can be found at http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/land/planning/pdf/strategic-cropping/proposed-criteria.pdf

[10]      Queensland Government, Submission 358, p. 25.

[11]      http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/minerals/titles/landholders-rights/petroleum_onshore_act_1991

[12]      Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991(NSW) s.69D

[13]      Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991(NSW), s.69D (4)

[14]      Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991(NSW), s.71

[15]      Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991(NSW), s.71

[16]      Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991(NSW), s.72

[17]      Ms Natalie Tydd, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2011, p. 32.  

[18]      Ms Natalie Tydd, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2011, p. 35.

[19]      Mrs R Armstrong, Committee Hansard, 19 July 2011, p. 15.

[20]      Letter tabled at the committee's hearing in Narrabri, 2 August 2011.

[21]      Mrs Kate Scott, Committee Hansard, 18 July 2011, p. 12.

[22]      Queensland Government, Submission 358, p. 21.

[23]      Mr D Foote, Australian Country Choice, Committee Hansard, 18 July 2011, p. 3.

[24]      Mr D Foote, Australian Country Choice, Committee Hansard, 18 July 2011, p.4

[25]      Mr D Foote, Australian Country Choice, Committee Hansard, 18 July 2011, p.4

[26]      Mr I Hayllor, Committee Hansard, 19 July 2011, p. 8.

[27]      Mr D Cush, Bellata Gold, Submission 347

[28]      Ms N Tydd, Committee Hansard, 2 August 2011, p. 23.

[29]      Mr D Cush, Bellata Gold, Submission 347

[30]      Ms Tydd, Committee Hansard, 2 August 2011, p. 23

[31]      G Edwards, An Issues Paper on the Management of Water Co-produced with Coal Seam Gas,(December 2006)

[32]      Mr K Horton, Group Manager, Upstream Queensland, AP LNG, Committee Hansard, 9 September 2011, p. 3.

[33]      Ian Hayllor,e-mail.

[34]      See, for example Australian, 16 August 2011 http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/mining-free-zones-for-queensland-towns/story-fn59niix-1226115571800

[35]      Mr D Pratzky, Submission 360, p. 2–3, quoting a report from the Queensland Coordinator General

[36]      Mr D Pratzky, Submission 360, p 2–3, quoting a report from the Queensland Coordinator General

[37]      Mr D Pratzky, Submission 360, pp 8–9. (Minor corrections have been made to this quotation)

[38]      Mr D Fraser, Chair, Mining & Coal Seam Gas Taskforce, National Farmers Federation Committee Hansard, 9 August 2011, p. 6.

[39]      Mr P Shannon, Committee Hansard, 19 July 2011, p. 3.

[40]      Mr P Shannon, Committee Hansard, 19 July 2011, p. 12.

[41]      Guide to Queensland's new land access law, pp 3–4; Petroleum and Gas (Production & Safety) Act (2004) (Qld), s.532 (4)(a)(b)(c).

[42]      Queensland Government, Submission 358, p. 22.

[43]      Standard Conduct & Compensation Agreement, clause 20, drafting note. This document may be accessed at http://mines.industry.qld.gov.au/mining/landholder-information.htm.

[44]      Santos, Submission 353, p. 23.

[45]       Department of Environment & Resource Management, http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/land/planning/strategic-cropping/background.html

[46]       Department of Environment & Resource Management, Queensland, Protecting Queensland’s strategic cropping land, (April 2011), p. 4-5

[47]       NSW Department of Primary Industries, States move to protect agricultural land for food production (July 2011), http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/aboutus/news/agriculture-today/july-2011/states-move-to-protect-agricultural-land-for-food-production

[48]       AP LNG, Submission 366, p.13

[49]       Queensland Government, Submission 358, pp 26–27.

[50]       Mr P Shannon, Committee Hansard, 19 July 2011, p. 3.

[51]       Mr P Shannon, Committee Hansard, 19 July 2011, p. 2.

[52]       Mr J Baulderstone, Santos, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2011, p. 14.

Chapter 5

[1]        Commonwealth Parliamentary Library, Mike Roarty, Research Paper no. 25, 2007-08, Australia's Natural Gas, issues  & trends, p. 16  https://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rp/2007-08/08rp25.pdf Accessed 22 August 2011.

[2]        Approximately 21 times more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere than CO₂, by weight over a 100 year period.   http://www.epa.gov/methane/scientific.html Accessed 22 August 2011.

[3]        Solomon et al, Persistence of climate changes due to a range of greenhouse gases, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 2010, October 26, 2010 vol. 107 no. 43 18354-18359  http://www.pnas.org/content/107/43/18354.full  Accessed 29 November 2011

[4]        Nova: Science in the News, the Australian Academy of Science, http://www.science.org.au/nova/118/118key.html Accessed 25 October 2011.

[5]       Climatic Change, DOI 10.1007/s10584-011-0061-5, Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formation, A letter, Robert W. Howarth, Renee Santoro, Anthony Ingraffea http://www.sustainablefuture.cornell.edu/news/attachments/Howarth-EtAl-2011.pdf Accessed 25 October 2011.

[6]        Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formation,, Abstract, p. 679.

[7]        Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formation,, section 6

[8]        Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formation,, p. 679. 'Flow back' is when fraccing fluids are withdrawn from a well, and 'drill-out', is the removal of concrete plugs used in the fraccing process. p. 681. Table 2 of the paper, p. 683,  illustrates the sources of fugitive emissions clearly.

[9]        Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formation, Table 2, p. 683

[10]      AP LNG, Submission 366, p. 42.

[11]      Climatic Change, Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formation, op cit, section 7.

[12]      Mr J Needham, Explorations Operations Manager, Dart Energy, Committee Hansard, 9 September 2011, p. 20.

[13]      Worley Parsons, Resources & Energy, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Study of Australian CSG to LNG, April 2011, p. 3. http://www.appea.com.au/images/stories/Policy_CSG/appea%20worley%20csg%20greenhouse%20emissions%20study%20final%20110411.pdf

[14]      Worley Parsons, p. 7.

[15]      Worley Parsons, p. 29.

[16]      Worley Parsons, table 1.2, p. 5.

[17]      Beyond Zero Emissions, http://beyondzeroemissions.org/media/newswire/green-deals-csg-cleaner-coal-111108, accessed 14 November 2011.

[18]      Worley Parsons, p. 3.

[19]      Climatic Change, , Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formation, section 8

[20]      Anthony Ingraffea, quoted, Cornell Chronicle, 11April 2011, http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/April11/GasDrillingDirtier.html.

Additional Comments from the Australian Greens

[1]        Merrill Lynch Green gas debate: substantive report a matter of weeks away 21 November 2011