RESEARCH PAPER SERIES, 2017–18              5 March 2018

House of Representatives by-elections: 1901–2017

Stephen Barber

Statistics and Mapping Section

Executive summary

This paper provides details of House of Representatives by-elections, from that held for Darling Downs on 14 September 1901 to the most recent held on 16 December 2017 for Bennelong. The following observations can be made about those by-elections:

•        there have been 151 by-elections, an average of 3.4 per parliament

•        the average number of nominations has grown over the years from 2.2 per by-election to 12.0 per by-election

•        in only four cases was a by-election contested by just a single candidate

•        an increasing tendency has been for governments to avoid contesting by-elections in their opponents’ safe seats

•        in only ten cases have the opposition party failed to contest a by-election

•        seventy-six of the by-elections followed the resignation of the member, 68 members died in office, there have been six voided elections, and one MP was expelled from the House

•        since 1949 resignations account for almost two-thirds of by-elections and over half the resignations have occurred in safe seats

•        on 35 occasions the party complexion of a seat has altered at a by-election

•        five of the losses have been by the opposition of the day

•        the average two-party preferred swing against the government of the day has been 3.8 per cent

•        since 1949 the largest two-party swing against a government occurred against Labor in Canberra in 1995. The largest swing to a government occurred to the Coalition in McPherson in 1981.

Party abbreviations

AAP

Advance Australia Party

AC

Australian Christians

ACons

Australian Conservatives

ACP

Australian Cyclists Party

ADVP

Australian Defence Veterans Party

AFI

Australians Against Further Immigration

AHP

Affordable Housing Party

AJP

Animal Justice Party

ALA

Australian Liberty Alliance

ALP

Australian Labor Party

ANAG

Australian National Action Group

AntiSoc

Anti-Socialist

AP

Australia Party

APP

Australian People’s Party

APPG

Australian Pensioner Pressure Group

AR

Australian Republican

ARM

Australian Reform Movement

ASP

Australian Shooters Party

ASxP

Australian Sex Party

Atok

Atokist

AusConst

Australian Constitutionalist

BTA

Bullet Train for Australia

CCC

Climate Change Coalition

CDP

Christian Democratic Party

CCE

Conservatives for Climate and Environment

CEC

Citizens Electoral Council

CM

CountryMinded

Com

Communist Party

Cons

Conservative

Const

Constitutionalist

CP

Country Party

CRep

Constitutional Republican

CTA

Call to Australia

CYA

Australian Country Party

Dem

Australian Democrats

DLP

Democratic Labor Party

DOGS

Council for the Defence of Government Schools

DSP

Deadly Serious Party

EcRef

Economic Reform

EFN

Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy

Farmers

Farmers’ Party

FFP

Family First Party

FishP

The Fishing Party

FLP

Federal Labor Party

FLR

Family Law Reform Party

FP

Future Party

FPA

Federal Party of Australia

FST

Australia First Party

FT

Free Trade

FUT

Science Party

Grn

Greens

Gry

Grey Power

GWA

The Greens (WA)

HAN

Pauline Hanson’s One Nation

HMP

Help End Marijuana Prohibition

HPA

Hope Party Australia

ICP

Independent Country Party

ILab

Independent Labor

ILCL

Independent Liberal Country League

ILib

Independent Liberal

INat

Independent Nationalist

Ind

Independent

KAP

Katter’s Australian Party

LDP

Liberal Democratic Party

LFF

Liberals for Forests

Lib

Liberal Party

LibF

Liberal Forum

LLab

Lang Labor

LNP

Liberal National Party

LP

Liberal Party

LRG

Liberal Reform Group

NA

National Alliance

NAP

New Australian Party

Nat

Nationalist

NCPP

Non-Custodial Parents Party

NGST

No GST Party

NHP

National Humanitarian Party

NLP

Natural Law Party

NP

National Party

NSP

National Socialist Party

ON

One Nation

ONNSW

One Nation NSW Division

PCP

Progressive Conservative Party

PIR

Pirate Party Australia

PLP

Progressive Labour Party

PORP

Property Owners’ Rights Party

PP

Progress Party

Prog

Australian Progressives

Prot

Protectionist

ProtLab

Protestant Labor

PUP

Palmer United Party

RARI

Reclaim Australia: Reduce Immigration

RPA

Republican Party of Australia

RSNP

Returned Soldiers National Party

RUA

Rise Up Australia Party

SA

Socialist Alliance

SC

Social Credit

SLib

State Liberal

Soc

Socialist

SP

Socialist Party of Australia

SPA

Secular Party of Australia

SPP

Sustainable Population Party

ST

Single Tax League

SUN

Seniors United Party of Australia

SWP

Socialist Workers’ Party

TA

Taxpayers’ Association

TAP

The Arts Party

UAP

United Australia Party

UM

Uninflated Movement

Unite

Unite Australia Party

UTG

United Tasmanian Group

UWU

Unemployed Workers Union

VEF

Voluntary Euthanasia Party

VFU

Victorian Farmers’ Union

VOTE

Voice of the Elderly

21CA

21st Century Party

Note: all tables and charts have been compiled by the Parliamentary Library.

Introduction

This Research Paper updates an earlier Parliamentary Library Research paper and details the 151 by-elections for the House of Representatives held to date, including some of the factors involved in their being held.[1]

It also discusses relevant factors such as the timing of by-elections, the number of nominations, the voter turnout and party performance over the years, and the swings that have occurred.

The paper concludes with a general discussion of some of the personal and political aspects of the by-elections.

The organisation of Commonwealth by-elections

By-elections are held to fill vacancies in the House of Representatives resulting from the death, resignation, absence without leave, expulsion, disqualification or ineligibility of a member.

The first by-election was held in the Queensland electorate of Darling Downs, on 14 September 1901, barely four months after the opening of the new Commonwealth Parliament. The by-election followed the death of the sitting member, William Groom. The most recent by-election was held in the electorate of Bennelong (NSW) on 16 December 2017 following the resignation of the sitting member, John Alexander.

The reasons why by-elections have been held

Of the 151 by-elections, 68 (45.0 per cent) have occurred because of the death of the member, 76 (50.3 per cent) as the result of the resignation of the member, six (4.0 per cent) because of voided elections, and one (0.7 per cent) because of the expulsion of the member for Kalgoorlie from the House in 1920.

Over time, the reasons for by-elections have altered quite markedly:

•        from 1901 to 1979, 61.5 per cent of all by-elections were brought about by death

•        by contrast, since 1980, 87.2 per cent of all by-elections have been brought about by resignation.

Vacancies brought about by resignation and death

Years

Vacancy due to death
(%)

Vacancy due to resignation
(%)

Other
(%)

1901–1979

61.5

33.7

4.8

Since 1980

8.5

87.2

4.3

The following graph further illustrates the changing pattern in the reasons causing by-elections.

Reason for by-election, by decade

One factor contributing to this changing pattern is that members today enter the House of Representatives at a generally younger age than used to be the case. Of the 41 parliaments to 2005, the second quarter’s intake (1929–1951) was the oldest, averaging 48.3 years per new member. By contrast, the fourth quarter’s intake (1977–2005) was the youngest at 42.2 years per new member.[2] [3] Another factor is the greater preparedness of members to leave Parliament—the cause of 87.2 per cent of by-elections since 1980—often to pursue another career. This has been aided by a third factor, namely the general increase in longevity of Australians brought about by, among other things, better health care.[4]

The timing of by-elections

Section 33 of the Australian Constitution confers on the Speaker of the House of Representatives the power to issue a writ for the election of a new member.[5] The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918–Part XIII specifies that the election (polling day) must be held between 33 and 58 days from the date the writ is issued.[6]

There is no prescribed time period within which a by-election writ must be issued and, in fact, there is no accepted view as to the period that should elapse between vacancy and polling day.

Perhaps surprisingly, this has not become a matter of any long-term political debate, allowing governments a great deal of freedom in the setting of by-election dates. The length of time from a vacancy until polling day has, therefore, varied considerably, with the maximum number of days being the 82 days for Moreton in 1983, and the minimum being the 17 days for East Sydney in 1903.[7] The total elapsed time from vacancy to election has increased since 1901. Between 1901 and 1949, the average was 40.3 days, whereas during the period 1949 to 2017 the average has been 51.4 days. The average figure for all by-elections has been 47.1 days.

Ideally, by-elections are held as early as possible after a seat becomes vacant, ‘so that the electors are not left without representation any longer than is necessary’.[8] In fact, such a consideration is occasionally pushed aside by short-term political factors. On 22 October 1982 the Member for Flinders, Phillip Lynch, resigned his seat. The Speaker fixed 4 December as the date for a by-election, but also declared that there would be a delay of almost three weeks before the writs for the by-election would be issued. According to Anne Summers, this gave the Fraser Government the option of calling a general election for 4 or 11 December.[9] The by-election could, therefore, have been pushed aside; although a double dissolution election was eventually held on 5 March 1983.

In the cases of the 15 by-elections held during 2000–2017, the delay between the date of the seat becoming vacant[10] and the date of the issuing of the writ varied considerably. The 45 days for Griffith and the 40 days for Gippsland contrasted with the virtually instantaneous issuing of writs for by-elections in Ryan, Lyne, North Sydney, New England and Bennelong.

By-elections, 2000–2017

Division

Held by

Date of vacancy

Date of writ

Delay in
issuing writ

Elapsed time from
vacancy to by-election

Isaacs (Vic)

ALP

14.06.00

30.06.00

16 days

59 days

Ryan (Qld)

LP

05.02.01

09.02.01

4 days

40 days

Aston (Vic)

LP

24.04.01

01.06.01

38 days

81 days

Cunningham (NSW)

ALP

16.08.02

16.09.02

31 days

64 days

Werriwa (NSW)

ALP

21.01.05

14.02.05

24 days

57 days

Gippsland (Vic)

LP

09.04.08

19.05.08

40 days

80 days

Lyne (NSW)

LP

30.07.08

04.08.09

5 days

38 days

Mayo (SA)

LP

14.07.08

04.08.09

21 days

54 days

Bradfield (NSW)

LP

19.10.09

30.10.09

11 days

47 days

Higgins (Vic)

LP

19.10.09

30.10.09

11 days

47 days

Griffith (Qld)

ALP

22.11.13

06.01.14

45 days

78 days

Canning (WA)

LP

21.07.15

17.08.15

27 days

60 days

North Sydney (NSW)

LP

23.10.15

26.10.15

3 days

43 days

New England (NSW)

NP

27.10.17

27.10.17

0 days

36 days

Bennelong (NSW)

LP

11.11.17

13.11.17

2 days

35 days

The variation allowed in regard to by-election dates is thus an anomaly in an electoral system that is generally highly regulated.

Appendix 4 provides details of the timing of all by-elections held between September 1901 and December 2017. It also shows the number of days elapsed between the seat becoming vacant and the by-election date, the number of days elapsed since the previous general election, and the number of days between the by-election and the next general election.

Vacancies for which no by-election held

There have been 20 occasions when the Speaker has, in fact, declined to issue such a writ for a by-election due to a pending general election. The longest period a seat has been without a member prior to a general election was 128 days in the case of Hindmarsh in 1909–10. The shortest period was the 39 days between 13 August 1940, when three MPs were killed in a plane crash, and the election of 21 September 1940.

The situation regarding the last of these occasions—Wills, 1992–93—was the result of the by-election held in November 1992 subsequently being voided by the Court of Disputed Returns. The successful candidate, Phil Cleary, was found to be in breach of Section 44(iv) of the Constitution and the Labor and Liberal candidates were found ineligible under Section 44(i).

By-elections where members recontested

There have been nine occasions where the previous member has recontested in a by-election. Of these, five members have been successful in retaining their seat.

The successful members were in the seats: East Sydney 1903, Echuca 1907, Lindsay 1996, New England 2017 and Bennelong 2017.

The unsuccessful recontests were in: Melbourne 1904, Riverina 1904, Ballaarat 1920 and Kalgoorlie 1920.

Vacancies for which no by-election was held, 1901–2017

Division

Vacant

Next election

Days

Hunter (NSW)

30.09.03

16.12.03

77

Indi (Vic)

12.10.06

12.12.06

61

Northern Melbourne (Vic)

13.10.06

12.12.06

60

Hindmarsh (SA)

06.12.09

13.04.10

128

East Sydney (NSW)

24.12.09

13.04.10

110

West Sydney (NSW)

06.09.28

17.11.28

72

Wimmera (Vic)

14.10.31

19.12.31

66

Martin (NSW)

05.06.34

15.09.34

102

Ballaarat (Vic)

31.07.34

15.09.34

46

Werriwa (NSW)

02.08.34

15.09.34

44

Henty (Vic)

13.08.40

21.09.40

39

Flinders (Vic)

13.08.40

21.09.40

39

Corangamite (Vic)

13.08.40

21.09.40

39

West Sydney (NSW)

14.08.46

28.09.46

45

Hindmarsh (SA)

14.08.46

28.09.46

45

McMillan (Vic)

14.10.55

10.12.55

57

Leichhardt (Qld)

11.10.58

22.11.58

42

Warringah (NSW)

03.08.66

26.11.66

110

Bonython (SA)

30.09.77

10.12.77

71

Wills (Vic)

25.11.92

13.03.93

108

Number of nominations

The 151 by-elections have been contested by an average of 5.1 candidates. Over the years, however, there has been a steady increase in the number of nominations.

In the 24 first-past-the-post cases between 1901 and October 1918 the average number of nominations was 2.2 per contest.

In the following 127 preferential voting cases there has been an average of 5.7 nominations per by-election:

•        from the introduction of preferential voting in December 1918 to the end of the 1960s there was an average of 3.7 nominations per by-election

•        the 1970s and 1980s saw the first of two significant increases in candidate numbers, with 6.2 candidates per by-election over these decades

•        this was exceeded during the 1990s, with the average climbing to 8.1 candidates per contest

•        since 2000 a further climb to 12.0 candidates per by-election has occurred.

The record number of nominations has occurred twice in by-elections: Wills (Vic) in 1992 and Bradfield (NSW) in 2009. In the 1992 Wills by-election 22 nominations were received to fill the seat vacated by former Prime Minister Hawke. The field of 22 candidates that contested the 2009 Bradfield by-election was inflated due to the presence of nine Christian Democratic Party candidates. The 2017 New England by-election had 17 nominations, the third highest on record.

Candidates per by-election

Years

By-elections

Average number of
candidates

Largest number of
candidates

1901–2017

151

5.1

22 (2 cases)

1901–1918 (First-past-the-post)

24

2.2

4 (Tasmania 1902)

1918–2017 (Preferential voting)

127

5.7

22 (2 cases)

Preferential voting

1918–1929

15

3.1

5 (3 cases)

1930–1939

12

3.7

6 (Wilmot 1939)

1940–1949

7

4.0

7 (Wimmera 1946)

1950–1959

16

3.7

6 (3 cases)

1960–1969

22

3.9

5 (8 cases)

1970–1979

8

6.5

12 (Parramatta 1973)

1980–1989

18

6.1

12 (Lowe 1982)

1990–1999

14

8.1

22 (Wills 1992)

2000–2009

10

11.5

22 (Bradfield 2009)

Since 2010

5

13.0

17 (New England 2017)

In only four cases, or 2.6 per cent, was a by-election contested by just a single candidate: Kalgoorlie 1913, Dalley 1915, Wide Bay 1928 and Cunningham 1956.

In recent years there has been a tendency for governments to avoid contesting by-elections in their opponents’ safe seats. Since 1990 the incumbent government has failed to contest 15 of the 29 by-elections held. In all cases bar one this has meant an easy win to the party holding the seat. In the case of Cunningham in 2002, however, the absence of a Liberal candidate helped the Australian Greens candidate win the seat from the ALP.[11]

By contrast, until the 2015 by-election in North Sydney, the official Opposition had contested every by-election from Dalley in 1953. Over the whole period the Opposition has failed to contest ten, or 6.6 per cent, of by-elections: Darling Downs 1901, Melbourne 1904, Echuca 1907, Adelaide 1908, Dalley 1915, Echuca 1919, Wide Bay 1928, Balaclava 1929, Bradfield 1952 and North Sydney 2015.

Voter turnout[12]

During the period of voluntary voting (1901–1924) the average turnout for by-elections was just 56.7 per cent. The lowest figure was 15.1 per cent in East Sydney in 1903. Since the introduction of compulsory voting in 1924 the average by-election turnout figure has been 87.3 per cent. This contrasts with a 94.4 per cent turnout in general elections over that period.

During the compulsory voting years there has been a slight fall in the by-election turnout figure. Prior to 1970 the turnout in 62 by-elections was 88.5 per cent; the turnout for the 55 by-elections since 1970 has been 86.1 per cent. The lowest turnout figure over the compulsory voting period has been 69.5 per cent in Wentworth in 1981. Remarkably, there have been three by-elections in this electorate (1956, 1981 and 1995) and the average turnout has been only 75.9 per cent.

Party performance

Seats lost at by-elections

In only 35 of the 151 by-elections (23.2 per cent) has a seat altered its party status.

Seats lost at by-elections, 1901–2017

Division

Government

Sitting party

Winning party

Melbourne (Vic) 1904

Prot

Prot

ALP

Riverina (NSW) 1904

ALP

FT

Prot

Adelaide (SA) 1908

Prot

Prot

ALP

Boothby (SA) 1911

ALP

ALP

Lib

Grampians (Vic) 1915

ALP

ALP

Lib

Wide Bay (Qld) 1915

ALP

ALP

Lib

Swan (WA) 1918

Nat

Nat

ALP

Corangamite (Vic) 1918

Nat

Nat

VFU

Echuca (Vic) 1919

Nat

Nat

VFU

Ballaarat (Vic) 1920

Nat

Nat

ALP

Kalgoorlie (WA) 1920

Nat

ALP

Nat

Maranoa (Qld) 1921

Nat

ALP

CP

Wide Bay (Qld) 1928

Nat

Nat

CP

Franklin (Tas) 1929

ALP

Ind

ALP

Parkes (NSW) 1931

ALP

ALP

Nat

East Sydney (NSW) 1932

UAP

UAP

LLab

Darling Downs (Qld) 1936

UAP

UAP

CP

Gwydir (NSW) 1937

UAP/CP

CP

ALP

Wakefield (SA) 1938

UAP/CP

UAP

ALP

Wilmot (Tas) 1939

UAP/CP

UAP

ALP

Corio (Vic) 1940

UAP

UAP

ALP

Henty (Vic) 1946

ALP

Ind

LP

Flinders (Vic) 1952

LP/CP

LP

ALP

Calare (NSW) 1960

LP/CP

LP

CP

Dawson (Qld) 1966

LP/CP

CP

ALP

Corio (Vic) 1967

LP/CP

LP

ALP

Bass (Tas) 1975

ALP

ALP

LP

Lowe (NSW) 1982

LP/NP

LP

ALP

Adelaide (SA) 1988

ALP

ALP

LP

Groom (Qld) 1988

ALP

NP

LP

Wills (Vic) 1992

ALP

ALP

Ind

Canberra (ACT) 1995

ALP

ALP

LP

Ryan (Qld) 2001

LP/NP

LP

ALP

Cunningham (NSW) 2002

LP/NP

ALP

Grn

Lyne (NSW) 2008

ALP

NP

Ind

Note: By the time of the Grampians by-election of 1917, the Liberal Party had been subsumed by the Nationalist Party. This by-election is, therefore, not included as an occasion when the seat changed party hands

Impact upon party

•        twenty-seven (17.9 per cent) by-elections have been lost by a major party to another major party.

•        four (2.6 per cent) have been lost by a major party to a minor party (Corangamite 1918, Echuca 1919, East Sydney 1932 and Cunningham 2002)

•        two (1.3 per cent) have been lost by a major party to an independent (Wills 1992 and Lyne 2008)

•        two (1.3 per cent) previously held by independents were won by a major party (Franklin 1929 and Henty 1946).

Impact upon Government/Opposition

•        in 24 by-elections (15.9 per cent) the seat has been lost by the government of the day

•        five seats (3.3 per cent) have been lost by the opposition of the day (Riverina 1904, Kalgoorlie 1920, Maranoa 1921, Cunningham 2002 and Lyne 2008)

•        four seats (2.6 per cent) have been lost by one Coalition partner to another (Wide Bay 1928, Darling Downs 1936, Calare 1960 and Groom 1988). Note that the losses of Corangamite in 1918 and Echuca in 1919 by the Nationalist Party were both to the Victorian Farmers Union which shortly thereafter formed the Country Party. However, as there was no formal anti-Labor coalition at this time, these are not included here

•        two seats (1.3 per cent) were won from Independents, one by the government of the day (Franklin 1929) and one by the opposition (Henty 1946).

Party win/loss performance

The table below shows, over the long haul, the major non-Labor parties of the day have not done quite as well as their rivals in terms of winning seats from other parties.

Party win/loss performance at by-elections, 1901–2017

Party

Seats gained

Seats lost

ALP

14

11

Major non-Labor parties*

11

18

CP/NP

4

4

Other

6

2

Total

35

35

* These figures include Riverina 1904, won by the Protectionists from the Free Traders.

On 11 of the 35 occasions where a seat has changed party hands at a by-election (Boothby 1911, Swan 1918, Kalgoorlie 1920, Franklin 1929, Wakefield 1938, Wilmot 1939, Flinders 1952, Adelaide 1988, Canberra 1995, Ryan 2001 and Cunningham 2002), the party that won the seat at the by-election lost the seat at the next general election.

By-elections caused by resignation—safeness of seat

The fact that relatively few seats have changed party hands in by-elections is probably due more to the propensity for by-elections to occur in safer seats, rather than any other factor. Political parties and individual members are only too aware of the possible political consequences of losing a seat at a by-election, and thus try to ensure that by-elections caused by resignation occur only in relatively safe seats. For example, since 1949, of the 61 by-elections that were caused by the resignation of the sitting member, only 11 have been in marginal seats (that is, seats requiring a swing of less than six per cent to change hands). By far the largest number of by-elections, 33, has occurred in safe seats (that is, seats requiring a swing of over ten per cent to change hands).

By-elections caused by resignation—safeness of seat, 1949–2017

Number

Percentage

Marginal

11

18.0

Fairly Safe

17

27.9

Safe

33

54.1

Total

61

100.0

Analysing by-election swings since 1949

Apart from a party’s success or defeat in a by-election, the most important aspect of a by-election is the swing that takes place. Conventional wisdom holds that there is usually a swing against the government of the day at a by-election. The success or otherwise of a government, opposition, or party leader at the by-election is often measured by the size of the swing in comparison with the average swing recorded in past by-elections. However, by-elections occur in varied and disparate electoral divisions, with different numbers and mixes of candidates and with a variety of local, state and national issues involved. It could, therefore, be argued that, given the variety of factors involved, there is no 'normal' by-election swing. By-elections are held in such varying circumstances that none can be regarded as typical, and it is generally agreed that any swing that occurs is usually explained by the special factors pertaining to each by-election.[13]

By-election swings can be calculated by comparing the first preference and two-party preferred votes received by the various parties at the by-election with the votes at the previous general election. The two-party preferred swing is more commonly used as it overcomes some of the difficulties inherent in using first preference swings. First preference swings can be affected by the number and nature of candidates and parties contesting the by-election when compared with the previous general election.

Average first preference and two-party preferred vote swings for by-elections held between 1949 and December 2017 are given below.[14] Swings cannot be calculated where one of the major parties (that is, ALP or LP/NP Coalition) did not stand a candidate at the by-election or the preceding general election, or where the division was uncontested at the by-election or the preceding general election.

The average two-party preferred swing against the government of the day in all by-elections held during the period 1949 to 2017 was 3.8 per cent. The swing against ALP governments (5.5 per cent) was somewhat higher than the swing against LP/NP Coalition governments (3.2 per cent) while the swing against the government of the day in government-held seats was 4.7 per cent. The average two-party preferred swing in by-elections caused by the death of the sitting member was just over half the swing in by-elections caused by the resignation of the member.

Average swings against governments

Two-party preferred swings at by-elections during the period have varied from an anti-government swing of 16.1 per cent in Canberra in 1995 to a swing of 16.2 per cent to the government in McPherson in 1981. The largest swing against an ALP Government was the Canberra figure, while the largest swing against a LP/(CP)NP Coalition Government was achieved when Gough Whitlam won Werriwa in 1952 with a 12.4 per cent swing.

Two-party preferred swings to the government of the day are a rare event in by-elections, with only 14 being recorded during the period. The largest swing to an ALP Government was in Wills in 1992 with a 5.9 per cent swing (although the ALP lost the seat to an independent candidate, Phil Cleary[15]) while the largest swing to a LP/NP Coalition Government was in McPherson, referred to above.

As the number of candidates contesting a by-election is generally larger than the number contesting the previous general election, first preference swings against the government tend to be higher than two-party preferred swings.

Average swings against governments in by-elections, 1949–2017

First preference
per cent

Two-party preferred
per cent

All by-elections

5.5

3.8

Government held seats

6.3

4.7

LP/NP Governments

4.4

3.2

ALP Governments

8.2

5.5

By-elections caused by death

3.6

2.6

By-elections caused by resignation

7.1

4.9

Two-party preferred swings, by-elections, 1949–2017

ALP Government

LP/NP Government

Division

Swing (%)

Division

Swing (%)

Parramatta 1973

-6.6

Balaclava 1951

-3.4

Bass 1975

-14.6

Macquarie 1951

+0.4

Wannon 1983

-1.5

Lyne 1952

-8.8

Bruce 1983

-3.8

Flinders 1952

-11.0

Moreton 1983

-1.2

Werriwa 1952

-12.4

Corangamite 1984

-1.3

Bradfield 1952

n.a.

Hughes 1984

-5.0

Dalley 1953

n.a.

Richmond 1984

+0.5

Corangamite 1953

-6.5

Scullin 1986

-4.4

Lang 1953

-2.5

Adelaide 1988

-8.4

Gwydir 1953

-0.4

Port Adelaide 1988

-11.1

Cook 1955

n.a.

Groom 1988

-5.2

Cunningham 1956

n.a.

Oxley 1988

-11.8

Barker 1956

-9.9

Gwydir 1989

n.a.

Wentworth 1956

n.a.

Menzies 1991

n.a.

Richmond 1957

n.a.

Wills 1992

+5.9

Parramatta 1958

-6.4

Werriwa 1994

-6.3

Hunter 1960

n.a.

Fremantle 1994

+1.0

La Trobe 1960

-7.5

Bonython 1994

-7.8

Balaclava 1960

-4.6

Mackellar 1994

n.a.

Bendigo 1960

+0.1

Warringah 1994

n.a.

Calare 1960

+1.0

Kooyong 1994

n.a.

Higinbotham 1960

-9.2

Canberra 1995

-16.1

Batman 1962

n.a.

Wentworth 1995

n.a.

Grey 1963

+4.9

Gippsland 2008

-6.1

East Sydney 1963

n.a.

Lyne 2008

n.a.

Denison 1964

-1.9

Mayo 2008

n.a.

Angas 1964

-2.1

Bradfield 2009

n.a.

Parramatta 1964

-3.0

Higgins 2009

n.a.

Robertson 1964

-1.4

Riverina 1965

-0.9

Dawson 1966

-11.9

Kooyong 1966

-3.8

Corio 1967

-11.1

Capricornia 1967

+1.5

Higgins 1968

-0.3

Curtin 1969

-7.1

Bendigo 1969

+2.1

Gwydir 1969

-7.7

Australian Capital Territory 1970

+13.8

Chisholm 1970

-2.8

Murray 1971

-0.4

Cunningham 1977

-0.3

Werriwa 1978

-11.3

Grayndler 1979

-6.9

Boothby 1981

-1.2

Curtin 1981

-7.5

McPherson 1981

+16.2

Wentworth 1981

-6.2

Lowe 1982

-8.5

Flinders 1982

-3.3

Blaxland 1996

n.a.

Lindsay 1996

+5.0

Fraser 1997

n.a.

Holt 1999

n.a.

Isaacs 2000

n.a.

Ryan 2001

-9.7

Aston 2001

-3.7

Cunningham 2002

n.a.

Werriwa 2005

n.a.

Griffith 2014

+1.3

Canning 2015

-6.6

North Sydney 2015

n.a.

New England 2017

7.2

Bennelong 2017

-4.8

n.a. not applicable

Personal and political matters

A stark listing of 151 electoral contests can disguise the fact that many of them involved noteworthy personal and political matters that are part of Australia’s political history.[16] Some of these are referred to below.

The changing of the old guard

A number of members were senior politicians at state level before they entered the federal Parliament, with this latter service being the swan-song for a number of them:

•        the death on 8 August 1901 of William Groom (Darling Downs 1901), the only convict to enter the Parliament, caused the first Commonwealth by-election to be held less than six months after the opening of Parliament

•        three Constitution-drafters died in the first decade after Federation, prompting by-elections: Edward Braddon (Wilmot 1904), Charles Cameron Kingston (Adelaide 1908) and Frederick Holder (Wakefield 1909). By contrast, John Forrest (Swan 1918), had enjoyed a much longer Commonwealth career, which included several ministries, with four periods as treasurer.

Future Prime Ministers

Seven future Prime Ministers entered the House of Representatives via by-elections. For Stanley Melbourne Bruce (Flinders 1918), Harold Holt (Fawkner 1935), Arthur Fadden (Darling Downs 1936), Gough Whitlam (Werriwa 1952) and Tony Abbott (Warringah 1994) this saw their entry into Parliament for the first time. James Scullin (Yarra 1922) had already served a term during 1910–1913, while John Gorton (Higgins 1968) had recently retired from the Senate.

The exiting of Prime Ministers

The exiting from Parliament of 16 of the 29 MPs who have held the office of Prime Minister has been the trigger for a by-election:

•        in two cases (Wilmot 1939 and Fremantle 1945) the by-election followed the death of the Prime Minister while in office—Joe Lyons and John Curtin, respectively

•        the by-election in Higgins in 1968 was caused by the disappearance, while swimming, of Prime Minister Harold Holt

•        Ben Chifley (Macquarie 1951) and William ‘Billy’ Hughes (Bradfield 1952) remained in Parliament after losing office, and both died while still MPs

•        some early Prime Ministers resigned from Parliament to assume other positions. Andrew Fisher (Wide Bay 1915) and Joseph Cook (Parramatta 1921) both became Australian High Commissioner in London. Stanley Melbourne Bruce had lost his seat in 1929, returned to the House in 1931, and left Parliament for good when he was appointed as Resident Minister in London (Flinders 1933)

•        since the departure of Robert Menzies (Kooyong 1966) only three former Prime Ministers have not caused a by-election by their departure from the House of Representatives—John Gorton (who unsuccessfully stood as an independent for the Senate in 1975), John Howard (who lost his seat in 2007) and Julia Gillard (who retired just prior to the 2013 election). The exceptional circumstances surrounding Harold Holt (Higgins 1968) is mentioned above. John McEwen (Murray 1971), William McMahon (Lowe 1982) and Gough Whitlam (Werriwa 1978) all remained in Parliament for a time after ceasing to be Prime Minister before resigning from the House. By contrast, Malcolm Fraser (Wannon 1983), Bob Hawke (Wills 1992), Paul Keating (Blaxland 1996) and, most recently, Kevin Rudd (Griffith 2014) all resigned their seats very soon after their loss of office. Kevin Rudd’s resignation came after his loss of office for the second time.

Future Leaders of the Opposition

Seven future leaders of the Opposition have been elected to the House of Representatives at by-elections: Stanley Melbourne Bruce (Flinders 1918), James Scullin (Yarra 1922), Arthur Fadden (Darling Downs 1936), Gough Whitlam (Werriwa 1952) and Tony Abbott (Warringah 1994), who all went on to become Prime Minister, and Andrew Peacock (Kooyong 1966) and Mark Latham (Werriwa 1994).

The exiting of Leaders of the Opposition

Of the sixteen Leaders of the Opposition who have not become Prime Minister, the passing from Parliament of eight has caused a by-election:

•        Frank Tudor (Yarra 1922) died in office

•        Herbert Vere Evatt (Hunter 1960), Billy Snedden (Bruce 1983), Bill Hayden (Oxley 1988), Andrew Peacock (Kooyong 1994), John Hewson (Wentworth 1995), Mark Latham (Werriwa 2005) and Brendan Nelson (Bradfield 2009) all left Parliament between general elections.

Family matters

Many retiring MPs have been replaced by family members. In four by-elections such a generational transfer has been from father to son:

•        three were caused by death—Littleton Groom replaced William Groom (Darling Downs 1901), Bernard Corser replaced Edward Corser (Wide Bay 1928) and David Oliver Watkins replaced David Watkins (Newcastle 1935)

•        the fourth father to son replacement was when Harry Jenkins senior became Ambassador to Spain in 1986. He was replaced by Harry Jenkins junior (Scullin 1986).

The retirements of both Alexander Downer senior (Angas 1964) and Alexander Downer junior (Mayo 2008) were both the occasion for a by-election to be held.

In two cases the family transfer has been from uncle to nephew:

•        Herbert Pratten to Frederick Pratten (Martin 1928) and David Riordan to William Riordan (Kennedy 1936).

Famous entries into the House

Some MPs have achieved a national prominence prior to their election to the House of Representatives via a by-election:

•        William Spence (Darwin 1917) had been a co-founder and long-time President of the Australian Workers' Union

•        successive Queensland Labor Premiers, Thomas Joseph Ryan (1915–1919) and Edward Theodore (1919–1925) entered the House of Representatives as MPs for New South Wales seats—Ryan in 1921 for West Sydney, and Theodore for Dalley in 1925

•        Archie Grenfell Price (Boothby 1941), Master of St Mark's College, University of Adelaide, was a noted Australian geographer

•        Garfield Barwick KC (Parramatta 1958) was a leading Australian barrister

•        John Gorton (Higgins 1968), former prominent member of the Senate, entered the House following his replacement of Harold Holt as Prime Minister

•        Steele Hall (Boothby 1981) had been Premier of South Australia 1968–1970, as well as a Senator for South Australia

•        Carmen Lawrence (Fremantle 1994) had been Premier of Western Australia 1990–1993. Lawrence's success was the first by-election victory by a woman candidate.

Kicked upstairs?

Many MPs have been appointed to prominent positions, thus ending their parliamentary careers. Some have seen this as an ideal way in which to leave the political hurly-burly, while for others there has been a suggestion that this was a means to push a potential leadership contender out of the picture:

•        by-elections were caused when Paul Hasluck (Curtin 1969) and Bill Hayden (Oxley 1988) accepted the office of Governor-General

•        Charles Abbott (Gwydir 1937) and Roger Dean (Robertson 1964) were both appointed Administrator of the Northern Territory, while Alex Wilson (Wimmera 1946) was appointed Administrator of Norfolk Island

•        some sudden departures have been caused by appointment to the judiciary. Edward McTiernan (Parkes 1931) and Garfield Barwick (Parramatta 1964) joined the High Court. Supreme Court appointments have also been made: William Irvine (Flinders 1918) in Victoria, Herbert Vere Evatt (Hunter 1960) in New South Wales, and Percy Joske (Balaclava 1960) in the Australian Capital Territory. Bob Ellicott (Wentworth 1981) was appointed to the Federal Court, while Nigel Bowen (Parramatta 1973) joined the New South Wales Court of Appeal

•        by far the most-used diplomatic position for appointments of former MPs has been the High Commissioner position in London, with the appointment of eight former members forcing by-elections. Former Prime Ministers Fisher (Wide Bay 1915) and Cook (Parramatta 1921) began the list, followed by Granville Ryrie (Warringah 1927), Thomas White (Balaclava 1951), Eli James Harrison (Wentworth 1956), Alexander Downer senior (Angas 1964), Vic Garland (Curtin 1981) and Neal Blewett (Bonython 1994)

•        various other members have accepted ambassadorships and other high commissions: Richard Casey (Corio 1940) and Howard Beale (Parramatta 1958) Ambassadors to the USA, Hugh Roberton (Riverina 1965) Ambassador to Ireland, Hubert Opperman (Corio 1967) High Commissioner to Malta, Lance Barnard (Bass 1975) Ambassador to Norway, Finland and Sweden, Les Johnson (Hughes 1984) High Commissioner to New Zealand, Harry Jenkins senior (Scullin 1986) Ambassador to Spain and Brendan Nelson (Bradfield 2009) Ambassador to Belgium, Luxembourg and the European Union

•        other unusual official appointments include Archibald Ian Allan (Gwydir 1969) to the Secretary-Generalship of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Alexander Downer junior (Mayo 2008) moved to the position of United Nations Special Envoy for Cyprus, and Brendan Nelson (Bradfield 2009) to the positions of Representative to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and Special Representative to the World Health Organisation (in conjunction with his ambassadorship).

A matter of treason

On 7 November 1920 Hugh Mahon chaired a public meeting in Melbourne sponsored by the Irish Ireland League and, in a speech attacking the British presence in Ireland, spoke of ‘this bloody and accursed Empire’. His expulsion from the House of Representatives four days later for his ‘seditious and disloyal utterances’ was due to the House finding that he had been ‘guilty of conduct unfitting him to remain a member of this House’. Mahon's is the only expulsion to have occurred from the Parliament, and it forced a by-election (Kalgoorlie 1920) which he contested but lost.[17] The House of Representatives lost the power to expel members with the passage of the Parliamentary Privileges Act 1987. [18]

By-elections that caused ripples

Occasionally by-elections can be seen as having an importance beyond the immediate contest to fill a vacancy in the House of Representatives.

Some were a sign of things to come electorally:

•        the by-election (Bass 1975) to replace Deputy Prime Minister Lance Barnard gave a very clear indication of the decline in popularity of the Whitlam Government that was confirmed in the December 1975 election[19]

•        the by-election to replace former Hawke and Keating Minister, Ros Kelly (Canberra 1995), presaged the Keating Government's defeat in the March 1996 election.[20]

Other by-elections have had a different type of political impact:

•        in late 1939, coalition negotiations between the United Australia Party and the Country Party broke down over Prime Minister Menzies’ insistence on his right to choose all ministers. The 1940 Corio by-election to fill the place of Richard Casey unexpectedly produced a Labor victory. According to former Country Party leader Earle Page this was instrumental in Menzies' weakening his stance and offering five Cabinet positions to the Country Party, with the leader of each party to choose his own party's representatives[21]

•        the Dawson by-election of 26 February 1966 was fought largely for Labor by the candidate, Rex Patterson, and the party's deputy leader, Gough Whitlam. The national leader, Arthur Calwell, was convinced that Labor could not win and took little part. To the surprise of many, Patterson was successful. Whitlam was due to come before the Federal Executive of the ALP on 2 March to face possible disciplinary treatment, possibly even expulsion. According to Graham Freudenberg, the last-minute change of stance of the Queensland delegates, grateful to Whitlam for the Dawson result, saved his position—and possibly his political career[22]

•        Labor’s failure to win the seat of Flinders in a by-election of late 1982 was said to have had a double impact. Bill Hayden’s position as Labor leader became increasingly insecure, while Prime Minister Fraser apparently became convinced of the need for an early election before there was any chance of Hayden’s replacement by Bob Hawke. The consequential replacement of Hayden and the announcement of an early election on the same day were thus intimately connected with the by-election's outcome[23]

•        during 1993–1994 much media discussion focussed on the possibility of Senator Bronwyn Bishop eventually assuming the leadership of the Liberal Party. When the seat of Mackellar fell vacant in 1994 Bishop secured Liberal preselection in an apparent move to clear the way for a push to the leadership. Labor did not contest the by-election and Bishop’s main rival was the writer, Bob Ellis, standing as an independent. Although Bishop won the seat comfortably with 52.2 per cent of first preferences, the Liberal first preference vote had fallen by 4.4 per cent. Although this was hardly a major loss of votes, her failure to increase her vote in the absence of a Labor candidate was considered enough to end any chance she may have had for the Liberals' top job. As fellow Liberal, Peter Reith, put it, ‘Most people within the parliamentary party were of the opinion that Bronwyn didn't have any votes within the parliamentary party … if she didn’t have many before Saturday [that is, the by-election], she hasn’t got any more today’[24]

•        the latter half of 2017 appeared predominantly devoted to Section 44(i) of the Constitution, and the eligibility of many parliamentarians—both Senators and Members—to sit in their respective chambers because of dual citizenship was brought into question. Two Coalition members failed this eligibility resulting in by-elections which threatened to overturn the Government’s one seat majority. Deputy Prime Minister Barnaby Joyce (New England, NP) was found by the Court of Disputed Returns to also be a New Zealand citizen while John Alexander (Bennelong, LP) had dual citizenship confirmed by British authorities. A further member, David Feeney (Batman, ALP), was referred by his own party to the High Court for a ruling in early 2018.[25] The Labor party and crossbenchers’ attempt to refer a total of nine members—four Labor, four Liberal and one from the Nick Xenophon Team—was defeated by the casting vote of the Speaker of the House, Tony Smith.[26] With the citizenship declarations by all Parliamentarians in December 2017 not clarifying the dual citizenship ‘crisis’, there is the possibility of further by-elections causing political instability up to the next election.

Voided elections

Some by-elections have been caused by the voiding of particular results after a general election: Melbourne and Riverina in 1904, Echuca 1907, Ballaarat 1920, Lindsay 1996 and New England 2017.

The Wills by-election of 1992 was itself voided, but another by-election was not held because of the proximity of the next general election.

Appendix 1: House of Representatives by-elections, 1901–2017

No.

Date

Division

Member Elected

Previous Member

Reason for Vacancy

1

14.09.01

Darling Downs (Qld)

Groom LE (Prot)

Groom WH (Prot)

Died

2

26.03.02

Tasmania

Hartnoll W (FT)

Piesse FW (FT)

Died

3

04.09.03

East Sydney (NSW)

Reid GH (FT)

Reid GH (FT)

Resigned in protest against rejection of proposals for redistribution of NSW.

4

26.02.04

Wilmot (Tas)

Cameron DN (FT)

Braddon ENC (FT)

Died

5

30.03.04

Melbourne (Vic)

Maloney WRN (ALP)

McEacharn MD (Prot)

Election voided

6

18.05.04

Riverina (NSW)

Chanter JM (Prot)

Blackwood RO (FT)

Election voided

7

10.07.07

Echuca (Vic)

Palmer AC (Prot)

Palmer AC (Prot)

Election voided

8

13.06.08

Adelaide (SA)

Roberts EA (ALP)

Kingston CC (Prot)

Died

9

28.08.09

Wakefield (SA)

Foster RW (AntiSoc)

Holder FW (AntiSoc)

Died

10

24.08.10

Kooyong (Vic)

Best RW (Lib)

Knox W (Lib)

Resigned

11

08.02.11

Batman (Vic)

Brennan F (ALP)

Beard HE (ALP)

Died

12

11.03.11

North Sydney (NSW)

Ryrie GdeL (Lib)

Edwards GB (Lib)

Died

13

11.11.11

Boothby (SA)

Gordon DJ (Lib)

Batchelor EL (ALP)

Died

14

01.06.12

Werriwa (NSW)

Bennett BH (ALP)

Hall DR (ALP)

Resigned. Appointed MLC (NSW).

15

22.12.13

Kalgoorlie (WA)

Mahon H (ALP)

Frazer CE (ALP)

Died

16

10.01.14

Adelaide (SA)

Yates GE (ALP)

Roberts EA (ALP)

Died

17

06.02.15

Bendigo (Vic)

Hampson AJ (ALP)

Arthur JA (ALP)

Died

18

20.02.15

Grampians (Vic)

Salmon CC (Lib)

Jolly EFG (ALP)

Died

19

06.05.15

Dalley (NSW)

Mahony WG (ALP)

Howe R (ALP)

Died

20

11.12.15

Wide Bay (Qld)

Corser EBC (Lib)

Fisher A (ALP)

Resigned. Appointed Australian High Commissioner to Great Britain.

21

30.06.17

Darwin (Tas)

Spence WG (Nat)

Howroyd CR (Nat)

Died

22

27.10.17

Grampians (Vic)

Jowett E (Nat)

Salmon CC (Lib)

Died

23

11.05.18

Flinders (Vic)

Bruce SM (Nat)

Irvine WH (Nat)

Resigned. Appointed Victorian Supreme Court.

24

26.10.18

Swan (WA)

Corboy EW (ALP)

Forrest J (Nat)

Died

25

14.12.18

Corangamite (Vic)

Gibson WG (VFU)

Manifold JC (Nat)

Died

26

20.09.19

Echuca (Vic)

Hill WC (VFU)

Palmer AC (Nat)

Died

27

10.07.20

Ballaarat (Vic)

McGrath DC (ALP)

Kerby ETJ (Nat)

Election voided

28

18.12.20

Kalgoorlie (WA)

Foley GJ (Nat)

Mahon H (ALP)

Expelled

29

30.07.21

Maranoa (Qld)

Hunter JAJ (CP)

Page J (ALP)

Died

30

03.09.21

West Sydney (NSW)

Lambert WH (ALP)

Ryan TJ (ALP)

Died

31

10.12.21

Parramatta (NSW)

Pratten HE (Nat)

Cook J (Nat)

Resigned. Appointed Australian High Commissioner to Great Britain.

32

18.02.22

Yarra (Vic)

Scullin JH (ALP)

Tudor FG (ALP)

Died

33

06.03.26

Eden-Monaro (NSW)

Perkins JA (Nat)

Chapman A (Nat)

Died

34

26.02.27

Dalley (NSW)

Theodore EG (ALP)

Mahony WG (ALP)

Resigned

35

21.05.27

Warringah (NSW)

Parkhill RA (Nat)

Ryrie GdeL (Nat)

Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to Great Britain.

36

16.06.28

Martin (NSW)

Pratten FG (Nat)

Pratten HE (Nat)

Died

37

03.09.28

Wide Bay (Qld)

Corser BH (CP)

Corser EBC (Nat)

Died

38

03.08.29

Balaclava (Vic)

White TW (Nat)

Watt WA (Nat)

Resigned

39

14.12.29

Franklin (Tas)

Frost CW (ALP)

McWilliams WJ (Ind)

Died

40

31.01.31

Parkes (NSW)

Marr CWC (Nat)

McTiernan EA (ALP)

Resigned. Appointed to High Court.

41

07.03.31

East Sydney (NSW)

Ward EJ (ALP)

West JE (ALP)

Died

42

06.02.32

East Sydney (NSW)

Ward EJ (LLab)

Clasby JJ (UAP)

Died

43

11.11.33

Flinders (Vic)

Fairbairn JV (UAP)

Bruce SM (UAP)

Resigned. Appointed Resident Minister in London.

44

01.06.35

Newcastle (NSW)

Watkins DO (FLP)

Watkins D (FLP)

Died

45

17.08.35

Fawkner (Vic)

Holt HE (UAP)

Maxwell GA (UAP)

Died

46

12.12.36

Kennedy (Qld)

Riordan WJF (FLP)

Riordan D (FLP)

Died

47

19.12.36

Darling Downs (Qld)

Fadden AW (CP)

Groom LE (UAP)

Died

48

08.05.37

Gwydir (NSW)

Scully WJ (ALP)

Abbott CLA (CP)

Resigned. Appointed Administrator of Northern Territory.

49

10.12.38

Wakefield (SA)

McHugh S (ALP)

Hawker CAS (UAP)

Died

50

20.05.39

Griffith (Qld)

Conelan WP (ALP)

Baker FMJ (FLP)

Died

51

27.05.39

Wilmot (Tas)

Spurr LT (ALP)

Lyons JA (UAP)

Died

52

02.03.40

Corio (Vic)

Dedman JJ (ALP)

Casey RG (UAP)

Resigned. Appointed Australian Ambassador to United States of America.

53

16.11.40

Kalgoorlie (WA)

Johnson HV (ALP)

Green AE (ALP)

Died

54

21.12.40

Swan (WA)

Marwick TW (CP)

Gregory H (CP)

Died

55

24.05.41

Boothby (SA)

Price AG (UAP)

Price JL (UAP)

Died

56

18.08.45

Fremantle (WA)

Beazley KE (ALP)

Curtin J (ALP)

Died

57

09.02.46

Wimmera (Vic)

Turnbull WG (CP)

Wilson A (CP)

Resigned. Appointed Administrator of Norfolk Island.

58

30.03.46

Henty (Vic)

Gullett HBS (Lib)

Coles AW (Ind)

Resigned

59

28.07.51

Balaclava (Vic)

Joske PE (LP)

White TW (LP)

Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to Great Britain.

60

28.07.51

Macquarie (NSW)

Luchetti AS (ALP)

Chifley JB (ALP)

Died

61

22.03.52

Lyne (NSW)

Lucock PE (CP)

Eggins EJ (CP)

Died

62

18.10.52

Flinders (Vic)

Ewert KWW (ALP)

Ryan RS (LP)

Died

63

29.11.52

Werriwa (NSW)

Whitlam EG (ALP)

Lazzarini HP (ALP)

Died

64

20.12.52

Bradfield (NSW)

Turner HB (LP)

Hughes WM (LP)

Died

65

09.05.53

Dalley (NSW)

Greenup AE (ALP)

Rosevear JS (ALP)

Died

66

29.08.53

Corangamite (Vic)

Mackinnon ED (LP)

McDonald AM (LP)

Died

67

29.08.53

Lang (NSW)

Stewart FE (ALP)

Mulcahy D (ALP)

Died

68

19.12.53

Gwydir (NSW)

Allan AI (CP)

Treloar TJ (CP)

Died

69

21.05.55

Cook (NSW)

Cope JF (ALP)

Sheehan T (ALP)

Died

70

11.04.56

Cunningham (NSW)

Kearney VD (ALP)

Davies W (ALP)

Died

71

13.10.56

Barker (SA)

Forbes AJ (LP)

Cameron AG (LP)

Died

72

08.12.56

Wentworth (NSW)

Bury LHE (LP)

Harrison EJ (LP)

Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to Great Britain.

73

14.09.57

Richmond (NSW)

Anthony JD (CP)

Anthony HL (CP)

Died

74

08.03.58

Parramatta (NSW)

Barwick GEJ (LP)

Beale OH (LP)

Resigned. Appointed Ambassador to USA.

75

09.04.60

Hunter (NSW)

James AW (ALP)

Evatt HV (ALP)

Resigned. Appointed NSW Supreme Court.

76

09.04.60

La Trobe (Vic)

Jess JD (LP)

Casey RG (LP)

Resigned

77

16.07.60

Balaclava (Vic)

Whittorn RH (LP)

Joske PE (LP)

Resigned. Appointed Commonwealth Industrial Court.

78

16.07.60

Bendigo (Vic)

Beaton NL (ALP)

Clarey PJ (ALP)

Died

79

05.11.60

Calare (NSW)

England JA (CP)

Howse JB (LP)

Resigned

80

10.12.60

Higinbotham (Vic)

Chipp DL (LP)

Timson TF (LP)

Died

81

01.09.62

Batman (Vic)

Benson SJ (ALP)

Bird AC (ALP)

Died

82

01.06.63

Grey (SA)

Mortimer J (ALP)

Russell EHD (ALP)

Died

83

28.09.63

East Sydney (NSW)

Devine LT (ALP)

Ward EJ (ALP)

Died

84

15.02.64

Denison (Tas)

Gibson A (LP)

Townley AG (LP)

Died

85

20.06.64

Angas (SA)

Giles GO (LP)

Downer AR (LP)

Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to Great Britain.

86

20.06.64

Parramatta (NSW)

Bowen NH (LP)

Barwick GEJ (LP)

Resigned. Appointed to High Court.

87

05.12.64

Robertson (NSW)

Bridges-Maxwell CW (LP)

Dean RL (LP)

Resigned. Appointed Administrator of NT.

88

27.02.65

Riverina (NSW)

Armstrong AA (CP)

Roberton HS (CP)

Resigned. Appointed Ambassador to Ireland.

89

26.02.66

Dawson (Qld)

Patterson RA (ALP)

Shaw GW (CP)

Died

90

02.04.66

Kooyong (Vic)

Peacock AS (LP)

Menzies RG (LP)

Resigned

91

22.07.67

Corio (Vic)

Scholes GGD (ALP)

Opperman HF (LP)

Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to Malta.

92

30.09.67

Capricornia (Qld)

Everingham DN (ALP)

Gray GH (ALP)

Died

93

24.02.68

Higgins (Vic)

Gorton JG (LP)

Holt HE (LP)

Presumed dead

94

19.04.69

Curtin (WA)

Garland RV (LP)

Hasluck PM (LP)

Resigned. Appointed Governor-General.

95

07.06.69

Bendigo (Vic)

Kennedy AD (ALP)

Beaton NL (ALP)

Resigned

96

07.06.69

Gwydir (NSW)

Hunt RJD (CP)

Allan AI (CP)

Resigned. Appointed Secretary-General Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

97

30.05.70

Australian Capital Territory (ACT)

Enderby KE (ALP)

Fraser JR (ALP)

Died

98

19.09.70

Chisholm (Vic)

Staley AA (LP)

Kent Hughes WS (LP)

Died

99

20.03.71

Murray (Vic)

Lloyd EB (CP)

McEwen J (CP)

Resigned

100

22.09.73

Parramatta (NSW)

Ruddock PM (LP)

Bowen NH (LP)

Resigned. Appointed to NSW Court of Appeal.

101

28.06.75

Bass (Tas)

Newman KE (LP)

Barnard LH (ALP)

Resigned. Appointed Ambassador to Norway, Finland and Sweden.

102

15.10.77

Cunningham (NSW)

West SJ (ALP)

Connor RFX (ALP)

Died

103

23.09.78

Werriwa (NSW)

Kerin JC (ALP)

Whitlam EG (ALP)

Resigned

104

23.06.79

Grayndler (NSW)

McLeay LB (ALP)

Stewart FE (ALP)

Died

105

21.02.81

Boothby (SA)

Hall S (LP)

McLeay JE (LP)

Resigned. Appointed Consul-General in Los Angeles.

106

21.02.81

Curtin (WA)

Rocher AC (LP)

Garland RV (LP)

Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to Great Britain.

107

21.02.81

McPherson (Qld)

White PND (LP)

Robinson EL (LP)

Died

108

11.04.81

Wentworth (NSW)

Coleman WP (LP)

Ellicott RJ (LP)

Resigned. Appointed to Federal Court.

109

13.03.82

Lowe (NSW)

Maher MJ (ALP)

McMahon W (LP)

Resigned

110

04.12.82

Flinders (Vic)

Reith PK (LP)

Lynch PR (LP)

Resigned

111

07.05.83

Wannon (Vic)

Hawker DPM (LP)

Fraser JM (LP)

Resigned

112

28.05.83

Bruce (Vic)

Aldred KJ (LP)

Snedden BM (LP)

Resigned

113

05.11.83

Moreton (Qld)

Cameron DM (LP)

Killen DJ (LP)

Resigned

114

18.02.84

Corangamite (Vic)

McArthur FS (LP)

Street AA (LP)

Resigned

115

18.02.84

Hughes (NSW)

Tickner RE (ALP)

Johnson LR (ALP)

Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to NZ.

116

18.02.84

Richmond (NSW)

Blunt CW (NP)

Anthony JD (NP)

Resigned

117

08.02.86

Scullin (Vic)

Jenkins HA (ALP)

Jenkins HA (ALP)

Resigned. Appointed Ambassador to Spain.

118

06.02.88

Adelaide (SA)

Pratt MP (LP)

Hurford CJ (ALP)

Resigned. Appointed Consul-General in New York.

119

26.03.88

Port Adelaide (SA)

Sawford RW (ALP)

Young MJ (ALP)

Resigned

120

09.04.88

Groom (Qld)

Taylor WL (LP)

McVeigh DT (NP)

Resigned

121

08.10.88

Oxley (Qld)

Scott LJ (ALP)

Hayden WG (ALP)

Resigned. Appointed Governor-General.

122

15.04.89

Gwydir (NSW)

Anderson JD (NP)

Hunt RJD (NP)

Resigned

123

11.05.91

Menzies (Vic)

Andrews KJ (LP)

Brown NA (LP)

Resigned

124

11.04.92

Wills (Vic)

Cleary PR (Ind)

Hawke RJL (ALP)

Resigned

125

29.01.94

Werriwa (NSW)

Latham M (ALP)

Kerin JC (ALP)

Resigned

126

12.03.94

Fremantle (WA)

Lawrence C (ALP)

Dawkins J (ALP)

Resigned

127

19.03.94

Bonython (SA)

Evans M (ALP)

Blewett N (ALP)

Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to the UK.

128

26.03.94

Mackellar (NSW)

Bishop B (LP)

Carlton J (LP)

Resigned

129

26.03.94

Warringah (NSW)

Abbott T (LP)

MacKellar  M (LP)

Resigned

130

19.11.94

Kooyong (Vic)

Georgiou P (LP)

Peacock AS (LP)

Resigned

131

25.03.95

Canberra (ACT)

Smyth B (LP)

Kelly R (ALP)

Resigned

132

08.04.95

Wentworth (NSW)

Thomson A (LP)

Hewson J (LP)

Resigned

133

15.06.96

Blaxland (NSW)

Hatton M (ALP)

Keating P (ALP)

Resigned

134

19.10.96

Lindsay (NSW)

Kelly J (LP)

Kelly J (LP)

Election voided

135

01.02.97

Fraser (ACT)

Dargavel S (ALP)

Langmore J (ALP)

Resigned

136

06.11.99

Holt (Vic)

Byrne A (ALP)

Evans G (ALP)

Resigned

137

12.08.00

Isaacs (Vic)

Corcoran A (ALP)

Wilton G (ALP)

Died

138

17.03.01

Ryan (Qld)

Short L (ALP)

Moore J (LP)

Resigned

139

14.07.01

Aston (Vic)

Pearce C (LP)

Nugent P (LP)

Died

140

19.10.02

Cunningham (NSW)

Organ M (Grn)

Martin S (ALP)

Resigned

141

19.05.05

Werriwa (NSW)

Hayes C (ALP)

Latham M (ALP)

Resigned

142

28.06.08

Gippsland (Vic)

Chester D (NP)

McGauran P (NP)

Resigned

143

06.09.08

Lyne (NSW)

Oakeshott R (Ind)

Vaile M (NP)

Resigned

144

06.09.08

Mayo (SA)

Briggs J (LP)

Downer A (LP)

Resigned

145

05.12.09

Bradfield (NSW)

Fletcher P (LP)

Nelson B (LP)

Resigned

146

05.12.09

Higgins (Vic)

O’Dwyer K (LP)

Costello P (LP)

Resigned

147

08.02.14

Griffith (Qld)

Butler T (ALP)

Rudd K (ALP)

Resigned

148

19.09.15

Canning (WA)

Hastie A (LP)

Randall D (LP)

Died

149

05.12.15

North Sydney (NSW)

Zimmerman T (LP)

Hockey J (LP)

Resigned

150

02.12.17

New England (NSW)

Joyce B (NP)

Joyce B (NP)

Election voided

151

16.12.17

Bennelong (NSW)

Alexander J (LP)

Alexander J (LP)

Resigned

Note: Seats which changed party hands at a by-election are highlighted. By the time of the Grampians by-election of 1917, the Liberal Party had effectively been subsumed by the Nationalist Party. Hence, this by-election is not regarded as an occasion when the division changed parties.

For votes received in each contest, see Appendix 2.

Appendix 2: By-election results by electoral division, 1901–2017

First past the post electoral system

1. Darling Downs (Qld)                             14.09.01              Enrolled n.a.

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Bell JT                                          Ind              2687              37.2

Groom LE                            Prot              4532              62.8

Formal                                                        7219              99.4

Informal                                          45              0.6

Turnout                                          7264              ..

2. Tasmania                            26.03.02              Enrolled 39762

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Hall C                                          Prot              482              4.0

Hartnoll W                            FT              6956              57.9

McCall J                            Prot              2051              17.1

Whitelaw JC                            ALP              2525              21.0

Formal                                                        12014              99.2

Informal                                          101              0.8

Turnout                                          12115              30.5

3. East Sydney (NSW)                             04.09.03              Enrolled 13763

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Blake J                                          Ind              96              4.7

Maguire WEJ                            Prot              259              12.6

Reid GH                            FT              1697              82.7

Formal                                                        2052              99.0

Informal                                          21              1.0

Turnout                                          2073              15.1

4. Wilmot (Tas)                             26.02.04              Enrolled 15718

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Cameron DN                            FT              2368              52.0

Cheek JW                            Prot              2183              48.0

Formal                                                        4551              96.8

Informal                                          153              3.3

Turnout                                          4704              29.9

5. Melbourne (Vic)                            30.03.04              Enrolled 26669

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

McEacharn MD                            Prot              7808              47.4

Maloney WRN                            ALP              8667              52.6

Formal                                                        16475              98.7

Informal                                          225              1.4

Turnout                                          16700              62.6

6. Riverina (NSW)                            18.05.04              Enrolled 19031

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Blackwood RO                            FT              5184              48.3

Chanter JM                            Prot              5547              51.7

Formal                                                        10731              97.6

Informal                                          264              2.4

Turnout                                          10995              57.8

7. Echuca (Vic)                            10.07.07              Enrolled 31183

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Kennedy T                            Prot              10481              47.4

Palmer AC                            Prot              11618              52.6

Formal                                                        22099              99.0

Informal                                          230              1.0

Turnout                                          22329              71.6

8. Adelaide (SA)                            13.06.08                            Enrolled 29874

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

McLachlan AJ                            Ind              4887              48.8

Roberts EA                            ALP              5121              51.2

Formal                                                        10008              99.4

Informal                                          60              0.6

Turnout                                          10068              33.7

9. Wakefield (SA)                            28.08.09              Enrolled 30782

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Foster RW                            AntiSoc              8120              54.5

Vaughan JH                            ALP              6789              45.5

Formal                                                        14909              99.4

Informal                                          89              0.6

Turnout                                          14998              48.7

10. Kooyong (Vic)                            24.08.10              Enrolled 38394

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Best RW                            Lib              11926              55.5

Erson EGL                            ALP              1363              6.3

Lumsden AG                            ILib              8214              38.2

Formal                                                        21503              97.8

Informal                                          477              2.2

Turnout                                          21980              57.2

11. Batman (Vic)                            08.02.11              Enrolled 31729

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Brennan F                            ALP              9385              57.5

O'Neill FSM                            Lib              6932              42.5

Formal                                                        16317              97.9

Informal                                          356              2.1

Turnout                                          16673              52.5

12. North Sydney (NSW) 11.03.11                            Enrolled 39550

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

O'Brien SE                            ALP              4437              27.5

Ryrie, GdeL                            Lib              11687              72.5

Formal                                                        16124              99.5

Informal                                          86              0.5

Turnout                                          16210              41.0

13. Boothby (SA)                            11.11.11                            Enrolled 35460

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Gordon DJ                            Lib              10656              57.1

Jelley J                                          ALP              8008              42.9

Formal                                                        18664              99.8

Informal                                          38              0.2

Turnout                                          18702              52.7

14. Werriwa (NSW)                            01.06.12                            Enrolled 28565

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Bennett BH                            ALP              10884              50.8

Conroy AHB                            Lib              10546              49.2

Formal                                                        21430              98.7

Informal                                          279              1.3

Turnout                                          21709              76.0

15. Kalgoorlie (WA)                            22.12.13                            Enrolled n.a.

Candidate                            Party                           

Mahon H                            ALP                            Unopposed

16. Adelaide (SA)                            10.01.14              Enrolled 33662

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Craigie EJ                            ST              1936              15.7

Yates GE                            ALP              10418              84.3

Formal                                                        12354              99.3

Informal                                          92              0.7

Turnout                                          12446              37.0

17. Bendigo (Vic)                            06.02.15              Enrolled 35495

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Hampson AJ                            ALP              12188              50.9

Richards WJT                            Lib              11761              49.1

Formal                                                        23949              99.2

Informal                                          201              0.8

Turnout                                          24150              68.0

18. Grampians (Vic)                            20.02.15              Enrolled 34977

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

McDougall JK                            ALP              11522              48.7

Salmon CC                            Lib              12116              51.3

Formal                                                        23638              99.5

Informal                                          120              0.5

Turnout                                          23758              67.9

19. Dalley (NSW)                            06.05.15              Enrolled n.a.

Candidate                            Party                           

Mahony WG                            ALP              Unopposed

20. Wide Bay (Qld)                            11.12.15              Enrolled 34276

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Corser EBC                            Lib              14027              50.2

Thompson A                            Soc              13941              49.9

Formal                                                        27968              99.1

Informal                                          248              0.9

Turnout                                          28216              82.3

21. Darwin (Tas)                            30.06.17              Enrolled 19300

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Hurst JA                            ALP              5225              43.9

Spence WG                            Nat              6665              56.1

Formal                                                        11890              99.6

Informal                                          48              0.4

Turnout                                          11938              61.9

22. Grampians (Vic)                            27.10.17              Enrolled 31346

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Jowett E                            Nat              11232              54.8

Russell DP                            ALP              9265              45.2

Formal                                                        20497              99.5

Informal                                          109              0.5

Turnout                                          20606              65.7

23. Flinders (Vic)                            11.05.18                            Enrolled 40257

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Bruce SM                            Nat              14445              64.0

Hall JJ                                          VFU              382              1.7

Holmes, GJ                            ALP              7740              34.3

Formal                                                        22567              99.1

Informal                                          203              0.9

Turnout                                          22770              56.6

24. Swan (WA)                            26.10.18              Enrolled 29892

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Corboy EW                            ALP              6540              34.7

Hedges WN                            Nat              5635              29.9

Murray, BL                            CP              5795              30.7

Formal                                                        18854              99.1

Informal                                          179              0.9

Turnout                                          19033              63.7

Preferential voting electoral system

25. Corangamite (Vic)                            14.12.18              Enrolled 34895

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

First preference votes

Coldham FR                            INat              1174              4.7

Gibson WG                            VFU              6604              26.4

Knox GH                            Nat              5737              22.9

Leaper, TD                            RSNP              892              3.6

Scullin JH                            ALP              10633              42.5

Two-party preferred votes

Gibson WG                            VFU              14096              56.3

Scullin JH                            ALP              10944              43.7

Formal                                                        25040              98.0

Informal                                          516              2.0

Turnout                                          25556              73.2

26. Echuca (Vic)                            20.09.19              Enrolled 34704

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Hill WC                            VFU              13800              68.8

Purbrick EL                            INat              1418              7.1

Purcell FG                            Nat              4848              24.2

Formal                                                        20066              97.2

Informal                                          572              2.8

Turnout                                          20638              59.5

27. Ballaarat (Vic)                            10.07.20                            Enrolled 34091

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Callow AE                            Ind              186              0.6

Kerby ETJ                            Nat              11443              39.3

McGrath DC                            ALP              15058              51.8

Troup J                                          Farmers              2413              8.3

Formal                                                        29100              99.3

Informal                                          214              0.7

Turnout                                          29314              86.0

28. Kalgoorlie (WA)                            18.12.20              Enrolled 20789

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Foley GJ                            Nat              8382              51.4

Mahon H                            ALP              7939              48.6

Formal                                                        16321              99.3

Informal                                          113              0.7

Turnout                                          16434              79.1

29. Maranoa (Qld)                            30.07.21              Enrolled 30047

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Dunstan WJ                            ALP              10329              46.8

Hunter JAJ                            CP              11751              53.2

Formal                                                        22080              99.6

Informal                                          89              0.6

Turnout                                          22169              73.8

30. West Sydney (NSW)                            03.09.21              Enrolled 31620

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Henry AS                            Nat              5237              38.2

Lambert WH                            ALP              7857              57.3

McCristal TW                            ILab              430              3.1

Powell JK                            TA              186              1.4

Formal                                                        13710              95.8

Informal                                          606              4.2

Turnout                                          14316              45.3

31. Parramatta (NSW)                            10.12.21              Enrolled 63114

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Addison B                            CP              2268              7.2

Hutchison WH                            ALP              5625              17.9

Piddington AB                            Ind              2787              8.9

Pratten HE                            Nat              20768              66.0

Formal                                                        31448              97.3

Informal                                          859              2.7

Turnout                                          32307              51.2

32. Yarra (Vic)                            18.02.22              Enrolled 39098

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Davidson AM                            Nat              3473              21.5

Scullin JH                            ALP              12553              77.7

Smyth FA                            Ind              129              0.8

Formal                                                        16155              96.5

Informal                                          590              3.5

Turnout                                          16745              42.8

33. Eden-Monaro (NSW)              06.03.26              Enrolled 40760

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Morgan CAA                            ALP              13729              40.0

Perkins JA                            Nat              20573              60.0

Formal                                                        34302              97.5

Informal                                          887              2.5

Turnout                                          35189              86.3

34. Dalley (NSW)                            26.02.27              Enrolled 40729

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Gee WS                            Nat              12667              37.4

Theodore EG                            ALP              21186              62.6

Formal                                                        33853              93.1

Informal                                          2517              6.9

Turnout                                          36370              89.3

35. Warringah (NSW)                            21.05.27              Enrolled 46870

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Conway TP                            ALP              3159              7.8

Fell WS                            INat              7477              18.5

O'Gorman AAL                            ALP              4285              10.6

Parkhill RA                            Nat              22583              55.8

Roberts TV                            Const              2990              7.4

Formal                                                        40494              97.8

Informal                                          928              2.2

Turnout                                          41422              88.4

36. Martin (NSW)                            16.06.28              Enrolled 59535

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Hannett PG                            ALP              18922              39.1

Pratten FG                            Nat              29482              60.9

Formal                                                        48404              93.0

Informal                                          3635              7.0

Turnout                                          52039              87.4

37. Wide Bay (Qld)                            03.09.28              Enrolled n.a.

Candidate                            Party                           

Corser BH                            CP              Unopposed

38. Balaclava (Vic)                            03.08.29              Enrolled 55121

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Francis FH                            INat              16048              35.9

White TW                            Nat              28655              64.1

Formal                                                        44703              94.9

Informal                                          2404              5.1

Turnout                                          47107              85.5

39. Franklin (Tas)                            14.12.29              Enrolled 24473

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

First preference votes

Blacklow AC                            Nat              5003              23.2

Foster FO                            INat              820              3.8

Frost CW                            ALP              9615              44.5

Murdoch P                            Ind              1476              6.8

Seabrook AC                            Nat              4675              21.7

Two-party preferred votes

Blacklow AC                            Nat              10385              48.1

Frost CW                            ALP              11204              51.9

Formal                                                        21589              95.9

Informal                                          931              4.1

Turnout                                          22520              92.0

40. Parkes (NSW)                            31.01.31              Enrolled 63552

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Blake RC                            EcRef              986              1.8

Marr CWC                            Nat              31227              56.8

Martin JM                            ALP              22394              40.7

Tripp EC                            Com              382              0.7

Formal                                                        54989              97.5

Informal                                          1431              2.5

Turnout                                          56420              88.8

41. East Sydney (NSW)                            07.03.31              Enrolled 46700

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Courtenay LT                            Nat              16333              44.2

Mountjoy WA                            Com              611              1.7

Ward EJ                            ALP              19975              54.1

Formal                                                        36919              97.2

Informal                                          1068              2.8

Turnout                                          37987              81.3

42. East Sydney (NSW)                            06.02.32                            Enrolled 44630

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

First preference votes

Cunningham LL                            FLP              2817              7.6

McCall WV                            UAP              16304              43.9

Miles JB                            Com              597              1.6

Ward EJ                            LLab              17461              47.0

Two-party preferred votes

McCall WV                            UAP              18503              49.8

Ward EJ                            LLab              18676              50.2

Formal                                                        37179              97.3

Informal                                          1018              2.7

Turnout                                          38197              85.6

43. Flinders (Vic)                            11.11.33              Enrolled 71825

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Fairbairn JV                            UAP              36773              59.0

Gibson RS                            Com              3124              5.0

Haywood AR                            FLP              22454              36.0

Formal                                                        62351              97.3

Informal                                          1747              2.7

Turnout                                          64098              89.2

44. Newcastle (NSW)                            01.06.35              Enrolled 56282

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

First preference votes

Smith JE                            LLab              22135              42.7

Sykes HS                            SC              4302              8.3

Watkins DO                            FLP              25374              49.0

Two-party preferred votes

Smith JE                            LLab              23944              46.2

Watkins DO                            FLP              27867              53.8

Formal                                                        51811              98.3

Informal                                          908              1.7

Turnout                                          52719              93.7

45. Fawkner (Vic)                            17.08.35              Enrolled 48030

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Cameron D                            FLP              16433              40.1

Holt HE                            UAP              24594              60.0

Formal                                                        41027              97.8

Informal                                          946              2.3

Turnout                                          41973              87.4

46. Kennedy (Qld)                            12.12.36              Enrolled 51351

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

First preference votes

Boyd JT                            ILab              13223              32.8

Killoran J                            SC              3565              8.8

Riordan WJF                            ALP              19111              47.4

Slater J                                          Com              4459              11.1

Two-party preferred votes

Boyd JT                            ILab              17170              42.5

Riordan WJF                            ALP              23188              57.5

Formal                                                        40358              96.2

Informal                                          1581              3.8

Turnout                                          41939              81.7

47. Darling Downs (Qld) 19.12.36              Enrolled 51519

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

First preference votes

Annand JD                            UAP              8725              19.0

Boyce LAG                            Cons              5809              12.6

Buchanan JT                            ALP              13321              29.0

Fadden AW                            CP              15235              33.1

Hannay DV                            SC              2929              6.4

Two-party preferred votes

Buchanan JT                            ALP              19639              42.7

Fadden AW                            CP              26380              57.3

Formal                                                        46019              96.9

Informal                                          1472              3.1

Turnout                                          47491              92.2

48. Gwydir (NSW)                            08.05.37              Enrolled 54791

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Batchelor EG                            CP              13168              27.0

Milling OL                            CP              8155              16.7

Moore GS                            CP              1963              4.0

Scully WJ                            ALP              25551              52.3

Formal                                                        48837              98.7

Informal                                          639              1.3

Turnout                                          49476              90.3

49. Wakefield (SA)                            10.12.38              Enrolled 54388

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

First preference votes

Butler RL                            UAP              19591              39.3

McHugh S                            ALP              18870              37.9

Quirke PH                            Ind              11343              22.8

Two-party preferred votes

Butler RL                            UAP              21549              43.3

McHugh S                            ALP              28255              56.7

Formal                                                        49804              97.8

Informal                                          1114              2.2

Turnout                                          50918              93.6

50. Griffith (Qld)                            20.05.39              Enrolled 61804

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

First preference votes

Conelan WP                            ALP              22967              41.3

Graham EH                            ProtLab              15437              27.8

McCowan P                            UAP              17168              30.9

Two-party preferred votes

Conelan WP                            ALP              27790              50.0

McCowan P                            UAP              27782              50.0

Formal                                                        55572              98.2

Informal                                          1025              1.8

Turnout                                          56597              91.6

51. Wilmot (Tas)                            27.05.39              Enrolled 25275

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

First preference votes

Cameron DK                            UAP              2657              11.8

Guy JA                                          UAP              6673              29.7

Parsons CF                            UAP              1823              8.1

Spurr LT                            ALP              6568              29.3

Watson, JH                            Ind              799              3.6

Weston MD                            ALP              3925              17.5

Two-party preferred votes

Guy JA                                          UAP              11188              49.9

Spurr LT                            ALP              11257              50.2

Formal                                                        22445              96.1

Informal                                          915              3.9

Turnout                                          23360              92.4

52. Corio (Vic)                            02.03.40              Enrolled 54942

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Dedman JJ                            ALP              26122              51.8

O'Day GP                            Com              1466              2.9

Smith JTV                            UAP              22878              45.3

Formal                                                        50466              98.5

Informal                                          786              1.5

Turnout                                          51252              93.3

53. Kalgoorlie (WA)                            16.11.40              Enrolled 43962

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Ferguson C                            UAP              1140              3.2

Finlay B                            Ind              1721              4.9

Johnson HV                            ALP              18228              51.4

Lee FR                                          UAP              14385              40.6

Formal                                                        35474              98.4

Informal                                          567              1.6

Turnout                                          36041              82.0

54. Swan (WA)                            21.12.40              Enrolled 53685

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

First preference votes

Barker CO                            Ind              4980              11.1

Dinan J                                          ALP              16729              37.4

Ferguson PD                            CP              10628              23.8

Marwick TW                            CP              12354              27.6

Two-party preferred votes

Dinan J                                          ALP              21154              47.3

Marwick TW                            CP              23537              52.7

Formal                                                        44691              98.5

Informal                                          701              1.5

Turnout                                          45392              84.6

55. Boothby (SA)                            24.05.41              Enrolled 72882

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Lawton TE                            ALP              28041              43.4

Price AG                            UAP              36624              56.6

Formal                                                        64665              97.9

Informal                                          1378              2.1

Turnout                                          66043              90.6

56. Fremantle (WA)                            18.08.45              Enrolled 72421

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Beazley KE                            ALP              34009              57.3

Cleland DM                            UAP              19880              33.5

Ferguson C                            SLib              1273              2.2

Hughes TJ                            Ind              2210              3.7

Phillips L                            Atok              143              0.2

Troy PL                            Com              1807              3.1

Formal                                                        59322              97.1

Informal                                          1769              2.9

Turnout                                          61091              84.4

57. Wimmera (Vic)                            09.02.46              Enrolled 44831

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

First preference votes

Arlington-Burke F                            ILab              1824              5.1

Eberle AW                            Ind              2042              5.8

Everett AC                            CP              6724              19.0

Phillips L                            Ind              312              0.9

Smith, JS                            ILab              2923              8.2

Stoddart JH                            ICP              6361              17.9

Turnbull WG                            CP              15284              43.1

Two-party preferred votes

Everett AC                            CP              14546              41.0

Turnbull WG                            CP              20924              59.0

Formal                                                        35470              95.5

Informal                                          1692              4.6

Turnout                                          37162              82.9

58. Henty (Vic)                            30.03.46              Enrolled 80883

Candidate                            Party              Votes              %

Doube VJ                            ALP              32556              45.7

Gullett HB                            Lib              38718              54.3

Formal                                                        71274              98.5

Informal                                          1086              1.5

Turnout                                          72360              89.5

59. Balaclava (Vic)                            28.07.51                            Enrolled 42823

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Joske PE               LP              20337              57.0              -6.3

Lewis A              ALP              13279              37.3              +0.6

Stratton GM              Ind              2035              5.7              +5.7

Two-party preferred votes

Joske PE               LP              21355              59.9              -3.4

Lewis A              ALP              14296              40.1              +3.4

Formal                                          35651              99.2              +0.5

Informal                            274              0.8              -0.5

Turnout                            35925              83.9              -12.2

60. Macquarie (NSW)                            28.07.51                            Enrolled 39271

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Blanchard WH              ILab              3853              10.9              +10.9

Hannam WH              LP              12356              35.1              -3.7

Luchetti AS               ALP              18426              52.3              -5.4

Moffit VB              Com              575              1.6              -1.9

Two-party preferred votes

Hannam WH              LP              13983              39.7              +0.4

Luchetti AS               ALP              21227              60.3              -0.4

Formal                                          35210              99.1              +0.3

Informal                            325              0.9              -0.3

Turnout                            35535              90.5              -7.1

61. Lyne (NSW)                            22.03.52                            Enrolled 40160

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Cordner TN              Ind              421              1.2              -3.4

Hayes EJ              ALP              13588              37.3              +7.4

Lancaster DJAL              CP              10631              29.2              +29.2

Lucock PE               CP              10994              30.2              -35.3

Spensley EH              Ind              775              2.1              +2.1

Two-party preferred votes

Hayes EJ              ALP              14925              41.0              +8.8

Lucock PE               CP              21484              59.0              -8.8

Formal                                          36409              98.5              +0.1

Informal                            565              1.5              -0.1

Turnout                            36974              92.1              -4.9

62. Flinders (Vic)                            18.10.52                            Enrolled 46748

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Ewert KWW              ALP              22674              53.8              +10.8

Hipwell RA              Ind              453              1.1              -1.0

Rossiter JF               LP              18384              43.7              -11.1

Stratton GM              Ind              602              1.4              +1.4

Two-party preferred votes

Ewert KWW              ALP              23202              55.1              +11.0

Rossiter JF               LP              18911              44.9              -11.0

Formal                                          42113              98.8              +0.4

Informal                            493              1.2              -0.4

Turnout                            42606              91.1              -5.1

63. Werriwa (NSW)                            29.11.52                            Enrolled 55486

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Griffith IR              LP              15706              32.5              -12.4

Whitlam EG               ALP              32561              67.5              +12.4

Two-party preferred votes

Griffith IR              LP              15706              32.5              -12.4

Whitlam EG               ALP              32561              67.5              +12.4

Formal                                          48267              98.3              +0.6

Informal                            826              1.7              -0.6

Turnout                            49093              88.5              -7.1

64. Bradfield (NSW)                            20.12.52                            Enrolled 45442

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

Hardie MF              Ind              15336              38.2              +38.2

Potts CE              Ind              569              1.4              +1.4

Simons S              Ind              84              0.2              +0.2

Smith JS              ILab              1070              2.7              +2.7

Turner HB               LP              22912              57.0              -21.7

Wright E              Ind              225              0.6              +0.6

Formal                                          40196              98.1              -0.1

Informal                            784              1.9              +0.1

Turnout                            40980              90.2              -5.6

65. Dalley (NSW)                            09.05.53                            Enrolled 37737

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

Cole WL              Ind              8285              24.5              +24.5

Greenup AE               ALP              23812              70.5              +3.4

Sheean J              Com              1667              4.9              +4.9

Formal                                          33764              95.4              -2.3

Informal                            1618              4.6              +2.3

Turnout                            35382              93.8              -2.2

66. Corangamite (Vic)                            29.08.53                            Enrolled 40559

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Mackinnon ED               LP              19449              52.2              -6.5

McLean AC              ALP              17782              47.8              +6.5

Two-party preferred votes

Mackinnon ED               LP              19449              52.2              -6.5

McLean AC              ALP              17782              47.8              +6.5

Formal                                          37231              99.5              +0.4

Informal                            196              0.5              -0.4

Turnout                            37427              92.3              -4.7

67. Lang (NSW)                            29.08.53                            Enrolled 44912

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Boyd RD              Com              1082              2.7              -2.0

Brosnan TJ              Ind              276              0.7              +0.7

Stewart FE               ALP              21699              53.9              +3.9

Thorncraft HR              LP              17218              42.8              -2.5

Two-party preferred votes

Stewart FE               ALP              22756              56.5              +2.5

Thorncraft HR              LP              17518              43.5              -2.5

Formal                                          40274              98.6              +0.3

Informal                            584              1.4              -0.3

Turnout                            40858              91.0              -6.4

68. Gwydir (NSW)                            19.12.53                            Enrolled 39618

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Allan AI               CP              9823              28.2              -25.0

Howard AM              LP              3584              10.3              +10.3

Kirkby TF              CP              5649              16.2              +16.2

Quinn MTL              ALP              15784              45.3              -1.5

Two-party preferred votes

Allan AI               CP              18409              52.8              -0.4

Quinn MTL              ALP              16431              47.2              +0.4

Formal                                          34840              98.6              -0.3

Informal                            480              1.4              +0.3

Turnout                            35320              89.2              -6.3

69. Cook (NSW)                            21.05.55                            Enrolled 33521

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

Cope JF               ALP              21411              86.8              +3.4

Smith JS              Ind              3248              13.2              +13.2

Formal                                          24659              96.8              -0.6

Informal                            814              3.2              +0.6

Turnout                            25473              76.0              -18.9

70. Cunningham (NSW)                            11.04.56              Enrolled 44070

Candidate              Party             

Kearney VD               ALP                            Unopposed

71. Barker (SA)                            13.10.56                            Enrolled 41810

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Crowe BR              DLP              2207              5.8              +5.8

Dettman RA              ALP              14454              38.1              +5.8

Forbes AJ               LP              18471              48.7              -19.0

McAnaney WP              ILCL              2819              7.4              +7.4

Two-party preferred votes

Dettman RA              ALP              16016              42.2              +9.9

Forbes AJ               LP              21935              57.8              -9.9

Formal                                          37951              98.0              +1.1

Informal                            771              2.0              -1.1

Turnout                            38722              92.6              -3.7

72. Wentworth (NSW)                            08.12.56                            Enrolled 42909

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Bartley RJ              ILib              4109              12.2              +12.2

Bury LHE               LP              13956              41.3              -30.7

Laing AW              ILib              1414              4.2              +4.2

Robson RG              ILib              6414              19.0              +19.0

Sindel CAO              Ind              1470              4.4              +4.4

Starr TJK              ALP              6455              19.1              +19.1

Two-party preferred votes

Bury LHE               LP              22764              67.3              -4.7

Starr TJK              ALP              11054              32.7              +4.7

Formal                                          33818              96.7              -0.1

Informal                            1167              3.3              +0.1

Turnout                            34985              81.5              -10.8

73. Richmond (NSW)                            14.09.57                            Enrolled 41425

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Anthony JD               CP              18819              49.8              ..

Gordon RR              CP              4678              12.4              ..

Jackson OJ              CP              1696              4.5              ..

O'Neill RL              CP              1241              3.3              ..

Smith WH              ALP              10276              27.2              ..

Wilson C              Ind              1057              2.8              ..

Two-candidate preferred votes

Anthony JD               CP              25820              68.4              ..

Smith WH              ALP              11947              31.6              ..

Formal                                          37767              98.7              ..

Informal                            487              1.3              ..

Turnout                            38254              92.3              ..

74. Parramatta (NSW)                            0              8.03.58                            Enrolled 48649

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Barwick GEJ               LP              22826              54.8              -7.5

Fenwick AV              Ind              920              2.2              +2.2

Mahoney DJ              ALP              17931              43.0              +5.3

Two-party preferred votes

Barwick GEJ               LP              23286              55.9              -6.4

Mahoney DJ              ALP              18391              44.1              +6.4

Formal                                          41677              98.6              +1.3

Informal                            610              1.4              -1.3

Turnout                            42287              86.9              -8.9

75. Hunter (NSW)                            09.04.60                            Enrolled 46060

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

Brown R              Ind              11876              30.8              +30.8

Dumbrell CO              Com              3895              10.1              +10.1

James AW               ALP              21978              57.0              -17.4

Murnane K              Ind              826              2.1              +2.1

Formal                                          38575              97.6              -0.2

Informal                            965              2.4              +0.2

Turnout                            39540              85.8              -10.4

76. La Trobe (Vic)                            09.04.60                            Enrolled 59644

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Jess JD               LP              22880              42.8              -10.9

Martyr JR              DLP              6834              12.8              +3.5

Murray J              AR              406              0.8              +0.8

Pritchard D              ALP              23387              43.7              +6.8

Two-party preferred votes

Jess JD               LP              28999              54.2              -7.5

Pritchard D              ALP              24508              45.8              +7.5

Formal                                          53507              98.4              +0.3

Informal                            872              1.6              -0.3

Turnout                            54379              91.2              -4.7

77. Balaclava (Vic)                            16.07.60                            Enrolled 42256

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Murray J              AR              865              2.6              +2.6

Ryan JT              DLP              4672              14.2              +2.2

Smith GL              ALP              9519              28.9              +3.6

Whittorn RH               LP              17859              54.3              -6.8

Two-party preferred votes

Smith GL              ALP              10652              32.4              +4.6

Whittorn RH               LP              22263              67.6              -4.6

Formal                                          32915              97.9              +0.2

Informal                            694              2.1              -0.2

Turnout                            33609              79.5              -16.3

78. Bendigo (Vic)                            16.07.60                            Enrolled 45286

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Beaton NL               ALP              20290              48.0              -0.5

Drechsler WF              DLP              6200              14.7              +1.6

Snell HW              LP              15773              37.3              -1.1

Two-party preferred votes

Beaton NL               ALP              21198              50.2              -0.1

Snell HW              LP              21065              49.8              +0.1

Formal                                          42263              99.2              +0.5

Informal                            345              0.8              -0.5

Turnout                            42608              94.1              -2.6

79. Calare (NSW)                            05.11.60                            Enrolled 41434

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

England JA              CP              12039              32.6              +32.6

Meares WA               LP              8039              21.8              -36.3

Phillips J              AR              113              0.3              +0.3

Proust RJ              DLP              2540              6.9              +6.9

Serisier LD              ALP              14175              38.4              -3.5

Two-party preferred votes

England JA              CP              21824              59.1              +1.0

Serisier LD              ALP              15082              40.9              -1.0

Formal                                          36906              98.8              +0.6

Informal                            445              1.2              -0.6

Turnout                            37351              90.1              -5.5

80. Higinbotham (Vic)                            10.12.60                            Enrolled 56541

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Chipp DL               LP              19661              39.1              -10.4

Fowler HG              ALP              23541              46.8              +7.6

McBride E              AP              325              0.6              +0.6

Nugent J              DLP              6756              13.4              +2.1

Two-party preferred votes

Chipp DL               LP              25443              50.6              -9.2

Fowler HG              ALP              24840              49.4              +9.2

Formal                                          50283              98.1              +0.1

Informal                            993              1.9              -0.1

Turnout                            51276              90.7              -5.5

81. Batman (Vic)                            01.09.62                            Enrolled 43683

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

Benson SJ               ALP              21776              60.1              +5.2

Davis SE              Ind              302              0.8              +0.8

Little JA              DLP              6811              18.8              +4.4

McLeod DW              LibF              7026              19.4              +19.4

Phillips J              AR              304              0.8              +0.8

Formal                                          36219              97.5              -0.3

Informal                            939              2.5              +0.3

Turnout                            37158              85.1              -10.5

82. Grey (SA)                            01.06.63                            Enrolled 46386

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Clark DM              ILab              705              1.7              +1.7

Dyason VH              LP              17494              41.8              +3.6

Kent LF              Ind              1265              3.0              +3.0

Mills RJ              DLP              935              2.2              -1.4

Mortimer J               ALP              21463              51.3              -6.9

Two-party preferred votes

Dyason VH              LP              19203              45.9              +4.9

Mortimer J               ALP              22659              54.1              -4.9

Formal                                          41862              98.3              +0.9

Informal                            718              1.7              -0.9

Turnout                            42580              91.8              -4.2

83. East Sydney (NSW)                            28.09.63                            Enrolled 35736

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

Bond LSJ              Ind              1224              5.0              +5.0

Cook HK              PORP              699              2.9              +2.9

Devine LT               ALP              19704              80.7              +12.9

Luckman VA              ILib              2233              9.1              +9.1

Phillips J              AR              546              2.2              +2.2

Formal                                          24406              94.9              -1.4

Informal                            1305              5.1              +1.4

Turnout                            25711              71.9              -20.0

84. Denison (Tas)                            15.02.64                            Enrolled 36825

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Finlay DM              ALP              14367              43.3              +4.1

Gibson A               LP              16953              51.1              -0.2

Senior HP              DLP              1563              4.7              -1.7

Symmons BH              Ind              277              0.8              +0.8

Two-party preferred votes

Finlay DM              ALP              14740              44.5              +1.9

Gibson A               LP              18420              55.5              -1.9

Formal                                          33160              98.5              +0.5

Informal                            491              1.5              -0.5

Turnout                            33651              91.4              -3.4

85. Angas (SA)                            20.06.64                            Enrolled 43356

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Giles GO               LP              23468              60.3              -1.6

Nielsen R              ALP              15452              39.7              +4.2

Two-party preferred votes

Giles GO               LP              23468              60.3              -2.1

Nielsen R              ALP              15452              39.7              +2.1

Formal                                          38920              98.4              0.0

Informal                            623              1.6              0.0

Turnout                            39543              91.2              -6.2

86. Parramatta (NSW)                            20.06.64                            Enrolled 59154

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Beck EJ              DLP              2701              5.3              -0.2

Bowen NH               LP              26506              52.1              -3.9

Fenwick AV              Ind              248              0.5              +0.5

Phillips J              Ind              152              0.3              +0.3

Wilde BC              ALP              21227              41.8              +3.3

Two-party preferred votes

Bowen NH               LP              29002              57.1              -3.0

Wilde BC              ALP              21832              42.9              +3.0

Formal                                          50834              98.1              -0.8

Informal                            975              1.9              +0.8

Turnout                            51809              87.6              -8.1

87. Robertson (NSW)                            05.12.64                            Enrolled 59047

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Bridges-Maxwell CW               LP              27220              50.1              -0.4

Mollett A              ALP              25432              46.8              +2.3

Taylor VA              ILib              648              1.2              +1.2

Woodbury CMR              DLP              1068              2.0              -3.0

Two-party preferred votes

Bridges-Maxwell CW               LP              28517              52.5              -1.4

Mollett A              ALP              25851              47.5              +1.4

Formal                                          54368              97.0              -2.0

Informal                            1701              3.0              +2.0

Turnout                            56069              95.0              -0.5

88. Riverina (NSW)                            27.02.65                            Enrolled 43870

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Armstrong AA               CP              21371              56.3              +4.6

Ward JTA              ALP              16561              43.7              +2.1

Two-party preferred votes

Armstrong AA               CP              21371              56.3              -0.9

Ward JTA              ALP              16561              43.7              +0.9

Formal                                          37932              98.8              0.0

Informal                            455              1.2              0.0

Turnout                            38387              87.5              -7.2

89. Dawson (Qld)                            26.02.66                            Enrolled 41055

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Fordyce J               CP              16572              44.9              -6.9

Patterson RA              ALP              20372              55.1              +13.7

Two-party preferred votes

Fordyce J               CP              16572              44.9              -11.9

Patterson RA              ALP              20372              55.1              +11.9

Formal                                          36944              98.8              +1.0

Informal                            433              1.2              -1.0

Turnout                            37377              91.0              -5.2

90. Kooyong (Vic)                            02.04.66                            Enrolled 49954

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Brereton PA              Ind              781              1.8              +1.8

Cock CB              AR              220              0.5              +0.5

Cooper WD              ALP              12181              27.7              +3.3

Gaynor BW              DLP              5854              13.3              +3.1

Peacock AS               LP              25012              56.8              -7.1

Two-party preferred votes

Cooper WD              ALP              13560              30.8              +3.8

Peacock AS               LP              30488              69.2              -3.8

Formal                                          44048              98.0              -0.9

Informal                            900              2.0              +0.9

Turnout                            44948              90.0              -5.9

91. Corio (Vic)                            22.07.67                            Enrolled 55809

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Bourke PJ              DLP              5418              10.6              -0.2

Cardinal MJ              Ind              486              1.0              +1.0

Hay RJB               LP              18583              36.4              -8.9

Jones G              LRG              923              1.8              -0.3

Scholes GGD              ALP              25679              50.3              +11.1

Two-party preferred votes

Hay RJB               LP              23893              46.8              -11.1

Scholes GGD              ALP              27196              53.2              +11.1

Formal                                          51089              98.0              +1.8

Informal                            1038              2.0              -1.8

Turnout                            52127              93.4              -2.5

92. Capricornia (Qld)                            30.09.67                            Enrolled 41078

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Boyle PH              DLP              2628              6.9              -2.4

Everingham DN               ALP              20215              53.0              +0.8

Rudd FB              LP              12048              31.6              -6.9

Sheil WG              CP              3279              8.6              +8.6

Two-party preferred votes

Everingham DN               ALP              20937              54.9              -1.5

Rudd FB              LP              17233              45.1              +1.5

Formal                                          38170              99.2              +0.4

Informal                            316              0.8              -0.4

Turnout                            38486              93.7              -2.7

93. Higgins (Vic)                            24.02.68                            Enrolled 41425

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Bennett DM              ALP              9601              27.7              +2.5

Courtis FA              Ind              347              1.0              +1.0

Gorton JG               LP              24067              69.4              +6.1

Weber LC              ARM              662              1.9              +1.9

Two-party preferred votes

Bennett DM              ALP              10105              29.1              +0.3

Gorton JG               LP              24572              70.9              -0.3

Formal                                          34677              98.6              +1.4

Informal                            481              1.4              -1.4

Turnout                            35158              84.9              -9.4

94. Curtin (WA)                            19.04.69                            Enrolled 44829

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Garland RV               LP              17983              50.5              -9.4

Jones HG              ALP              11047              31.0              +0.7

Scoggins RC              Ind              6586              18.5              +18.5

Two-party preferred votes

Garland RV               LP              21276              59.7              -7.1

Jones HG              ALP              14340              40.3              +7.1

Formal                                          35616              98.3              +2.1

Informal                            608              1.7              -2.1

Turnout                            36224              80.8              -13.8

95. Bendigo (Vic)                            07.06.69                            Enrolled 47943

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Brennan PG              DLP              5710              12.9              +0.3

Cambridge RW              LP              15106              34.2              -1.6

Candler C              Ind              595              1.3              +1.3

Hutchinson LJ              Ind              2750              6.2              +6.2

Kennedy AD               ALP              20011              45.3              -6.3

Two-party preferred votes

Cambridge RW              LP              21751              49.2              +2.1

Kennedy AD               ALP              22421              50.8              -2.1

Formal                                          44172              98.5              0.0

Informal                            693              1.5              0.0

Turnout                            44865              93.6              -2.6

96. Gwydir (NSW)                            07.06.69                            Enrolled 45104

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Hunt RJD               CP              21113              53.6              -7.7

Nott RB              ALP              18293              46.4              +7.7

Two-party preferred votes

Hunt RJD               CP              21113              53.6              -7.7

Nott RB              ALP              18293              46.4              +7.7

Formal                                          39406              99.0              +0.8

Informal                            394              1.0              -0.8

Turnout                            39800              88.2              -6.5

97. Australian Capital Territory (ACT)

                                          30.05.70                            Enrolled 64482

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Bellchambers EC              Ind              438              0.8              +0.8

Cawthron RE              NSP              173              0.3              +0.3

Christie TJ              DLP              1857              3.3              +3.3

Enderby KE               ALP              20132              35.6              -32.1

Fitzgerald AJ              AP              9914              17.5              +12.9

Hermes CL              LP              15900              28.1              +1.3

Pead JH              Ind              8151              14.4              +14.4

Two-party preferred votes

Enderby KE               ALP              32690              57.8              -13.8

Hermes CL              LP              23875              42.2              +13.8

Formal                                          56565              96.9              -1.3

Informal                            1813              3.1              +1.3

Turnout                            58378              90.5              -2.4

98. Chisholm (Vic)                            19.09.70                            Enrolled 56737

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Costigan FX              ALP              15335              33.5              -0.6

Morrow AE              AP              1501              3.3              -0.6

Nilsen RN              DOGS              4138              9.0              +9.0

Staley AA               LP              24767              54.2              +1.3

Two-party preferred votes

Costigan FX              ALP              18568              40.6              +2.8

Staley AA               LP              27173              59.4              -2.8

Formal                                          45741              98.4              +0.5

Informal                            756              1.6              -0.5

Turnout                            46497              82.0              -12.8

99. Murray (Vic)                            20.03.71                            Enrolled 49856

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Flynn MT              Ind              535              1.2              +1.2

Hunter WB              LP              9622              21.0              +21.0

Lacey BV              DLP              4316              9.4              -0.2

Lloyd EB               CP              19710              43.0              -10.2

Riordan JA              ALP              11670              25.4              +2.2

Two-party preferred votes

Lloyd EB               CP              32306              70.5              -0.4

Riorden JA              ALP              13547              29.5              +0.4

Formal                                          45853              97.6              +0.6

Informal                            1116              2.4              -0.6

Turnout                            46969              94.2              -2.7

100. Parramatta (NSW)                            22.09.73                            Enrolled 73679

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Aussie-Stone MD              Ind              363              0.6              +0.6

Bellchambers EC              Ind              53              0.1              +0.1

Butterworth JH              AP              3522              5.5              +2.0

Hourihan ME              DOGS              528              0.8              -1.0

Kiernan LJ              Ind              30              0.0              +0.0

Lister GD              Ind              65              0.1              +0.1

May R                            NSP              37              0.1              +0.1

McGarrity S              Ind              325              0.5              +0.5

Meares KJ              Ind              25              0.0              +0.0

Pye MN              Ind              575              0.9              +0.9

Ruddock PM               LP              33506              52.6              +6.6

Whelan MJ              ALP              24623              38.7              -7.3

Two-party preferred votes

Ruddock PM               LP              36228              56.9              +6.6

Whelan MT              ALP              27424              43.1              -6.6

Formal                                          63652              97.7              -0.1

Informal                            1493              2.3              +0.1

Turnout                            65145              88.4              -7.3

101. Bass (Tas)                            28.06.75                            Enrolled 46744

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Aussie-Stone MD              Ind              243              0.6              +0.6

Kent P                            Ind              904              2.1              +2.1

Macrostie JT               ALP              15609              36.5              -17.5

Negus SA              Ind              124              0.3              +0.3

Newman KE              LP              24638              57.6              +11.6

Petrosky VK              UTG              1272              3.0              +3.0

Two-party preferred votes

Macrostie JT               ALP              16880              39.4              -14.6

Newman KE              LP              25910              60.6              +14.6

Formal                                          42790              98.2              +0.2

Informal                            773              1.8              -0.2

Turnout                            43563              93.2              -2.9

102. Cunningham (NSW)                            15.10.77              Enrolled 76620

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Dezelin R              Ind              1136              1.8              +1.8

Griffin TJ              LP              20748              32.1              -4.3

Nixon MF              Com              1236              1.9              +1.9

Sampson RW              Dem              5011              7.8              +7.8

West SJ               ALP              36425              56.4              -5.3

Two-party preferred votes

Griffin TJ              LP              24007              37.2              -0.3

West SJ               ALP              40549              62.8              +0.3

Formal                                          64556              97.2              -0.8

Informal                            1888              2.8              +0.8

Turnout                            66444              86.7              -9.3

103. Werriwa (NSW)                            23.09.78                            Enrolled 74655

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Garcia JA              SWP              1081              1.8              +1.8

Kerin JC               ALP              40272              67.2              +11.7

Olson KN              Dem              3774              6.3              -2.7

Penninger HR              NAP              214              0.4              +0.4

Sadler WP              LP              14556              24.3              -9.6

Two-party preferred votes

Kerin JC               ALP              43185              72.1              +11.3

Sadler WP              LP              16712              27.9              -11.3

Formal                                          59897              98.2              +1.4

Informal                            1093              1.8              -1.4

Turnout                            60990              81.7              -13.4

104. Grayndler (NSW)                            23.06.79                            Enrolled 67726

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Bellchambers EC              Ind              1051              2.1              +2.1

Duncan SJE              VOTE              1845              3.7              +3.7

Keig JE              SWP              591              1.2              +1.2

Kirkman SR              Dem              1848              3.7              -3.5

McLeay LB               ALP              30764              61.8              +4.1

Salter FK              NA              863              1.7              +1.7

Vasseleou V              LP              12161              24.4              -9.0

Vouros F              SP              665              1.3              -0.4

Two-party preferred votes

McLeay LB               ALP              34635              69.6              +6.9

Vasseleou V              LP              15153              30.4              -6.9

Formal                                          49788              94.7              -2.0

Informal                            2806              5.3              +2.0

Turnout                            52594              77.7              -14.3

105. Boothby (SA)                            21.02.81                            Enrolled 80404

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Arkins D              UWU              544              0.8              +0.8

Gard A                            Ind              555              0.9              +0.9

Hall RS               LP              36406              56.7              +0.5

Hercus RW              Dem              9188              14.3              +1.2

Herreen JD              PCP              398              0.6              -0.4

Whyatt JB              ALP              17108              26.6              -3.1

Two-party preferred votes

Hall RS               LP              40830              63.6              -1.2

Whyatt JB              ALP              23369              36.4              +1.2

Formal                                          64199              97.7              -0.4

Informal                            1480              2.3              +0.4

Turnout                            65679              81.7              -12.7

106. Curtin (WA)                            21.02.81                            Enrolled 64512

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Busell AD              Ind              1843              3.8              +3.8

Crouch J              ALP              15644              32.1              -0.7

de la Hunty SB              Dem              8356              17.1              +8.8

Rocher AC               LP              22951              47.0              -11.9

Two-party preferred votes

Crough J              ALP              21732              44.5              +7.5

Rocher AC               LP              27062              55.5              -7.5

Formal                                          48794              96.7              -1.1

Informal                            1664              3.3              +1.1

Turnout                            50458              78.2              -14.8

107. McPherson (Qld)                            21.02.81                            Enrolled 86139

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Aabraham-Steer W              Ind              512              0.7              -1.1

Chaffey KD              PP              537              0.8              +0.8

Courtney P              Ind              290              0.4              +0.4

Giesberts H              Ind              469              0.7              +0.7

McKenna RP              ALP              18278              25.7              -5.1

Sheil G                            NP              21189              29.8              +29.8

White PND               LP              29776              41.9              -1.4

Two-party preferred votes

McKenna RP              ALP              21445              30.2              -16.2

White PND               LP              49606              69.8              +16.2

Formal                                          71051              97.8              +0.1

Informal                            1575              2.2              -0.1

Turnout                            72626              84.3              -8.3

108. Wentworth (NSW)                            11.04.81                            Enrolled 69972

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Bussell AD              Ind              534              1.1              +1.1

Coleman WP               LP              22736              48.1              -12.4

Kersey JS              Dem              2186              4.6              -1.6

More WL              Ind              176              0.4              +0.4

Roach WE              Ind              92              0.2              +0.2

Tickner RE              ALP              16637              35.2              +1.9

Wentworth KW              ILib              4923              10.4              +10.4

Two-party preferred votes

Coleman WP               LP              27136              57.4              -6.2

Tickner RE              ALP              20148              42.6              +6.2

Formal                                          47284              97.2              -0.3

Informal                            1349              2.8              +0.3

Turnout                            48633              69.5              -19.0

109. Lowe (NSW)                            13.03.82                            Enrolled 71140

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Bellchambers EC              Ind              460              0.8              +0.8

Cameron RJ              Ind              116              0.2              +0.2

Consandine PW              CRep              405              0.7              +0.7

Gustin M              Ind              729              1.2              +1.2

Kirkham SR              Dem              2495              4.1              +1.1

Lee M                            Ind              144              0.2              +0.2

Maher MJ              ALP              32717              53.4              +7.0

Martin FE              Ind              49              0.1              +0.1

Penninger J              Ind              56              0.1              +0.1

Taylor PJ              LP              23637              38.6              -10.2

Webeck RJ              Ind              27              0.0              +0.0

Wentworth KW              Ind              462              0.8              +0.8

Two-party preferred votes

Maher MJ              ALP              35188              57.4              +8.5

Taylor PJ               LP              26109              42.6              -8.5

Formal                                          61297              97.7              -0.4

Informal                            2091              3.3              +0.4

Turnout                            63388              89.1              -4.9

110. Flinders (Vic)                            04.12.82                            Enrolled 84782

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Consandine PW              CRep              607              0.8              +0.8

Crossley PM              DSP              1211              1.6              +1.6

Farrell G              AP              389              0.5              +0.5

Ferwerda PA              DLP              1271              1.7              +1.7

Fraser HA              Dem              6785              8.9              -1.6

Reith PK               LP              34756              45.7              -4.6

Ward RJ              ALP              31052              40.8              +1.6

Two-party preferred votes

Reith PK               LP              39804              52.3              -3.3

Ward RJ              ALP              36276              47.7              +3.3

Formal                                          76080              97.4              -0.7

Informal                            1991              2.6              +0.7

Turnout                            78071              92.1              -3.0

111. Wannon (Vic)                            07.05.83                            Enrolled 69466

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Genardini NM              ALP              23069              36.1              -1.1

Hallam RM              NP              14290              22.3              +22.3

Hawker DPM               LP              26631              41.6              -16.0

Two-party preferred votes

Genardini NM              ALP              25060              39.2              -1.5

Hawker DPM               LP              38930              60.8              +1.5

Formal                                          63990              99.2              +0.5

Informal                            527              0.8              -0.5

Turnout                            64517              92.9              -4.1

112. Bruce (Vic)                            28.05.83                            Enrolled 81668

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Aldred KJ               LP              35849              48.5              +0.6

Fogarty PA              PP              105              0.1              +0.1

Johnson MR              Dem              4769              6.5              -1.3

Kapphan W              Ind              111              0.2              +0.2

Mulholland JV              DLP              1621              2.2              +2.2

O'Connor HW              ALP              31354              42.4              -1.9

Thiele B              AusConst              94              0.1              +0.1

Two-party preferred votes

Aldred KJ               LP              40259              54.5              +3.8

O'Connor WH              ALP              33644              45.5              -3.8

Formal                                          73903              98.3              0.0

Informal                            1266              1.7              0.0

Turnout                            75169              92.0              -5.2

113. Moreton (Qld)                            05.11.83                            Enrolled 67335

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Cameron DM               LP              31440              52.1              +5.4

Eather NL              APPG              508              0.8              +0.8

Platen MJ              NHP              252              0.4              +0.4

Robson BL              ALP              28130              46.6              +1.1

Two-party preferred votes

Cameron DM               LP              31882              52.8              +1.2

Robson BL              ALP              28448              47.2              -1.2

Formal                                          60330              98.9              +0.4

Informal                            655              1.1              -0.4

Turnout                            60985              90.6              -2.0

114. Corangamite (Vic)                            18.02.84                            Enrolled 75571

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Lam JK              DLP              1336              1.9              +1.9

McArthur FS               LP              32083              46.7              -11.3

O'Connor GM              ALP              25517              37.1              -4.9

Seymour DCG              NP              9794              14.3              +14.3

Two-party preferred votes

McArthur FS               LP              40837              59.3              +1.3

O'Connor GM              ALP              27893              40.7              -1.3

Formal                                          68730              98.4              +0.1

Informal                            1096              1.6              -0.1

Turnout                            69826              92.4              -4.7

115. Hughes (NSW)                            18.02.84                            Enrolled 83072

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Hellyer RK              Dem              4065              5.8              -3.3

Johnson L              Ind              1393              2.0              +2.0

Mason CB              LP              22962              32.7              +4.3

Saleam J              ANAG              970              1.4              +1.4

Tickner RE               ALP              40728              58.1              -3.5

Two-party preferred votes

Mason CB              LP              25956              37.0              +5.0

Tickner RE               ALP              44162              63.0              -5.0

Formal                                          70118              97.9              -0.3

Informal                            1486              2.1              +0.3

Turnout                            71604              86.2              -9.9

116. Richmond (NSW)                            18.02.84                            Enrolled 90494

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Blunt CW               NP              26972              33.8              -19.2

Bucks F              Ind              3657              4.6              +4.6

Carmont PW              ALP              28914              36.2              -3.5

Clough SD              Dem              2587              3.2              -4.1

Griffin DA              Ind              469              0.6              +0.6

Pezzutti BPV              LP              16948              21.2              +21.2

Ponnuswamy M              UM              290              0.4              +0.4

Two-candidate preferred votes

Blunt CW               NP              44528              55.8              -0.5

Carmont PW              ALP              35309              44.2              +0.5

Formal                                          79837              98.3              -0.4

Informal                            1383              1.7              +0.4

Turnout                            81220              89.8              -5.6

117. Scullin (Vic)                            08.02.86                            Enrolled 62448

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Cichello D              LP              11741              22.9              +4.4

Privitelli J              Dem              3727              7.3              +0.6

Mulholland JV              DLP              924              1.8              +1.8

Jenkins HA               ALP              34021              66.3              -5.2

Sibelle M              SWP              930              1.8              +1.8

Two-party preferred votes

Cichello D              LP              13770              26.8              +4.4

Jenkins HA               ALP              37562              73.2              -4.4

Exhausted                            11

Formal                                          51343              93.9              +0.8

Informal                            3318              6.1              -8.0

Turnout                            54661              87.5              -7.7

118. Adelaide (SA)                            06.02.88                            Enrolled 73750

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Mewett BR              Ind              1408              2.3              +2.3

Consandine P              Ind              104              0.2              +0.2

Brander M              Ind              409              0.7              +0.7

Litten JD              Ind              367              0.6              +0.6

McLiesh I              Dem              7097              11.8              +2.7

McGregor-Dey D              Unite              218              0.4              -0.2

Stokes B              NP              1000              1.7              -3.4

Farrell D               ALP              22897              38.0              -10.9

Pratt M                            LP              26777              44.4              +8.9

Two-party preferred votes

Farrell D               ALP              28967              48.1              -8.4

Pratt M                            LP              31195              51.9              +8.4

Exhausted                            115

Formal                                          60277              96.1              +3.7

Informal                            2431              3.9              -3.7

Turnout                            62708              85.0              -7.6

119. Port Adelaide (SA)                            26.03.88                            Enrolled 72571

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Chaplin T              Ind              2385              3.8              +3.8

Brander M              Ind              438              0.7              +0.7

Fuller J                            LP              23818              37.7              +9.1

Sawford R               ALP              29773              47.1              -14.2

Deering B              Ind              412              0.7              +0.7

Lees M                            Dem              4506              7.1              +1.0

Hammond R              Ind              1142              1.8              +1.8

Auer J                            Ind              743              1.2              +1.2

Two-party preferred votes

Fuller J                            LP              28276              44.8              +11.1

Sawford R               ALP              34885              55.2              -11.1

Exhausted                            56

Formal                                          63217              95.7              +4.9

Informal                            2865              4.3              -4.9

Turnout                            66082              91.1              -2.6

120. Groom (Qld)                            09.04.88                            Enrolled 71402

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Carew MJ              Dem              3474              5.6              +0.2

Dwyer LA              ALP              14973              24.2              -8.2

Taylor B              LP              20651              33.3              +20.0

Russell DG               NP              17814              28.8              -20.1

Consandine P              Ind              369              0.6              +0.6

Burke VJ              Ind              4661              7.5              +7.5

Two-candidate preferred votes

Taylor B              LP              38651              62.4              ..

Russell DG               NP              23271              37.6              ..

Exhausted                            20

Two-party preferred votes

Dwyer LA              ALP              19797              32.0              -5.2

Taylor B              LP              42129              68.0              +5.2

Exhausted                            16

Formal                                          61942              98.6              +1.5

Informal                            889              1.4              -1.5

Turnout                            62831              88.0              -5.4

121. Oxley (Qld)                            08.10.88                            Enrolled 67125

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Darby M              Ind              3345              5.8              +5.8

Kuhne OE              Ind              353              0.6              +0.6

Hoffenstz B              NP              9876              17.1              -3.1

Cooke D              LP              15853              27.4              +12.6

Scott L               ALP              28427              49.1              -10.8

Two-party preferred votes

Cooke D              LP              27134              46.9              +11.8

Scott L               ALP              30705              53.1              -11.8

Exhausted                            15

Formal                                          57854              97.4              +0.6

Informal                            1563              2.6              -0.6

Turnout                            59417              88.5              -3.5

122. Gwydir (NSW)                            15.04.89                            Enrolled 69709

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

Anderson J               NP              31209              56.0              -1.2

O'Regan B              Ind              9881              17.7              +17.7

Uebergang J              Ind              14660              26.3              +26.3

Two-candidate preferred votes

Anderson J               NP              n.a.              ..              ..

Uebergang J              Ind              n.a.              ..              ..

Formal                                          55750              95.3              -1.2

Informal                            2768              4.7              +1.2

Turnout                            58518              83.9              -10.9

123. Menzies (Vic)                            11.05.91                            Enrolled 72518

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Andrews KJ               LP              40164              67.7              +9.3

McCormack D              AFI              4055              6.8              +6.8

Barnard J              Ind              2035              3.4              +3.4

Peak K                            Dem              13070              20.0              +8.4

Two-candidate preferred votes

Andrews KJ               LP              42719              72.0              ..

Peak K                            Dem              16578              28.0              ..

Exhausted                            17

Formal                                          59314              95.0              -1.9

Informal                            3103              5.0              +1.9

Turnout                            62417              86.1              -10.5

124. Wills (Vic)                            11.04.92                            Enrolled 76217

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Savage K              Ind              1660              2.6              +2.6

Kardimitsis B               ALP              18784              29.4              -19.3

Kuhn OE              Ind              35              0.1              +0.1

Phillips R              Ind              136              0.2              +0.2

Kapphan W              Ind              34              0.1              +0.1

Rawson G              Ind              453              0.7              +0.7

Delacretaz J              LP              17582              27.6              -6.9

Poulos P              Ind              61              0.1              +0.1

Droulers JP              Ind              68              0.1              +0.1

French B              Ind              90              0.1              +0.1

Potter FC              Ind              30              0.1              +0.1

Murray J              Ind              54              0.1              +0.1

Vassis C              Ind              43              0.1              +0.1

Cleary P              Ind              21391              33.5              +33.5

Ferraro S              Ind              221              0.3              +0.3

Germaine S              FPA              280              0.4              +0.4

Walker A              AFI              577              0.9              +0.9

Markay D              Dem              1383              2.2              -7.4

Lewis B              Ind              216              0.3              +0.3

Sykes IG              Ind              364              0.6              -0.9

Kyrou K              Ind              81              0.1              +0.1

Murgatroyd              Ind              258              0.4              -0.1

Two-candidate preferred votes

Kardimitsis B               ALP              21772              34.3              ..

Cleary P              Ind              41708              65.7              ..

Exhausted                            321

Two-party preferred votes

Kardimitsis B               ALP              40416              63.8              +5.9

Delacretaz J              LP              22942              36.2              -5.9

Exhausted                            443

Formal                                          63801              93.6              0.0

Informal                            4348              6.4              0.0

Turnout                            68149              89.4              -4.9

125. Werriwa (NSW)                            29.01.94                            Enrolled 74512

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

MacAllister GM              Ind              1111              1.8              +1.8

Latham M               ALP              30337              50.1              -11.3

Kammoun A              Ind              378              0.6              +0.6

Lynn C                            LP              20466              33.8              +3.3

Spencer RM              AFI              4384              7.2              +7.2

Moon J                            Ind              3199              5.3              +5.3

Keegel EL              Ind              188              0.3              +0.3

Corbett MR              Ind              458              0.8              +0.8

Two-party preferred votes

Latham M               ALP              35972              59.5              -6.3

Lynne C              LP              24500              40.5              +6.3

Exhausted                            49

Formal                                          60521              94.8              -1.2

Informal                            3318              5.2              +1.2

Turnout                            63839              85.7              -9.6

126. Fremantle (WA)                            12.03.94                            Enrolled 74721

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Conder RN              Ind              1506              2.4              +2.4

Hourn G              LP              23047              36.9              -1.8

Walker S              GWA              5215              8.3              +1.5

Lawrence C               ALP              32707              52.4              +2.2

Two-party preferred votes             

Hourn G              LP              25715              41.2              -1.0

Lawrence C               ALP              36745              58.8              +1.0

Exhausted                            15                           

Formal                                          62475              97.4              +0.4

Informal                            1669              2.6              -0.4

Turnout                            64144              85.8              -10.3

127. Bonython (SA)                            19.03.94                            Enrolled 77469

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

McCormack D              AFI              4323              6.8              +6.8

Bell G                            Gry              4659              7.4              +7.4

Evans M               ALP              29097              45.9              -9.7

Markwell A              LP              20398              32.2              +3.5

Webb J                            Ind              923              1.5              +1.5

Newey P              Dem              3960              6.2              -3.2

Two-party preferred votes

Evans M               ALP              36013              56.9              -7.8

Markwell A              LP              27284              43.1              +7.8

Exhausted                            63                           

Formal                                          63360              94.5              -0.2

Informal                            3722              5.5              +0.2

Turnout                            67082              86.6              -8.0

128. Mackellar (NSW)                            26.03.94                            Enrolled 78932

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

McLeod FE              Grn              3940              5.9              +5.9

Consandine P              RPA              586              0.9              +0.9

Wells SR              Ind              2063              3.1              +3.1

Ellis B                            Ind              15501              23.1              +23.1

Phillips J              AFI              5464              8.2              +8.2

Bigot G                            582              0.9              +0.9

Johnson B              Dem              3851              5.7              -1.4

Bishop B               LP              34999              52.2              -4.4

Two-candidate preferred votes

Ellis B                            Ind              26587              39.7              ..

Bishop B               LP              40328              60.3              ..

Exhausted                            71

Formal                                          66986              96.8              -0.2

Informal                            2181              3.2              +0.2

Turnout                            69167              87.6              -8.2

129. Warringah (NSW)                            26.03.94                            Enrolled 78174

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Spencer RM              AFI              8446              13.5              +13.5

Abbott T               LP              34440              55.2              -0.9

Halnan J              Ind              9564              15.3              +15.3

Anderson T              Dem              9932              15.9              +11.6

Two-candidate preferred votes

Abbott T               LP              39581              63.5              ..

Halnan J              Ind              22788              36.5              ..

Exhausted                            13                           

Formal                                          62382              96.4              -1.2

Informal                            2339              3.6              +1.2

Turnout                            64721              82.8              -12.7

130. Kooyong (Vic)                            19.11.94                            Enrolled 72441

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Cotton Y              Ind              2004              3.5              +3.5

Tobias PF              Ind              518              0.9              +0.9

Boffa G              Ind              955              1.7              +1.7

Greagg DLJ                            686              1.2              -0.2

Georgiou P               LP              32872              56.9              -4.2

Walker A              AFI              4573              7.9              +7.9

Singer P              Grn              16202              28.0              +28.0

Two-candidate preferred votes

Georgiou P               LP              36964              64.0              ..

Singer P              Grn              20766              36.0              ..

Exhausted                            80

Formal                                          57810              96.4              -1.1

Informal                            2166              3.6              +1.1

Turnout                            59976              82.8              -1.3

131. Canberra (ACT)                            25.03.95                            Enrolled 99295

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Clarke J              Ind              2274              2.7              +2.7

Robinson S               ALP              25689              30.5              -21.8

Cotta J                            RPA              1003              1.2              +1.2

Spencer R              AFI              3515              4.2              +4.2

Warden J              Grn              10835              12.9              +12.9

Smyth B              LP              39021              46.3              +10.1

Gray-Grzeszkiewicz J              Ind              1956              2.3              +2.3

Two-party preferred votes

Robinson S               ALP              36577              43.4              -16.1

Smyth B              LP              47672              56.6              +16.1

Exhausted                            44                           

Formal                                          84293              96.5              -0.7

Informal                            3095              3.5              +0.7

Turnout                            87388              88.0              -9.0

132. Wentworth (NSW)                            08.04.95                            Enrolled 78880

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Matson A              Grn              15120              26.0              +26.0

Hooper J                            1317              2.3              +2.3

Thomson A               LP              30677              52.8              +0.1

Wentworth WC              Ind              10945              18.9              +18.9

Two-candidate preferred votes

Matson M              Grn              19793              34.1              ..

Thomson A               LP              38252              65.9              ..

Exhausted                            14                           

Formal                                          58059              96.0              -1.1

Informal                            2392              4.0              +1.1

Turnout                            60451              76.6              -17.9

133. Blaxland (NSW)                            15.06.96                            Enrolled 79714

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Hutchinson J              RARI              5771              9.0              +9.0

Baird NDL              Ind              1499              2.3              +2.3

Spencer A                            499              0.8              +0.8

Pahme M              CTA              2782              4.3              +3.0

Reid B                            Ind              750              1.2              +1.2

Kennedy M                            388              0.6              +0.6

Kearney V              Grn              3148              4.9              +4.9

Aussie-Stone M              Ind              298              0.5              +0.1

Cogger L              NLP              224              0.3              +0.1

Sayegh P              Ind              2334              3.6              +2.6

Hatton M               ALP              37804              58.8              +0.1

Krumins PJ              AFI              8759              13.6              +10.9

Two-candidate preferred votes

Hutchinson J              RARI              19800              30.9              ..

Hatton M               ALP              44188              69.1              ..

Exhausted                            268

Formal                                          64256              92.7              -0.7

Informal                            5092              7.3              +0.7

Turnout                            69348              87.0              -9.1

134. Lindsay (NSW)                            19.10.96                            Enrolled 81659

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Grigg B              CTA              1254              1.8              -0.4

Kelly J                             LP              34840              49.2              +6.7

Franich R              ASP              2042              2.9              +2.9

Free R                            ALP              23758              33.6              -6.8

Townsend V              Ind              4224              6.0              +3.2

Grim-Reaper S              Ind              270              0.4              +0.4

Peacey RF              Ind              156              0.2              +0.2

Vella KA              Ind              933              1.3              +1.3

Archibald D              FLR              150              0.2              +0.2

Aird V                            Ind              488              0.7              +0.7

Lear S                            Dem              1182              1.7              -4.9

Edwards L              Grn              1502              2.1              -1.3

Two-party preferred votes

Kelly J                             LP              39941              56.6              +5.0

Free R                            ALP              30684              43.4              -5.0

Exhausted                            174                           

Formal                                          70799              96.4              -0.1

Informal                            2678              3.6              +0.1

Turnout                            73477              90.0              -6.1

135. Fraser (ACT)                            01.02.97                            Enrolled 65687

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Chu A                            Ind              4135              7.8              +7.8

von Behrens D              Grn              5584              10.6              +0.7

Walker A              AFI              1870              3.5              +3.5

Dargavel S               ALP              25867              49.1              -1.4

Hill C                            Ind              9642              18.3              +18.3

Bernard JJ              Ind              189              0.4              +0.4

Miller JR              CTA              1766              3.4              +3.4

Hutchinson J              RARI              1228              2.3              +2.3

Connor K              AAP              490              0.9              +0.9

Clarke J              Ind              455              0.9              +0.9

Thompson DS              Ind              1456              2.8              +2.8

Two-candidate preferred votes

Dargavel S               ALP              34279              65.2              ..

Hill C                            Ind              18261              34.8              ..

Exhausted                            142                           

Formal                                          52682              94.1              -2.7

Informal                            3313              5.9              +2.7

Turnout                            55995              85.2              -11.6

136. Holt (Vic)                            06.11.99                            Enrolled 84725

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Mulholland J              DLP              5404              7.3              +7.3

Scoullar D              Grn              4701              6.4              +6.4

Dickson L              CTA              4399              6.0              +4.2

Morgan P              Dem              10896              14.7              +8.7

Byrne A               ALP              48499              65.6              +5.8

Two-candidate preferred votes

Morgan              Dem              20650              27.9              ..

Byrne A               ALP              53249              72.1              ..

Formal                                          73899              92.8              -2.7

Informal                            5727              7.2              +2.7

Turnout                            79626              94.0              -1.2

137. Isaacs (Vic)                            12.08.00                            Enrolled 81329

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Brook P              FST              3270              5.4              +4.9

Fletcher H              Dem              10540              17.3              +11.4

Hutchison M              Grn              5539              9.1              +7.0

King G                            DLP              1832              3.0              +3.0

Wesley C              Ind              5329              8.7              +8.7

Corcoran A               ALP              34483              56.5              +8.1

Two-candidate preferred votes

Fletcher H              Dem              20715              34.0              ..

Corcoran A               ALP              40278              66.0              ..

Formal                                          60993              91.8              -4.6

Informal                            5420              8.2              +4.6

Turnout                            66413              81.7              -14.5

138. Ryan (Qld)                            17.03.01                            Enrolled 87634

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Short L                            ALP              29173              38.7              +8.3

Stagg W              Ind              440              0.6              +0.6

Hyland T              Ind              822              1.1              +1.1

Moore J              Ind              1351              1.8              +1.8

Hassall AR              CTA              955              1.3              +1.3

Stasse M              Grn              4608              6.1              +2.3

Tucker B               LP              32571              43.2              -7.2

Freemarijuana ND              HMP              1685              2.2              +2.2

Dengate L              Dem              3808              5.0              -2.9

Two-party preferred votes                                         

Short L                            ALP              37834              50.2              +9.7

Tucker B               LP              37579              49.8              -9.7

Formal                                          75413              97.0              -0.7

Informal                            2304              3.0              +0.7

Turnout                            77717              88.7              -5.7

139. Aston (Vic)                            14.07.01                            Enrolled 89159

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

O'Loughlin P              Ind              1160              1.5              +1.5

Pearce C              LP              31640              40.7              -7.8

Ward M              Ind              126              0.2              +0.2

Sloan M              NGST              618              0.8              +0.8

Kir M                            Grn              1877              2.4              +2.4

Raskovy S              Ind              227              0.3              +0.3

Mitchell D              CEC              334              0.4              +0.4

Chamberlain LJ              LFF              680              0.9              +0.9

Harcourt P              Dem              6271              8.1              +0.5

Scott J                            HAN              1369              1.8              -1.1

Scates G              Ind              3401              4.4              +4.4

Cox J                            Ind              328              0.4              +0.4

Petherbridge T              HPA              232              0.3              +0.3

Dunstan G              HMP              711              0.9              +0.9

Boland K              ALP              28716              37.0              -1.5

Two-party preferred votes                                         

Pearce C              LP              39299              50.6              -3.7

Boland K              ALP              38391              49.4              +3.7

Formal                                          77690              94.2              -3.0

Informal                            4819              5.8              +3.0

Turnout                            82509              92.5              -4.1

140. Cunningham (NSW)                            19.10.02              Enrolled 81521

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Nanelli O              CDP              2566              3.8              +1.3

Wilson P              Ind              7107              10.6              +10.6

Johnson HA              CEC              120              0.2              +0.2

Organ M              Grn              15505              23.0              +16.4

Bird S                             ALP              25671              38.1              -6.1

Flanagan J              NCPP              556              0.8              +0.8

Crocker G              HAN              2696              4.0              -0.6

Hughes D              AFI              889              1.3              +1.3

Keene J              Ind              483              0.7              +0.7

Sampson M              Ind              671              1.0              +1.0

Moulds D              Ind              9147              13.6              +13.6

Chapman L              Dem              1514              2.2              -4.9

Williams C              SA              399              0.6              +0.6

Two-candidate preferred votes             

Organ M              Grn              35160              52.2              ..

Bird S                             ALP              32164              47.8              ..

Formal                                          67324              92.3              -2.9

Informal                            5647              7.7              +2.9

Turnout                            72971              89.5              -5.9

141. Werriwa (NSW)                            19.03.05                            Enrolled 90726

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Woodger J              AFI              3243              4.8              +4.8

Raue B                            Grn              3726              5.6              +2.4

Young J              Ind              5237              7.8              +7.8

Lees M                            Ind              1393              2.1              +2.1

Hayes C              ALP              37286              55.5              +2.9

Vogler R               Ind              316              0.5              +0.5

Tan G                            CDP              2537              3.8              +3.8

Bryant J              Ind              2696              4.0              +4.0

Doggett C              ONNSW              2400              3.6              +1.2

Head M                            458              0.7              +0.7

Sykes M              FFP              2890              4.3              +4.3

Bargshoon S              Ind              753              1.1              -3.8

McGookin MP              PLP              629              0.9              +0.9

Locke D                            2101              3.1              +3.1

Aussie-Stone M              Ind              388              0.6              +0.6

Mannoun N                            1076              1.6              +1.6

Two-candidate preferred votes

Young J              Ind              20106              30.0              ..

Hayes C               ALP              47023              70.0              ..

Formal                                          67129              86.9              -5.2

Informal                            10162              13.2              +5.2

Turnout                            77291              85.2              -8.7

142. Gippsland (Vic)                            28.06.08                            Enrolled 95580

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

McKelvie M              Grn              5862              7.0              +1.5

Fitzgerald R              LP              17249              20.7              +20.7

Buckley B              LDP              3518              4.2              +4.2

McCubbin D              ALP              23652              28.4              -8.1

Chester D              NP              32971              39.6              -8.8

Two-candidate preferred votes

McCubbin D              ALP              31641              38.0              -6.1

Chester D               NP              51611              62.0              +6.1

Formal                                          83252              97.1              +0.1

Informal                            2465              2.9              -0.1

Turnout                            85717              89.7              -6.0

143. Lyne (NSW)                            06.09.08                            Enrolled 87854

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Smith B              FishP              2566              3.5              +3.5

Muldoon G              CEC              270              0.4              +0.1

Scott-Irving S              Ind              400              0.5              +0.1

O’Donohue MP              DLP              853              1.2              +1.2

Oakeshott R              Ind              47306              63.8              +63.8

Russell S              Grn              5206              7.0              -0.1

Drew R               NP              16964              22.9              -29.4

Wright B              Ind              582              0.8              -0.5

Two-candidate preferred votes                                         

Oakeshott R              Ind              54770              73.9              ..

Drew R               NP              19377              26.1              ..

Formal                                          74147              96.6              +1.6

Informal                            2646              3.5              -1.6

Turnout                            76793              87.4              -8.5

144. Mayo (SA)                            06.09.08                            Enrolled 97550

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Vonow L              Grn              15851              21.3              +10.4

Barons R              CCE              725              1.0              -0.3

Spragg B              Ind              1545              2.1              +2.1

Keizer M              ON              503              0.7              +0.7

Brewerton M              Ind              1868              2.5              +2.5

Castrique A              Dem              923              1.3              -0.3

Briggs J               LP              30651              41.3              -9.8

King MR              Ind              219              0.3              +0.3

Day B                            FFP              8468              11.4              +7.4

McCabe D              DLP              1426              1.9              +1.9

Bell D                            Ind              12081              16.3              +16.3

Two-candidate preferred votes                                         

Vonow L              Grn              34879              47.0              ..

Briggs J               LP              39381              53.0              ..

Formal                                          74260              95.0              -2.2

Informal                            3900              5.0              +2.2

Turnout                            78160              80.1              -15.8

145. Bradfield (NSW)                            05.12.09                            Enrolled 95083

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Whitehall J              CDP              1054              1.5              -0.3

Luke J                            CDP              170              0.2              +0.2

Hanrahan PW              Ind              443              0.6              +0.6

Koutalianos B              Ind              1191              1.7              +1.7

Mccaffrey S              DLP              1533              2.2              +2.2

Peebles R              CDP              162              0.2              +0.2

Gemmell S              Grn              17799              25.2              +14.0

Allen D              CDP              147              0.2              +0.2

Thew L                            CDP              187              0.3              +0.3

Leishman M              ASxP              2229              3.2              +3.2

Dowling P              Ind              555              0.8              +0.8

Kelly SM              Ind              1359              1.9              +1.9

Waterson V              ON              449              0.6              +0.6

Gabb L                            LDP              589              0.8              +0.8

Buckley B              Ind              618              0.9              +0.9

Fletcher PW              LP              39815              56.4              -2.6

Hestelow A              CDP              285              0.4              +0.4

Heng E                            CDP              362              0.5              +0.5

Pender JF              CDP              57              0.1              +0.1

Pix D                            CDP              100              0.1              +0.1

Burt D                            CCC              686              1.0              +1.0

Price G                            EFN              758              1.1              +1.1

Two-candidate preferred votes

Gemmell S              Grn              24831              35.2              ..

Fletcher PW              LP              45717              64.8              ..

Formal                                          70548              91.0              -5.0

Informal                            6976              9.0              +5.0

Turnout                            77524              81.5              -12.5

146. Higgins (Vic)                            05.12.09              Enrolled 88130

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Murphy S              Ind              1145              1.7              +1.7

Patten F              ASxP              2144              3.2              +3.2

O'Dwyer K              LP              36421              54.6              +1.0

Roberts I              LDP              336              0.5              +0.5

Hamilton C              Grn              21628              32.4              +21.7

Collyer D              Dem              1531              2.3              +1.1

Toscano J              Ind              523              0.8              +0.8

Raskovy S              ON              211              0.3              +0.3

Brohier P              Ind              236              0.4              +0.4

Mulholland J              DLP              2572              3.9              +3.9

Two-candidate preferred votes

O'Dwyer K              LP              40203              60.2              ..

Hamilton C              Grn              26544              39.8              ..

Formal                                          66747              95.9              -1.6

Informal                            2890              4.2              +1.6

Turnout                            69637              79.0              -14.8

147. Griffith (Qld)                            08.02.14                            Enrolled 97804

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Lawrence T              SPP              666              0.9              +0.7

Ebbs G                            Grn              7635              9.8              -0.4

Williams CD              FFP              729              0.9              +0.2

Boele K              Ind              504              0.7              +0.7

Ackroyd A              BTA              602              0.8              +0.8

Reid A                            SPA              424              0.6              +0.0

Butler, T              ALP              30023              38.6              -1.7

Thomas MR              PPA              1172              1.5              +1.5

Windsor TJ              Ind              656              0.8              +0.0

Sawyer R              KAP              821              1.1              +0.4

Glasson B              LNP              34491              44.4              +2.2

Two-party preferred votes                                         

Butler T              ALP              40229              51.8              -1.3

Glasson B              LNP              37494              48.2              +1.3

Formal                                          77723              96.8              +1.6

Informal                            2552              3.2              -1.6

Turnout                            80275              82.1              -11.1

148. Canning (WA)                            19.09.15                            Enrolled 112824

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Sharma VK              PUP              2600              3.1              -3.8

Whittle C              LDP              492              0.6              +0.6

Allen M              PIR              775              0.9              +0.9

Smith G              ADVP              690              0.8              +0.8

Love K              AJP              1195              1.4              +1.4

Hastie A              LP              39712              46.9              -4.2

Van Lieshout T              Ind              539              0.6              +0.6

Keogh M              ALP              30096              35.6              +8.9

Rauland V              GWA              4967              5.9              -1.5

McCourt J              FFP              623              0.7              -0.6

Van Burgel J              AC              2433              2.9              -0.2

Smith A              SPP              513              0.6              +0.6

Two-party preferred votes                                         

Hastie A              LP              46772              55.3              -6.6

Keogh M              ALP              37863              44.7              +6.6

Formal                                          84635              94.3              -0.1

Informal                            5082              5.7              +0.1

Turnout                            89717              79.5              -12.5

149. North Sydney (NSW)                            05.12.15              Enrolled 104294

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes

Pollard L              TAP              1400              1.8              +1.8

Bourke W              SPP              2189              2.9              +2.9

Kennard S              LDP              1591              2.1              +2.1

Bromson KS              VEP              815              1.1              +1.1

Jansson J              FP              513              0.7              +0.7

Chesterfield-Evans A              Grn              11959              15.7              +0.4

Beregi M              Ind              2613              3.4              +3.4

Nero S                            CDP              1917              2.5              +1.5

Marks RJ              PUP              352              0.5              -1.2

Zimmerman T              LP              36690              48.2              -12.8

Ruff S                            Ind              14303              18.8              +18.8

Freeman L              ACP              815              1.1              +1.1

Bohm T              BTA              964              1.3              +1.3

Two-candidate preferred votes             

Zimmerman T              LP              45848              60.2              ..

Ruff S                            Ind              30273              39.8              ..                                         

Formal                                          76121              93.1              -1.5

Informal                            5658              6.9              +1.5

Turnout                            81779              78.4              -13.8

150. New England (NSW)                            02.12.17                            Enrolled 110685

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Stretton R              CDP              2129              2.4              +1.0

Wagstaff SS              AJP              930              1.1              +1.1

Potts A                            AHP              605              0.7              +0.7

Madden J              Ind              1145              1.3              +1.3

Smyth T              LDP              515              0.6              -0.6

Carter D              Ind              590              0.7              +0.7

Joyce B              NP              57016              64.9              +12.6

Bourke W              SPP              628              0.7              +0.7

Stacey W              SUN              342              0.4              +0.4

Taber R              Ind              5959              6.8              +4.0

Mailler P              CM              2112              2.4              +1.0

Ewings D              ALP              9764              11.1              +4.1

Cranney D              RUA              365              0.4              +0.4

Wills P                            Grn              3824              4.4              +1.4

McIntyre J              21CA              222              0.3              +0.3

Meow-Meow M-LDG              FUT              1183              1.3              +1.3

Britza I                            CYA              494              0.6              +0.6

Two-party preferred votes

Joyce B              NP              64664              73.6              +7.2

Ewings D              ALP              23159              26.4              -7.2

Formal                            87823              91.1              -1.9

Informal              8618              8.9              +1.9

Turnout                            96441              87.1              -6.2

151. Bennelong (NSW)              16.12.17                Enrolled 106534

Candidate              Party              Votes              %              Swing

First preference votes                                                       

Robinson T              ALA              719              0.9              +0.9

Folitarik W              SPP              995              1.2              +1.2

Jansson J                            FUT              1041              1.2              +1.2

Alexander J              LP              37898              45.0              -5.4

Keneally K              ALP              30085              35.8              +7.3

Platter J                            APP              186              0.2              +0.2

Alick J                            Grn              5688              6.8              -2.4

Ziebell AJ              AHP              741              0.9              +0.9

Fels A                            NCPP              132              0.2              +0.2

Richa J                            ACons              3609              4.3              +4.3

Cao GD                            CDP              2626              3.1              -3.3

Golding C              Prog              425              0.5              +0.5

Two-party preferred votes

Alexander J              LP              46179              54.9              -4.8

Keneally K              ALP              37966              45.1              +4.8

Formal                                          84145              91.9              -3.0

Informal                                          7436              8.1              +3.0

Turnout                                          91581              86.0              -5.7

Appendix 3: Notes on Commonwealth by-elections, 1901–2017

Darling Downs 1901—The first by-election, which followed the death of William Henry Groom, was won by his son, Littleton Ernest Groom for the Protectionist Party from one other candidate, an Independent.

Tasmania 1902—This by-election was caused by the death of Frederick Piesse. This has been the only by-election held at-large, due to the first Tasmanian members being elected from the state as a whole rather than from individual electorates.

East Sydney 1903—The sitting member, Sir George Reid, resigned in protest against the proposals for the redistribution of New South Wales divisions, forcing the by-election. Reid won the resulting by-election.

Wilmot 1904—Former Tasmanian Premier and Constitution-writer, Sir Edward Braddon, remains the oldest person elected to the House of Representatives. He was 71 when first elected and 74 when he died, forcing this by-election.

Melbourne 1904—By-election caused by the voiding of the general election result on the grounds of irregularities by electoral officials. The opposition Free Trade Party did not stand a candidate.

Riverina 1904—By-election caused by the voiding of the general election result on the grounds of irregularities by electoral officials.

Echuca 1907—By-election caused by the voiding of the general election result on the grounds of irregularities by electoral officials. The Opposition did not contest the seat.

Adelaide 1908—Death of former Premier and Constitution-writer, Charles Cameron Kingston. Neither the Protectionist government nor the Anti-Socialist opposition contested the seat won by the Labor Party.

Wakefield 1909—Death of former Premier and Constitution-writer, Sir Frederick Holder.

Kooyong 1910—The winner of this by-election, Sir Robert Best, had been a Senator during the first decade until his defeat in 1910.

Batman 1911—Well-known lawyer, Frank Brennan, won this seat for the Labor Party.

North Sydney 1911—Major-General Sir Granville Ryrie, who had seen military service in South Africa, at Gallipoli and in Egypt, won this seat for the Liberal Party.

Boothby 1911—The Fisher Labor Government lost this seat to the Liberal Party, but regained it at the 1913 general election.

Werriwa 1912—David Robert Hall resigned to take up an appointment to the New South Wales Legislative Council.

Kalgoorlie 1913—The first by-election for which there was just a single nomination. The Liberal government did not contest this seat won by Labor.

Adelaide 1914—The winner of this by-election, George Yates, soon left Australia to serve in the World War, though he retained his seat while he did so.

Bendigo 1915—This by-election was caused by the death of the Minister for External Affairs, John Arthur.

Grampians 1915—Sir Charles Salmon, second Speaker of the House of Representatives (1909-10) returned to the Parliament at this by-election.

Dalley 1915—The death of Robert Howe, first secretary of the Labor Federation of Australia caused this by-election. Not contested by the Opposition, and only one candidate nominated.

Wide Bay 1915—Former Prime Minister, Andrew Fisher, resigned to take up an appointment as Australian High Commissioner to Great Britain. The Labor Party lost the seat, which it did not win back until 1961.

Darwin 1917—Former Tasmanian MHA, Charles Howroyd, died five days after winning the seat at the 1917 general election.

Grampians 1917—Sir Charles Salmon's death caused this by-election. He was replaced by Edmund Jowett, later elected first deputy leader of the Country Party.

Flinders 1918—Upon the appointment of Sir William Irvine as Chief Justice of the Victorian Supreme Court, the by-election for his seat saw the victory of future Prime Minister Stanley Bruce.

Swan 1918—By-election caused by the death of former Premier and Constitution-writer, Sir John Forrest. The Nationalist Party failed to hold the seat after splitting the conservative vote with the emerging Country Party, allowing the Labor Party to win. The Country Party won this seat at the next general election. This was the last election held using ‘first past the post’ voting.

Corangamite 1918—This by-election saw the first use of preferential voting for a House election of any type. The Victorian Farmers' Union won the seat from the Nationalists. The defeated Labor candidate was future Prime Minister, James Scullin.

Echuca 1919—This seat was also won by the Victorian Farmers' Union from the Nationalists. Not contested by the Opposition.

Ballaarat 1920—In the 1919 general election, Edwin Kerby had defeated sitting member David McGrath by a single vote. Upon challenge, a Court of Disputed Returns declared void the general election result on the ground of irregularities by electoral officials. McGrath won the resulting by-election.

Kalgoorlie 1920—Labor's Hugh Mahon remains the only member or senator to be expelled. The Labor Party failed to hold the seat in this by-election, though it won it back at the 1922 general election.

Maranoa 1921—The Country Party won its first by-election taking the seat from the Labor Party.

West Sydney 1921—Former Queensland Premier, Thomas Ryan, had been invited by the ALP Conference to contest this New South Wales division at the 1919 general election. Less than two years later he died causing this by-election.

Parramatta 1921—Former Prime Minister, Sir Joseph Cook, caused the by-election by accepting appointment as Australian High Commissioner to Great Britain.

Yarra 1922—By-election caused by the death of the Labor Leader of the Opposition, Frank Tudor. The by-election was won by future Prime Minister, James Scullin.

Eden-Monaro 1926—This by-election was caused by the death of Sir Austin Chapman, former Minister for Defence, Postmaster-General and Minister for Trade and Customs.

Dalley 1927—By-election won by former Queensland Premier, Edward Theodore.

Warringah 1927—By-election caused by the resignation of Sir Granville Ryrie to accept the position of Australian High Commissioner to Great Britain.

Martin 1928—Frederick Pratten replaced his uncle, the late Herbert Pratten, in this by-election.

Wide Bay 1928—By-election in which Bernard Corser (CP) replaced his father Edward Corser (Nat). Not contested by the Opposition, and only one candidate nominated.

Balaclava 1929—By-election to replace William Watt, former Victorian Premier, Commonwealth Treasurer and Speaker. His replacement was (Sir) Thomas White, son-in-law of Alfred Deakin and later a Menzies Government minister. Not contested by the Opposition.

Franklin 1929—By-election caused by death of the independent William McWilliams, previously the first parliamentary leader of the Country Party. His replacement, Charles Frost, was later a minister under both Prime Ministers Curtin and Chifley.

Parkes 1931—By-election caused by the appointment of Edward McTiernan to the High Court.

East Sydney 1931—By-election won by Edward Ward for the ALP. Ward lost the seat to John Clasby (UAP) at the 1932 general election.

East Sydney 1932—Sitting member John Clasby (UAP) died before taking his seat and former member Edward Ward won the by-election, now as a Lang Labor candidate. Ward is the only person to win two by-elections.

Flinders 1933—Former Prime Minister, Stanley Bruce, caused the by-election when he was appointed Resident Minister in England.

Newcastle 1935—By-election at which David Oliver Watkins replaced his father, David Watkins.

Fawkner 1935—By-election won by future Prime Minister, Harold Holt, for the UAP.

Kennedy 1936—By-election at which David Riordan replaced his uncle, William Riordan.

Darling Downs 1936—By-election won by future Prime Minister and Country Party leader, Arthur Fadden, for the Country Party.

Gwydir 1937—By-election following the appointment of Charles Abbott to the position of Administrator of the Northern Territory. Three Country Party candidates nominated.

Wakefield 1938—By-election at which the ALP won the seat from the UAP, following the death of Charles Hawker in a plane crash. The UAP retained the seat at the 1940 general election.

Griffith 1939—By-election following death of Francis Baker.

Wilmot 1939—By-election caused by the death of Prime Minister, Joseph Lyons. The field included three UAP and two ALP candidates. The ALP won the seat from the UAP, but lost it in the 1940 general election.

Corio 1940—John Dedman (ALP) won this seat from the UAP after Richard Casey was appointed Australian Ambassador to the United States of America.

Kalgoorlie 1940—By-election caused by the death of former Minister for Defence, Albert Green.

Swan 1940—By-election won by former Senator Thomas Marwick.

Boothby 1941—By-election won by (Sir) Archie Price, Master of St Mark's College, University of Adelaide, and noted Australian geographer.

Fremantle 1945—By-election caused by the death of Prime Minister, John Curtin. The by-election was won by Kim Beazley senior.

Wimmera 1946—After a battle between seven contenders, including two from the Country Party and one described as 'Independent Country Party', (Sir) Winton Turnbull narrowly won this by-election.

Henty 1946—By-election to replace Arthur Coles, former managing director of GJ Coles & Co., Lord Mayor of Melbourne and independent, who had shared the balance of power after the 1941 election with Alex Wilson. This was the first by-election won by the re-formed Liberal Party. It was won by Henry Gullett, son of Sir Henry who had held the seat between 1925 and 1940.

Balaclava 1951—Percy Joske retained this seat for the Liberal Party following the appointment of Thomas White as High Commissioner in London.

Macquarie 1951—By-election held following the death of the former Prime Minister, Ben Chifley. The ALP retained the seat despite a small (0.4 per cent) swing to the LP/CP Coalition Government.

Lyne 1952—The Country Party, which stood two candidates in this by-election, retained the seat with Phil Lucock the successful candidate despite a large swing to the ALP (8.8 per cent).

Flinders 1952—The Liberal Party lost the seat to the ALP as the result of a large (11.0 per cent) swing against the LP/CP Coalition Government. The successful candidate, Keith Ewert, lost the seat at the next general election.

Werriwa 1952—The ALP achieved its largest by-election swing in the post-war period (12.4 per cent) at this by-election. The successful ALP candidate was future Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam.

Bradfield 1952—No ALP candidate contested this safe Liberal seat, previously held by former Prime Minister and longest serving member of the House of Representatives, William ‘Billy’ Hughes.

Dalley 1953—The Liberal Party did not contest this safe ALP seat, retained for the ALP by Arthur Greenup.

Corangamite 1953—Ewen Mackinnon retained this seat for the Liberal Party despite a 6.5 per cent swing against the Coalition Government.

Lang 1953—Frederick Stewart retained this seat for the ALP following the death of Daniel Mulcahy.

Gwydir 1953—Two Country Party candidates contested this by-election together with candidates from the ALP and Liberal Party. The seat was won by the Country Party's Archibald Allan.

Cook 1955—The Liberal Party did not contest this safe ALP seat, retained for Labor by Jim Cope. Typically of inner-city electorates there was a low voter turnout (76.0 per cent) at this by-election.

Cunningham 1956—Victor Kearney retained this safe seat for the ALP, in the only uncontested by-election since the Second World War.

Barker 1956—Following the death of long-term member and Speaker of the House of Representatives, Archie Cameron, the Liberal Party retained this seat despite a 9.9 per cent swing against the government.

Wentworth 1956—Leslie Bury retained this seat for the Liberal Party following the appointment of Eric Harrison as High Commissioner in London.

Richmond 1957—Four Country Party candidates contested this by-election, including the eventual winner, Doug Anthony, the son of the former member, Hubert Lawrence Anthony.

Parramatta 1958—Garfield Barwick retained this seat for the Liberal Party following the appointment of former member Oliver Beale as Ambassador to the United States of America.

Hunter 1960—The Liberal Party did not stand a candidate for this safe ALP seat, formerly held by Opposition Leader Herbert Evatt who died in office.

La Trobe 1960—Seat retained for the Liberal Party by John Jess following the resignation of the Minister for External Affairs, Richard Casey.

Balaclava 1960—Percy Joske resigned to become a judge of the Commonwealth Industrial Court and was also appointed a judge of the ACT Supreme Court. The seat was retained for the Liberal Party by Raymond Whittorn.

Bendigo 1960—This marginal seat was retained for the ALP by Noel Beaton following the death of sitting member, Percy Clarey.

Calare 1960—Seat won by John England for the Country Party from the Liberal Party. This has been the only occasion when the Country Party has won a seat from the Liberal Party at a by-election.

Higinbotham 1960—Don Chipp just retained this seat for the Liberal Party following the death of Thomas (Frank) Timson.

Batman 1962—Captain Sam Benson retained this safe seat for the Labor Party following the death of sitting member, Alan Bird. Benson subsequently retained Batman as an independent at the 1966 general election.

Grey 1963—Retained for the ALP by Jack Mortimer following the death of Edgar Russell.

East Sydney 1963—This by-election resulted in the second lowest voter turnout (71.9 per cent) since the introduction of compulsory voting. The ALP retained the seat. The Liberal Party did not stand a candidate.

Denison 1964—Athol Townley was re-elected at the 1963 general election but died before the opening of the Parliament. The seat was retained for the Liberal Party by Adrian Gibson.

Angas 1964—Alexander Downer senior resigned to become High Commissioner in London. The seat was retained for the Liberal Party by Geoffrey Giles.

Parramatta 1964—Garfield Barwick resigned to become Chief Justice of the High Court. The seat was retained for the Liberal Party by Nigel Bowen.

Robertson 1964—Roger Dean resigned to become Administrator of the Northern Territory. The seat was retained for the Liberal Party by Crawford Bridges-Maxwell.

Riverina 1965—Hugh Roberton resigned to become Ambassador to Ireland. The seat was retained for the Country Party by Adam Armstrong.

Dawson 1966—The ALP candidate, Rex Patterson, achieved a large swing (11.9 per cent) against the LP/CP Coalition Government to win the seat from the Country Party.

Kooyong 1966—The Liberal Party candidate, Andrew Peacock, retained this safe Liberal seat in the by-election following the resignation of Prime Minister, Robert Menzies.

Corio 1967—A large swing against the LP/CP Coalition Government (11.1 per cent) resulted in the ALP candidate, Gordon Scholes, winning the seat from the Liberal Party, following the retirement of popular sporting personality, Hubert Opperman.

Capricornia 1967—Following the death of sitting member George Shaw, this seat was retained by the ALP by Doug Everingham.

Higgins 1968—This by-election was held following the presumed death of Prime Minister Harold Holt. The seat was retained for the Liberal Party by new Prime Minister (and ex-Senator) John Gorton.

Curtin 1969—The sitting member, Minister for External Affairs, Paul Hasluck, resigned to become Governor-General. The seat was retained for the Liberal Party by Ransley Garland, despite a 7.1 per cent swing against the Coalition Government.

Bendigo 1969—Noel Beaton resigned because of ill health. The seat was retained for the ALP by David Kennedy.

Gwydir 1969—Allan Armstrong resigned to become Secretary-General of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. The seat was retained for the Country Party by Ralph Hunt, despite a 7.7 per cent swing against the Coalition Government.

Australian Capital Territory 1970—Despite a large swing against it, the ALP retained this seat held for 18 years by popular member, Jim Fraser. The Australia Party candidate, Alan Fitzgerald, received 17.5 per cent of the first preference votes.

Chisholm 1970—Tony Staley retained this seat for the Liberal Party. The ALP candidate was Francis (Frank) Costigan, later Royal Commissioner investigating the activities of the Federated Ship Painters' and Dockers' Union, and tax evasion matters.

Murray 1971—Bruce Lloyd retained this seat for the Country Party following the resignation of Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade and Industry, John McEwen.

Parramatta 1973—Nigel Bowen resigned to become a judge of the NSW Court of Appeal. Philip Ruddock retained the seat for the Liberal Party. Twelve candidates contested the by-election, a record to that time.

Bass 1975—The second largest swing recorded against any government to that time (14.6 per cent) occurred at this by-election held following the appointment of former Deputy Prime Minister, Lance Barnard, to be Ambassador to Norway, Finland and Sweden. The Liberal Party candidate, Kevin Newman, won the seat from the ALP.

Cunningham 1977—Following the death of sitting member, Reginald (Rex) Connor, this seat was retained by the ALP by Stewart West.

Werriwa 1978—The ALP candidate, John Kerin, achieved a large swing (11.3 per cent) against the LP/NP Coalition Government in this by-election, held following the resignation of former Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam.

Grayndler 1979—Retained for the ALP by Leo McLeay following the death of Frank Stewart.

Boothby 1981—Retained for the Liberal Party by Steele Hall, former Premier of South Australia and Senator, following the resignation of John McLeay, who became Consul-General in Los Angeles.

Curtin 1981—Ransley Garland resigned to become High Commissioner in London. The seat was retained for the Liberal Party by Allan Rocher.

McPherson 1981—The Liberal Party candidate, Peter White, achieved a two-party preferred swing to the LP/NP Coalition Government of 16.2 per cent, the largest swing to any government since 1949. The National Party candidate (future Senator Glen Sheil) outpolled the ALP candidate.

Wentworth 1981—The former leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party, Peter Coleman, comfortably retained the seat despite a 6.2 per cent swing to the ALP candidate, Robert Tickner. The voter turnout (69.5 per cent) was the lowest since the introduction of compulsory voting in 1924.

Lowe 1982—This marginal Liberal Party seat became vacant following the resignation of former Prime Minister, Sir William McMahon. The ALP candidate, Michael Maher, won the seat from the Liberal Party with an 8.5 per cent swing.

Flinders 1982—The Liberal Party retained this marginal seat despite a 3.3 per cent swing against the LP/NP Coalition Government. However, new member, Peter Reith, was unable to take up his seat in the House of Representatives as the Parliament was dissolved before he could be sworn in and he was defeated at the subsequent general election.

Wannon 1983—The seat was retained for the Liberal Party by David Hawker, following the resignation of sitting member, former Prime Minister, Malcolm Fraser.

Bruce 1983—The seat was retained for the Liberal Party by Kenneth Aldred, following the resignation of sitting member, former Opposition Leader and Speaker Billy Snedden.

Moreton 1983¾The Liberal Party retained this marginal Liberal seat with a small swing in its favour. The successful candidate, Don Cameron, had lost the neighbouring seat of Fadden at the previous general election.

Corangamite 1984—The seat was retained for the Liberal Party by Fergus Stewart McArthur. Labor candidate Gavan O'Connor subsequently became Member for Corio.

Hughes 1984—The seat was retained for ALP by Robert Tickner, following the resignation of Leslie Johnson, who became High Commissioner to New Zealand.

Richmond 1984—The seat was retained for the National Party by Charles Blunt, following the resignation of former Deputy Prime Minister, Doug Anthony.

Scullin 1986—The seat was retained for ALP by Henry Alfred Jenkins who succeeded his father Dr Henry Alfred Jenkins.

Adelaide 1988—The ALP lost this seat with a swing of 8.4 per cent against the ALP Government. The successful Liberal Party candidate, Michael Pratt, lost the seat at the next general election.

Port Adelaide 1988—An 11.1 per cent swing against the ALP Government was insufficient for the Liberal Party to win the seat. The ALP's Rod Sawford was the winning candidate.

Groom 1988—The Liberal Party candidate, Bill Taylor, won the seat previously held by the National Party.

Oxley 1988—The prospective appointment of former Opposition Leader, Bill Hayden, as Governor-General caused the vacancy in this safe ALP seat. The ALP candidate, Les Scott, was successful despite an 11.8 per cent swing against the ALP Government.

Gwydir 1989—John Anderson retained this seat for the National Party following the resignation of sitting member Ralph Hunt. Anderson defeated two independent candidates to win the seat.

Menzies 1991—Kevin Andrews retained this seat for the Liberal Party following the resignation of sitting member Neil Brown.

Wills 1992—At that time a record number of 22 candidates (equalled in 2009 in Bradfield) contested this ALP seat vacated by the former Prime Minister, Bob Hawke. Prominent local identity, Phil Cleary, won the seat to become the only independent candidate to win a Commonwealth by-election. The by-election result was voided by a Court of Disputed Returns. Mr Cleary was in contravention of Section 44(iv) of the Constitution and the Liberal and Labor candidates contravened Section 44(i). A subsequent by-election was not held because of the impending general election.

Werriwa 1994—The ALP retained this safe seat despite a swing against the ALP Government of 6.3 per cent. The successful candidate was Mark Latham.

Fremantle 1994—Former Western Australian Premier, Carmen Lawrence, retained this seat for the ALP with a swing of 1.0 per cent to the government.

Bonython 1994—Despite a swing of 7.8 per cent against the ALP, Martyn Evans retained this seat for the government.

Mackellar 1994—Liberal candidate, ex-Senator Bronwyn Bishop, easily retained this safe Liberal Party seat. Prominent writer, Bob Ellis (Ind), received 23.1 per cent of the first preference vote in the absence of a Labor Party candidate.

Warringah 1994¾This seat was retained for the Liberal Party by Tony Abbott. The ALP did not stand a candidate in this safe seat.

Kooyong 1994—The seat was retained for the Liberal Party by Petro Georgiou, following the resignation of sitting member and former Leader of the Opposition, Andrew Peacock. In the absence of an ALP candidate the Greens candidate, Peter Singer, received 28.0 per cent of the vote.

Canberra 1995—After initially considering not to contest this fairly safe ALP seat, the Liberal Party ultimately decided to enter the race and won the seat from the government with a record swing of 16.1 per cent. The successful candidate, Brendan Smyth, lost the seat at the following general election.

Wentworth 1995—Despite being classified as a marginal Liberal seat the ALP did not contest this by-election caused by former Leader of the Opposition, John Hewson. The winning Liberal candidate was Andrew Thomson.

Blaxland 1996—The seat was retained for the ALP by Michael Hatton, following the resignation of former Prime Minister, Paul Keating. The government did not contest this safe seat.

Lindsay 1996—The 1996 general election result for Lindsay was voided by a Court of Disputed Returns. At the by-election the successful Liberal candidate at the general election, Jackie Kelly, won with a swing of 5.0 per cent to the government.

Fraser 1997—The seat was retained for the ALP by Steve Dargavel, following the resignation of sitting member, John Langmore. At the subsequent general election, the ACT's representation in the House of Representatives was reduced to two seats. Dargavel did not contest ALP pre-selection so that Bob McMullan, Member for Canberra, could contest Fraser.

Holt 1999—The seat was retained for the ALP by Anthony Byrne, following the resignation of sitting member, Gareth Evans.

137.         Isaacs 2000—This was the first by-election since McPherson 1981 which was caused by the suicide of the sitting member, Greg Wilton. The LP did not contest this fairly safe Labor seat. Retained for the ALP by Ann Corcoran.

138.         Ryan 2001—The ALP candidate, Leonie Short, won this fairly safe Liberal seat following the retirement of John Moore. The swing of 9.7 per cent against the government was just sufficient for Short to succeed. She lost the seat in the following general election.

139.         Aston 2001—A field of fifteen candidates contested the by-election in this marginal government seat. It was retained for the Liberal Party by Chris Pearce, following the death of sitting member, Peter Nugent.

140.         Cunningham 2002—Greens candidate, Michael Organ, won this safe Labor seat following the resignation of sitting member, Stephen Martin. For the first time since Maranoa in 1921 an Opposition-held seat was lost in a by-election. The winning candidate received 23.0 per cent of the vote, the lowest winning first preference vote of any Commonwealth by-election. This was the first by-election victory by a minor party candidate since Echuca in 1919. The ALP regained the seat at the 2004 general election.

141.         Werriwa 2005—Mark Latham had won Werriwa for the ALP in a by-election in 1994. It was his resignation from the seat soon after his resignation as Leader of the Opposition that caused this by-election. Sixteen candidates contested the by-election, the third-highest total since 1901, with the seat being retained by the ALP.

142.         Gippsland 2008—Peter McGauran (NP) had held Gippsland for 25 years, the longest term of the Federation electorate’s eight members to that time. The by-election was contested by National, Liberal, Labor and Green candidates, but Darren Chester continued the Country/National Party hold of the seat that dated back to 1922.

143.         Lyne 2008—First contested in 1949, Lyne had been held by four Country/National MPs, including Mark Vaile, the party leader between 2005 and 2007. Former National, and later independent MLA, Rob Oakeshott, (1996–2008), was elected as an independent with a first preference vote of 63.8 per cent. The Labor Party did not contest the by-election.

144.         Mayo 2008—Former Liberal Party leader and later Minister for Foreign Affairs, Alexander Downer, had been the first and only Member for Mayo when he retired after serving 23 years. Labor did not contest the by-election which was won for the Liberal Party by Jamie Briggs.

145.         Bradfield 2009—Former Howard government minister and Liberal Party leader, Brendan Nelson, retired to take up Ambassadorships to the European Communities, Belgium and Luxembourg and posts as Representative to NATO and Special Representative to WHO. Labor did not stand a candidate in the by-election which was contested by an equal record number of 22 candidates. The blue ribbon Liberal seat was easily retained by Paul Fletcher.

146.         Higgins 2009—The resignation of former Howard government Treasurer, Peter Costello, triggered only the second by-election to be held in this fairly safe Liberal Party seat (the first being in 1968 after Prime Minister Harold Holt was presumed dead). Labor did not contest this by-election which was won by Costello’s former advisor, Kelly O’Dwyer.

147.         Griffith 2014—Former Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, resigned after leading the ALP government to a loss at the 2013 election in his second stint as Prime Minister. Terri Butler retained the marginal seat for the ALP despite a two-party preferred swing against the ALP of 1.3 per cent.

148.         Canning 2015—Don Randall, the member for Canning since 2001 and former member for Swan 1993–1998, died suddenly. The subsequent by-election was being seen as a litmus test of the Abbott led Coalition government; however, Malcolm Turnbull became Prime Minister four days before the poll. Andrew Hastie retained the seat for the Liberals and the 6.6 per cent swing against the government was not as high as the double digit swing predicted by the polls.

149.         North Sydney 2015—This safe seat was vacated by former Abbott government Treasurer, Joe Hockey. A controversial pre-selection process saw former Hockey staffer, Trent Zimmerman, represent the Liberal Party. The ALP chose not to contest the poll. A field of 13 candidates stood and Zimmerman needed preferences to win the seat after a 12.5 per cent first preference swing against the Liberals.

150.         New England 2017—Due to contravention of Section 44(i) of the Constitution, the Court of Disputed Returns declared invalid the 2016 election of Barnaby Joyce, National Party leader and Deputy Prime Minister. After renouncing his New Zealand citizenship Joyce successfully re-contested for this seat and, despite the third largest field of candidates in a by-election, gained a substantial 12.6 per cent swing on first preferences.

151.         Bennelong 2017—Liberal John Alexander resigned from this fairly safe seat after declaring himself a dual citizen. After renouncing his British citizenship Alexander re-contested but, although successful, the two-party preferred swing of 4.8 per cent against the Coalition turned this into a marginal seat.

Appendix 4: By-election timing, 1901–2017

Division

Previous Election

Date Vacated

By-election date

Next Election

Elapsed Time (days)

Reason

Vacated
to by-election

After
previous election

Before
next election

Darling Downs (Qld)

30.03.01

08.08.01

14.09.01

16.12.03

37

168

823

Died

Tasmania

29.03.01

06.02.02

26.03.02

16.12.03

48

362

630

Died

East Sydney (NSW)

29.03.01

18.08.03

04.09.03

16.12.03

17

889

103

Resigned

Wilmot (Tas)

16.12.03

02.02.04

26.02.04

12.12.06

24

72

1020

Died

Melbourne (Vic)

16.12.03

10.03.04

30.03.04

12.12.06

20

105

987

Election voided

Riverina (NSW)

16.12.03

13.04.04

18.05.04

12.12.06

35

154

938

Election voided

Echuca (Vic)

12.12.06

10.06.07

10.07.07

13.04.10

30

210

1008

Election voided

Adelaide (SA)

12.12.06

11.05.08

13.06.08

13.04.10

33

549

669

Died

Wakefield (SA)

12.12.06

23.07.09

28.08.09

13.04.10

36

990

228

Died

Kooyong (Vic)

13.04.10

26.07.10

24.08.10

31.05.13

29

133

1011

Resigned

Batman (Vic)

13.04.10

18.12.10

08.02.11

31.05.13

52

301

843

Died

North Sydney (NSW)

13.04.10

04.02.11

11.03.11

31.05.13

35

332

812

Died

Boothby (SA)

13.04.10

08.10.11

11.11.11

31.05.13

34

577

567

Died

Werriwa (NSW)

13.04.10

01.04.12

01.06.12

31.05.13

61

780

364

Resigned

Kalgoorlie (WA)

31.05.13

25.11.13

22.12.13

05.09.14

27

205

257

Died

Adelaide (SA)

31.05.13

02.12.13

10.01.14

05.09.14

39

224

238

Died

Bendigo (Vic)

05.09.14

09.12.14

06.02.15

05.05.17

59

154

819

Died

Grampians (Vic)

05.09.14

01.01.15

20.02.15

05.05.17

50

168

805

Died

Dalley (NSW)

05.09.14

02.04.15

06.05.15

05.05.17

33

243

880

Died

Wide Bay (Qld)

05.09.14

26.10.15

11.12.15

05.05.17

46

462

511

Resigned

Darwin (Tas)

05.05.17

10.05.17

30.06.17

13.12.19

51

56

896

Died

Grampians (Vic)

05.05.17

15.09.17

27.10.17

13.12.19

42

175

777

Died

Flinders (Vic)

05.05.17

05.04.18

11.05.18

13.12.19

36

371

581

Resigned

Swan (WA)

05.05.17

02.09.18

26.10.18

13.12.19

54

539

413

Died

Corangamite (Vic)

05.05.17

23.10.18

14.12.18

13.12.19

52

588

364

Died

Echuca (Vic)

05.05.17

14.08.19

20.09.19

13.12.19

37

868

84

Died

Ballaarat (Vic)

13.12.19

02.06.20

10.07.20

16.12.22

38

210

889

Election voided

Kalgoorlie (WA)

13.12.19

12.11.20

18.12.20

16.12.22

36

371

728

Expelled

Maranoa (Qld)

13.12.19

03.06.21

30.07.21

16.12.22

57

595

504

Died

West Sydney (NSW)

13.12.19

01.08.21

03.09.21

16.12.22

33

630

469

Died

Parramatta (NSW)

13.12.19

11.11.21

10.12.21

16.12.22

29

728

371

Resigned

Yarra (Vic)

13.12.19

10.01.22

18.02.22

16.12.22

39

798

301

Died

Eden-Monaro (NSW)

14.11.25

12.01.26

06.03.26

17.11.28

53

113

987

Died

Dalley (NSW)

14.11.25

18.01.27

26.02.27

17.11.28

39

469

630

Resigned

Warringah (NSW)

14.11.25

13.04.27

21.05.27

17.11.28

38

553

546

Resigned

Martin (NSW)

14.11.25

07.05.28

16.06.28

17.11.28

40

945

154

Died

Wide Bay (Qld)

14.11.25

31.07.28

03.09.28

17.11.28

34

1024

75

Died

Balaclava (Vic)

17.11.28

05.07.29

03.08.29

12.10.29

29

259

70

Resigned

Franklin (Tas)

12.10.29

22.10.29

14.12.29

19.12.31

53

63

735

Died

Parkes (NSW)

12.10.29

19.12.30

31.01.31

19.12.31

43

476

322

Resigned

East Sydney (NSW)

12.10.29

05.02.31

07.03.31

19.12.31

30

511

287

Died

East Sydney (NSW)

19.12.31

15.01.32

06.02.32

15.09.34

22

49

952

Died

Flinders (Vic)

19.12.31

06.10.33

11.11.33

15.09.34

36

693

308

Resigned

Newcastle (NSW)

15.09.34

08.04.35

01.06.35

23.10.37

54

259

875

Died

Fawkner (Vic)

15.09.34

25.06.35

17.08.35

23.10.37

53

336

798

Died

Kennedy (Qld)

15.09.34

15.10.36

12.12.36

23.10.37

58

819

315

Died

Darling Downs (Qld)

15.09.34

06.11.36

19.12.36

23.10.37

43

826

308

Died

Gwydir (NSW)

15.09.34

28.03.37

08.05.37

23.10.37

41

966

168

Resigned

Wakefield (SA)

23.10.37

25.10.38

10.12.38

21.09.40

46

413

651

Died

Griffith (Qld)

23.10.37

28.03.39

20.05.39

21.09.40

53

574

490

Died

Wilmot (Tas)

23.10.37

07.04.39

27.05.39

21.09.40

50

581

483

Died

Corio (Vic)

23.10.37

30.01.40

02.03.40

21.09.40

32

861

203

Resigned

Kalgoorlie (WA)

21.09.40

02.10.40

16.11.40

21.08.43

45

56

1008

Died

Swan (WA)

21.09.40

15.11.40

21.12.40

21.08.43

36

91

973

Died

Boothby (SA)

21.09.40

23.04.41

24.05.41

21.08.43

31

245

819

Died

Fremantle (WA)

21.08.43

5.07.45

18.08.45

28.09.46

44

728

406

Died

Wimmera (Vic)

21.08.43

31.12.45

09.02.46

28.09.46

40

903

231

Resigned

Henty (Vic)

21.08.43

11.02.46

30.03.46

28.09.46

47

952

182

Resigned

Balaclava (Vic)

28.04.51

20.06.51

28.07.51

29.05.54

38

53

1036

Resigned

Macquarie (NSW)

28.04.51

13.06.51

28.07.51

29.05.54

45

46

1036

Died

Lyne (NSW)

28.04.51

28.01.52

22.03.52

29.05.54

54

275

798

Died

Flinders (Vic)

28.04.51

26.08.52

18.10.52

29.05.54

53

486

588

Died

Werriwa (NSW)

28.04.51

01.10.52

29.11.52

29.05.54

59

522

546

Died

Bradfield (NSW)

28.04.51

28.10.52

20.12.52

29.05.54

53

549

525

Died

Dalley (NSW)

28.04.51

21.03.53

09.05.53

29.05.54

49

693

385

Died

Corangamite (Vic)

28.04.51

10.06.53

29.08.53

29.05.54

80

774

273

Died

Lang (NSW)

28.04.51

13.07.53

29.08.53

29.05.54

47

807

273

Died

Gwydir (NSW)

28.04.51

15.11.53

19.12.53

29.05.54

34

932

161

Died

Cook (NSW)

29.05.54

26.03.55

21.05.55

10.12.55

56

301

203

Died

Cunningham (NSW)

10.12.55

17.02.56

11.04.56

22.11.58

54

69

955

Died

Barker (SA)

10.12.55

09.08.56

13.10.56

22.11.58

65

243

770

Died

Wentworth (NSW)

10.12.55

17.10.56

08.12.56

22.11.58

52

312

714

Resigned

Richmond (NSW)

10.12.55

12.07.57

14.09.57

22.11.58

64

580

434

Died

Parramatta (NSW)

10.12.55

10.02.58

08.03.58

22.11.58

26

793

259

Resigned

Hunter (NSW)

22.11.58

10.02.60

09.04.60

09.12.61

59

445

609

Resigned

La Trobe (Vic)

22.11.58

10.02.60

09.04.60

09.12.61

59

445

609

Resigned

Balaclava (Vic)

22.11.58

02.06.60

16.07.60

09.12.61

44

558

511

Resigned

Bendigo (Vic)

22.11.58

01.05.60

16.07.60

09.12.61

76

526

511

Died

Calare (NSW)

22.11.58

28.09.60

05.11.60

09.12.61

38

676

399

Resigned

Higinbotham (Vic)

22.11.58

16.10.60

10.12.60

09.12.61

55

694

364

Died

Batman (Vic)

09.12.61

21.07.62

01.09.62

30.11.63

42

224

455

Died

Grey (SA)

09.12.61

31.03.63

01.06.63

30.11.63

62

477

182

Died

East Sydney (NSW)

09.12.61

31.07.63

28.09.63

30.11.63

59

599

63

Died

Denison (Tas)

30.11.63

24.12.63

15.02.64

26.11.66

53

24

1015

Died

Angas (SA)

30.11.63

23.04.64

20.06.64

26.11.66

58

145

889

Resigned

Parramatta (NSW)

30.11.63

24.04.64

20.06.64

26.11.66

57

146

889

Resigned

Robertson (NSW)

30.11.63

30.09.64

05.12.64

26.11.66

66

305

721

Resigned

Riverina (NSW)

30.11.63

21.01.65

27.02.65

26.11.66

37

418

637

Resigned

Dawson (Qld)

30.11.63

09.01.66

26.02.66

26.11.66

48

771

273

Died

Kooyong (Vic)

30.11.63

17.02.66

02.04.66

26.11.66

44

810

238

Resigned

Corio (Vic)

26.11.66

10.06.67

22.07.67

25.10.69

42

196

826

Resigned

Capricornia (Qld)

26.11.66

02.08.67

30.09.67

25.10.69

59

249

756

Died

Higgins (Vic)

26.11.66

19.12.67

24.02.68

25.10.69

67

388

609

Presumed dead

Curtin (WA)

26.11.66

10.02.69

19.04.69

25.10.69

68

807

189

Resigned

Bendigo (Vic)

26.11.66

09.04.69

07.06.69

25.10.69

59

865

140

Resigned

Gwydir (NSW)

26.11.66

30.04.69

07.06.69

25.10.69

38

886

140

Resigned

Aust Cap Territory (ACT)

25.10.69

01.04.70

30.05.70

02.12.72

59

158

917

Died

Chisholm (Vic)

25.10.69

31.07.70

19.09.70

02.12.72

50

279

805

Died

Murray (Vic)

25.10.69

01.02.71

20.03.71

02.12.72

47

464

623

Resigned

Parramatta (NSW)

02.12.72

11.07.73

22.09.73

18.05.74

73

221

238

Resigned

Bass (Tas)

18.05.74

02.06.75

28.06.75

13.12.75

26

380

168

Resigned

Cunningham (NSW)

13.12.75

22.08.77

15.10.77

10.12.77

54

618

56

Died

Werriwa (NSW)

10.12.77

31.07.78

23.09.78

18.10.80

54

233

756

Resigned

Grayndler (NSW)

10.12.77

16.04.79

23.06.79

18.10.80

68

492

483

Died

Boothby (SA)

18.10.80

22.01.81

21.02.81

05.03.83

30

96

742

Resigned

Curtin (WA)

18.10.80

22.01.81

21.02.81

05.03.83

30

96

742

Resigned

McPherson (Qld)

18.10.80

07.01.81

21.02.81

05.03.83

45

81

742

Died

Wentworth (NSW)

18.10.80

17.02.81

11.04.81

05.03.83

53

122

693

Resigned

Lowe (NSW)

18.10.80

04.01.82

13.03.82

05.03.83

68

443

357

Resigned

Flinders (Vic)

18.10.80

22.10.82

04.12.82

05.03.83

43

734

91

Resigned

Wannon (Vic)

05.03.83

31.03.83

07.05.83

01.12.84

37

26

574

Resigned

Bruce (Vic)

05.03.83

21.04.83

28.05.83

01.12.84

37

47

553

Resigned

Moreton (Qld)

05.03.83

15.08.83

05.11.83

01.12.84

82

163

392

Resigned

Corangamite (Vic)

05.03.83

18.01.84

18.02.84

01.12.84

31

319

287

Resigned

Hughes (NSW)

05.03.83

19.12.83

18.02.84

01.12.84

61

289

287

Resigned

Richmond (NSW)

05.03.83

18.01.84

18.02.84

01.12.84

31

319

287

Resigned

Scullin (Vic)

01.12.84

20.12.85

08.02.86

11.07.87

50

384

518

Resigned

Adelaide (SA)

11.07.87

31.12.87

06.02.88

24.03.90

37

173

777

Resigned

Port Adelaide (SA)

11.07.87

08.02.88

26.03.88

24.03.90

47

212

728

Resigned

Groom (Qld)

11.07.87

29.02.88

09.04.88

24.03.90

40

233

714

Resigned

Oxley (Qld)

11.07.87

17.08.88

08.10.88

24.03.90

52

403

532

Resigned

Gwydir (NSW)

11.07.87

24.02.89

15.04.89

24.03.90

50

594

343

Resigned

Menzies (Vic)

24.03.90

25.02.91

11.05.91

13.03.93

75

338

672

Resigned

Wills (Vic)

24.03.90

20.02.92

11.04.92

13.03.93

51

698

336

Resigned

Werriwa (NSW)

13.03.93

22.12.93

29.01.94

02.03.96

38

284

763

Resigned

Fremantle (WA)

13.03.93

04.02.94

12.03.94

02.03.96

36

328

721

Resigned

Bonython (SA)

13.03.93

11.02.94

19.03.94

02.03.96

36

335

714

Resigned

Mackellar (NSW)

13.03.93

14.01.94

26.03.94

02.03.96

71

307

707

Resigned

Warringah (NSW)

13.03.93

18.02.94

26.03.94

02.03.96

36

342

707

Resigned

Kooyong (Vic)

13.03.93

17.09.94

19.11.94

02.03.96

63

553

469

Resigned

Canberra (ACT)

13.03.93

30.01.95

25.03.95

02.03.96

54

688

343

Resigned

Wentworth (NSW)

13.03.93

28.02.95

08.04.95

02.03.96

39

717

329

Resigned

Blaxland (NSW)

02.03.96

23.04.96

15.06.96

03.10.98

53

52

840

Resigned

Lindsay (NSW)

02.03.96

11.09.96

19.10.96

03.10.98

38

193

714

Election voided

Fraser (ACT)

02.03.96

06.12.96

01.02.97

03.10.98

57

279

609

Resigned

Holt (Vic)

03.10.98

30.09.99

06.11.99

10.11.01

37

362

735

Resigned

Isaacs (Vic)

03.10.98

14.06.00

12.08.00

10.11.01

59

620

455

Died

Ryan (Qld)

03.10.98

05.02.01

17.03.01

10.11.01

40

856

238

Resigned

Aston (Vic)

03.10.98

24.04.01

14.07.01

10.11.01

81

1015

119

Died

Cunningham (NSW)

10.11.01

16.08.02

19.10.02

09.10.04

64

279

721

Resigned

Werriwa (NSW)

09.10.04

21.01.05

19.03.05

24.11.07

57

161

980

Resigned

Gippsland (Vic)

24.11.07

09.04.08

28.06.08

21.08.10

80

217

784

Resigned

Lyne (NSW)

24.11.07

30.07.08

06.09.08

21.08.10

38

287

714

Resigned

Mayo (SA)

24.11.07

14.07.08

06.09.08

21.08.10

54

287

714

Resigned

Bradfield (NSW)

24.11.07

19.10.09

05.12.09

21.08.10

47

742

259

Resigned

Higgins (Vic)

24.11.07

19.10.09

05.12.09

21.08.10

47

742

259

Resigned

Griffith (Qld)

07.09.13

22.11.13

08.02.14

02.07.16

78

154

875

Resigned

Canning (WA)

07.09.13

21.07.15

19.09.15

02.07.16

60

742

287

Died

North Sydney (NSW)

07.09.13

23.10.15

05.12.15

02.07.16

43

819

210

Resigned

New England (NSW)

02.07.16

27.10.17

02.12.17

..

36

518

..

Election voided

Bennelong (NSW)

02.07.16

11.11.17

16.12.17

..

35

532

..

Resigned

Appendix 5: Sources on by-elections in Australia

General studies

Australian Electoral Office, Commonwealth by-elections 1901-82, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1983.

Bennett S, House of Representatives by-elections 1901-2002, Current issues brief, 15, 2002–03, Department of the Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 2003.

Bennett S, Winning and losing: Australian national elections, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1996.

Economou N, A new constituency or a glitch in the system? A note on recent AAFI federal by-election results, People and Place, 2(2), 1994, pp. 30–35.

Economou N, The trouble-maker’s ballot box? A note on the evolving role of the Australian federal by-election, Australian Journal of Political Science, 34(2), July 1999, pp. 239–247.

Electoral Commission of South Australia, South Australian by-elections, 1851-2013 (Legislative Council and House of Assembly), Research series, Adelaide, 2014.

Feigert F and Norris P, Do by-elections constitute referenda? A four-country comparison, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 15(2), May 1990, pp. 183-200.

Feigert F and Norris P, Government and third-party performance in mid-term by-elections: the Canadian, British and Australian experience, Electoral Studies, 8(2), August 1989, pp. 117–130.

Goot M, Swings and roundabouts: New South Wales by-elections 1941 to 1986, Background paper, 1, 1987, New South Wales Parliamentary Library, Sydney, 1987.

Green A, NSW by-elections, 1965-2005, Background paper, 3, 2005, NSW Parliamentary Library, Sydney, September 2005.

Green A, Causes and timing of federal by-elections 1992-2015, Antony Green’s Election Blog, July 2015.

Hull C, By-elections: maybe it’s time to get by without, The Canberra Times, 17 January 2002.

Isaacs, V, The case of the missing premier–A strange parliamentary practice, Australian Parliamentary Review, 20(1), Autumn 2005, pp. 34–53.

Mackerras M, Shifting sands of by-elections, The Canberra Times, 25 April 2001.

Miragliotta N and Sharman C, Managing midterm vacancies: institutional design and partisan strategy in the Australian parliament, 1901-2013, Australian Journal of Political Science, 52(3), March 2017, pp. 351-366.

Steketee M, Viable remedies for voter fatigue, The Australian, 22 March 2001.

Case studies

Commonwealth

Bennett S, The Cunningham by-election 2002, Research note, 18, 2002–03, Department of the Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 2002.

Burns C, Parties and people: a survey based on the La Trobe electorate, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1961.

Cahill D, The rise and fall of the Australian Greens: the 2002 Cunningham by-election and its implications, Australian Journal of Political Science, 43(2), June 2008, pp. 259–275.

Costar B, How to misinterpret by-election results’, Australian Policy Online, 2 July 2008.

Grattan M, The Kooyong by-election, 1966, Supplement to Politics, 1(2), November 1966, pp. 3-18.

Green A, Review of the minor party preference flows at the Canning by-election, Antony Green’s Election Blog, January 2016.

Green A, Review of preferences at the North Sydney by-election, Antony Green’s Election Blog, November 2015.

Hoffman R and Costar B, ‘Not going Green: the Higgins by-election of 2009, Australian Journal of Political Science, 45(4), December 2010, pp. 693–703.

Hughes CA, ‘The Capricornia by-election, 1967,’ Australian Quarterly, December 1967, pp. 7–20.

Hughes CA, ‘The Dawson by-election, 1966,’ Australian Journal of Politics and History, April 1966, pp. 12–23.

Kelly P, ‘The battle for Bass’, in The unmaking of Gough, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1994, pp. 193–202.

Mayer H and Rydon J, The Gwydir by-election 1953: a study in political conflict, Australian National University Social Science Monographs, Canberra, 1954.

Newman G, By-elections 37th Parliament, Research note, 35, 1994–95, Department of the Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 1995.

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[1].               S Barber, House of Representatives by-elections 1901-2015, Research paper series, 2015-16, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 2016, accessed 8 January 2018.

[2].               Figures from Chamber Research Office, Department of the House of Representatives.

[3].              The average age of new members was 45.4 years over the last four Parliaments (42nd to 45th); however, this only increases the average age of new members since 1977 to just over 43 years.

[4].              For example, in the period 1901–1910, a 45 year old male (female) could expect to live another 24.8 (27.6) years while, in 2014–16, the additional life expectancy is 37.1 (40.6) years. Sources: ABS, Australian historical population statistics, 2014, 3105.0.65.001, tables 6.2 and 6.6; and ABS, Life tables, States, Territories and Australia, 2014–16, 3302.0.55.001, table 1.9, accessed 8 January 2018.

[5].               Australian Constitution, section 33, accessed 8 January 2018.

[6].               Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth), accessed 8 January 2018.

[7].               Such a short period is no longer possible under the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918.

[8].               ‘Elections and the electoral system’, in IE Harris, ed, House of Representatives practice, 6th edn, Department of the House of Representatives, Canberra, 2012, pp. 92-94, accessed 8 January 2018.

[9].               A Summers, Gamble for power: how Bob Hawke beat Malcolm Fraser, the 1983 Federal election, Nelson, Melbourne, 1983, p. 63.

[10].               ‘Members’ in IE Harris, ed, House of Representatives practice, op. cit., pp. 154-157.

[11].               S Bennett, The Cunningham by-election 2002, Research note, 18, 2002–03, Department of the Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 2002, accessed 8 January 2018.

[12]12..               Note: The enrolment figure for the first by-election in Darling Downs in 1901 is not available, therefore, turnout cannot be calculated. Also the four by-elections contested by a single candidate are excluded from the calculations in this section.

[13].               Perhaps, surprisingly, the academic literature on by-elections in Australia is quite sparse, see Appendix 5.

[14].               No effort is made to look at two-party preferred figures between the introduction of preferential voting in 1918 and 1949, due to the difficulty in establishing such figures for the earlier period. All swing figures used in the paper are calculated on two-party preferred votes unless where otherwise indicated.

[15].               There were 22 candidates at the Wills by-election and the first preference swing against the ALP candidate was 19.3 per cent.

[16].               For general notes on by-elections, see Appendix 3.

[17].               IE Harris, ed., House of Representatives practice, op. cit., p. 157.

[18].               Parliamentary Privileges Act 1987, accessed 5 June 2014.

[19].               P Kelly, The unmaking of Gough, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1994, pp. 234–5.

[20].               M Gordon, A true believer: Paul Keating, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1996, pp. 297–301.

[21].               E Page, Truant surgeon: the inside story of forty years of Australian political life, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1963, pp. 284–6.

[22].               G Freudenberg, A certain grandeur: Gough Whitlam in politics, Rev. and updated ed, Penguin, Melbourne, 2009, pp. 35–9.

[23].               Summers, Gamble for power, op. cit., pp. 13, 63.

[24].               L Taylor, ‘Poll result a blow to Bishop Libs’, The Australian, 29 March 1994.

[25].               David Feeney resigned on 1 February 2018 triggering a by-election which will be held on 17 March 2018,

[26]. Citizenship saga: Labor bid to send nine more MPs to High Court fails but ALP backbencher David Feeney referred, ABC News, 6 December 2017, accessed 8 January 2018.