Footnotes

Preface

[1]        See, for example, Dennis Rumley et al. (eds), Australia's Arc of Instability: The Political and Culural Dynamics of Regional Security, Springer, The Netherlands, pp.11-22

[2]        Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, A Pacific engaged. August 2003

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        National Farmers' Federation, Submission 35, Appendix D

[2]        Australian Financial Review, 21 November 2005, p.8

[3]        Australian Council of Trade Unions, Submission 55, p.1

[4]        Horticulture Australia Limited, Submission 11, p.7

[5]        Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 51, pp.1-10; Trends in Australian Agriculture, Productivity Commission, June 2005, pp.xvii-xli

[6]        Certifying bodies differ between jurisdictions, but frequently take the form of economic development boards, state and territory government authorities and departments or chambers of commerce

[7]        Nic Maclellan and Peter Mares, Remittances and Labour Mobility in the Pacific: A working paper on seasonal work programs in Australia for Pacific Islanders, Swinburne University Institute of Technology, Institute for Social Research, p. 27

[8]        According to the DIMA website, visa holders have a condition limiting work with each employer to 3 months. However, it then states that all visa holders have been granted permission to work for up to 6 months with each employer

[9]        Seasonal work is defined as being any type of work that is seasonal in nature or that is undertaken as the employee of a primary producer, including plant and animal cultivation, fishing and pearling, or tree farming and felling. This work need not be paid work. Seasonal work must be undertaken in a prescribed postcode, and thus identified as regional by the Department

[10]      See, for example, Mr Tom Martin, Committee Hansard, 22 March 2006, p.42

[11]      Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Submission 43, p.9

[12]      Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Submission 42, p.3

[13]      Maclellan and Mares, op cit, pp.27-30

[14]      ibid, p.29

[15]      Tanya Basok, Tortillas and Tomatoes: transmigrant Mexican harvesters in Canada, McGill-Queens Press, 2003, p.146, quoted in Maclellan and Mares op cit p.27

[16]      Peter Mares, Submission 19, p.19

[17]      Dr Kerry Preibisch, Social Relations Practices between Seasonal Agricultural Workers, their Employers, and the Residents of Rural Ontario, Executive Summary, The North-South Institute, p.8. The study referred to was conducted by Stevens Associates in 2003.

[18]      Peter Mares, Submission 19, p.19, drawing on personal interviews conducted with representatives from the Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association

[19]      Maclellan and Mares, op cit, p.28

[20]      The Australian, Howard, Clark shut out seasonal workers, 26 October 2005, p.6

[21]      The Age, Costello rules out importing islanders, 5 July 2006, p.6

[22]      Terrie Walmsley, Amer Ahmed and Christopher Parsons, op cit, p.21

[23]      Between 85 per cent and 90 per cent of Canada's foreign labourers work in Ontario

[24]      Foreign Agricultural Management Services (FARMS) Regional Report, Caribbean/Mexican Seasonal Agricultural Workers Programs as of 31 December 2004, referred to in Maclellan and Mares, op cit, p.30

[25]      United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2004, p.130

[26]      United Kingdom Home Office, Review of the Seasonal Agricultural Workers' Scheme 2002, cited in Maclellan and Mares, op cit, p.31

[27]      The World Bank, at Home and Away, 2006, p.133

Chapter 2 - The question of labour shortages in horticulture

[1]        Mr Noel Sims, Committee Hansard, Renmark, 22 March 2006, p.5

[2]        Mr Richard Hamley, Committee Hansard, Renmark, 22 March 2006, p.17

[3]        Horticulture Australia Limited, Submission 11, p.15

[4]        Growcom, Submission 9, p.3-4

[5]        Riverland Development Corporation, Submission 6, Appendix 2

[6]        Mr Geoffrey Beecroft, Submission 50, p.1

[7]        Mr Geoff Beecroft, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 6 October 2006, pp. 1-4

[8]        Swan Hill Rural City Council, Submission 10, p.1

[9]        Riverina Citrus, Submission 17, p.2

[10]      Mr Richard Hamley, Committee Hansard, Renmark, 22 March 2006, p.16

[11]      The World Bank, at Home and Away, 2006, p.127

[12]      Australian Financial Review, 21 November 2005, p.8

[13]      Mr Jim O'Connor, Submission 1, p.4

[14]      Sunraysia Citrus Growers Inc., Submission 23, p.3

[15]      Mr Noel Sims, Committee Hansard, Renmark, 22 March 2006, p.8

[16]      Growcom, Submission 9, p.8

[17]      Mr Maxwell Polwarth, Committee Hansard, Mildura, 21 March 2006, p.31

[18]      DEWR, Submission 30, Attachment D, p.29

[19]      Australian Bureau of Statistics Labour Force Data (cat.6291.055.011)

[20]      Horticulture Australia, Submission 11, pp.18-19

[21]      Growcom, Submission 9, p.10

[22]      The World Bank, at Home and Away, op cit, p.105

[23]      Mr Peter Crisp, Committee Hansard, Mildura, 21 March 2006, p.38

[24]      Reproduced from at Home and Away, op cit, Figure 4.3, p.107

[25]      Riverland Development Corporation, Submission 6, Appendix 2, p.2

[26]      Horticulture Australia, Submission 11, p.20

[27]      Mr Noel Sims, Committee Hansard, Renmark, 22 March 2006, p.3

[28]      Mr Ross Wall, Committee Hansard, Shepparton, 24 March 2006, p.32-33

[29]      Worktrainers Ltd, Submission 1, p.6

[30]      Mr John Berto, Committee Hansard, Darwin, 5 June 2006, p.35

[31]      Mr Anthony Rossignuolo, Committee Hansard, Shepparton, 24 March 2006, p.35

[32]      Mr Peter Crisp, Committee Hansard, Mildura, 21 March 2006, p.43

[33]      Mr Geoff Beecroft, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 6 October 2006, pp. 2-3

[34]      Ms Mary Anne Maloney, Committee Hansard, Mildura, 21 March 2006, p.32

[35]      Mr Joe Fangaloka, Committee Hansard, Robinvale, 23 March 2006, p.25

[36]      Mr Stephen Lynch, Committee Hansard, Mildura, 21 March 2006, p.2

[37]      at Home and Away, op cit, pp.113-114

[38]      Peter Mares, 'Profiting from seasonal labour', Canberra Times, 30 March 2005, p.9

Chapter 3 - Labour from the South Pacific

[1]        Core Group Recommendation Report for a White Paper on Australia's aid program, AusAID 2005, p.69

[2]        Core Group Recommendations Report, Companion Volume, AusAID, December 2005, p.8-7, drawn originally from Advancing the National Interest, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, February 2003, Chapter 7.

[3]        See, for instance, Core Group Recommendations Report, p.21

[4]        Australian Aid: Promoting Growth and Stability, A White Paper on the Australian Government's Overseas Aid Program, AusAID, 2006, p.29

[5]        Core Group Report, op cit, p. vi

[6]        Australian Aid, op cit, p.29

[7]        Nic Maclellan and Peter Mares, Remittances and Labour Mobility in the Pacific; a working paper on seasonal work programs in Australia for Pacific Islanders, Institute for Social Research, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006, p.6

[8]        Terrie Walmsley, S. Amer Ahmed, and Christopher Parsons, The Impact of Liberalizing Labour Mobility in the Pacific Region, Asian Development Bank-Commonwealth Secretariat Joint Report to the Pacific Island Forum Secretariat, Pacific Studies Series, Volume 3, Working Paper 17, p.4

[9]        Maclellan and Mares, op cit.

[10]      Australian Aid, op cit, p.29

[11]      Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, A Pacific Engaged: Australia's relations with Papua New Guinea and the island states of the South-West Pacific, August 2003, p.13

[12]      Terrie Walmsley, S. Amer Ahmed, and Christopher Parsons, op cit, p.2

[13]      AusAID, Submission 42, p.5

[14]      Professor Ron Duncan and James Gilling, Core Group Recommendations Report, Companion Volume, AusAID 2005, p.8-14

[15]      The 2.1 per cent fertility rate combines Migration, Mortality and Birth Rates – see Helen Ware: “Pacific instability and youth bulges: the devil in the demography and the economy”, paper to the 12^th biennial conference of the Australian Population Association, 15-17 September 2004, Canberra, quoted in NicMacllen, Submission  32, p.3

[16]      Global Economic Prospects; Economic Implications of Remittances and Migration 2006, The World Bank, Washington, 2006, p.xiii

[17]      Dr Manjula Luthria, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 23 August 2006, p.40

[18]      Professor Richard Brown, Committee Hansard, Brisbane, 19 April 2006, p.27

[19]      Maclellan and Mares, op cit, p.12, 13. The Global Economic Prospects Report, op cit, reported on econometric analysis which estimated that official, reported remittance flows underestimated the real amount by at least 50 per cent

[20]      Home and Away: expanding job opportunities for Pacific islanders through labour mobility, The World Bank, 2006

[21]      H.M Lee, Tongans only want our money: the children of Tongan migrants, paper presented to the SSGM conference on Globalisation, Governance in the Pacific Islands, October 2005

[22]      Professor Richard Brown, Committee Hansard, op cit, p.29

[23]      Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Submission 42, p.6

[24]      Horticulture Australia, Submission 11, p.35

[25]      Professor Richard Brown, Committee Hansard, op.cit, pp 34-35

[26]      Home and Away, op cit, p.124

[27]      ibid, p.49

[28]      Helen Hughes and Gaurav Sodhi, 'Should Australia and New Zealand Open Their Doors to Guest Workers From the Pacific?', CIS Policy Monograph 72, 2006, pp.21-22

[29]      Mr Edward Sulikowski, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 22 August 2006, p.17

[30]      Terrie Walmsley, Amer Ahmed and Christopher Parsons, The impact of liberalising labour mobility in the Pacific region, Asian Development Bank, ADB Public Studies Series, Volume 3, Working Paper no.71, p.7

[31]      Dr Manjula Luthria, Committee Hansard, Wednesday 23 August 2006, p.43

[32]      ibid

[33]      AusAID, Submission 42, p.1-2, Mares and Maclellan, op cit, pp.19-22

[34]      https://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/fadt_ctte/completed_inquiries/2002-04/png/index.htm

[35]      Government Response to the Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee Report, 'A Pacific Engaged: Australia's Relations with Papua New Guinea and the Island States of the South- West Pacific', tabled 24 June 2005, p.7, available at https://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/fadt_ctte/completed_inquiries/2002-04/png/index.htm

[36]      AusAID, Submission 42, p.2

[37]      Terrie Walmsley, S. Amer Ahmed, and Christopher Parsons, op cit, p.29. See also para. 1.26.

Chapter 4 - Practicalities of a seasonal contract labour scheme

[1]        Mr James O'Connor, CEO Worktrainers Ltd, Committee Hansard, Shepparton, 24 March, 2006, p.15 

[2]        Dr Satis Chand, Labour mobility for sustainable livelihood in Pacific island states, November 2004, p.15

[3]        Mr James O'Connor, Committee Hansard, Shepparton, 24 March 2006, p.17

[4]        Mr Anthony Peardon, Committee Hansard , Shepparton, 24 March 2006, p.7

[5]        Mr James O'Connor, Committee Hansard, Shepparton, 24 March 2006, p. 20

[6]        Rev Evan Harris, Committee Hansard, Robinvale, 23 March 2006, p. 42

Senator Barnett's supplementary comments

[1]        See, for example, Mrs Denita Wawn, Committee Hansard, 22 August 2006, pp. 26-7. See also committee report, para. 2.49.

[2]        Committee report, paras. 1.19 and 1.20. See also Working Holiday Makers Benefiting Australia, Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Immigration Facts No. 18.

[3]        World Bank, At Home and Away, p.105.

[4]        Tanya Basok, as quoted in Mares and Maclellan, Remittances and Labour Mobility in the Pacific; a working paper on seasonal work programs in Australia for Pacific Islanders, Institute of Social Research, Swinburne University, p.27.  See also committee report paras 1.24-1.30

[5]        Mr Peter Mares, Submission 19, p.19

[6]        Mrs Denita Wawn, Committee Hansard, 22 August 2006, p. 25

Appendix 3 - The Canadian program for foreign agricultural labour

[1]        This overview is heavily informed by information contained in Peter Mares, Submission 19