House of Representatives By-elections 1949-2001 (Current Issues Brief 12 2000-0)

Current Issues Brief 12 2000-01

House of Representatives By-elections 1949-2001

Gerard Newman
Statistics Group
3 April 2001

Major Issues
Introduction
Schedule of House Of Representatives By-elections, 1949-2001
Reasons for Vacancies
Results and Swings
Seats Lost at By-elections 1949-2001
Timing
Notes on Selected By-elections
Appendix 1 By-election Timing: By-elections 1949-2001
Appendix 2 Electoral Division Details

Party Abbreviations and Symbols

*	Party holding seat before by-election
n.a.	not applicable

AAP	Advance Australia Party	HMP	Help End Marijuana Prohibition
AC	Australian Constitutionalist	ILab	Independent Labor
AFI	Australians Against Further Immigration	ILib	Independent Liberal
ALP	Australian Labor Party	ILCL	Independent Liberal Country League
ANAG	Australian National Action Group	LibF	Liberal Forum
AP	Australia Party	LP	Liberal Party
APPG	Australian Pensioner Pressure Group	LRG	Liberal Reform Group
AR	Australian Republican	NA	National Alliance
ARM	Australian Reform Movement	NAP	New Australian Party
ASP	Australian Shooters Party	NHP	National Humanitarian Party
Com	Communist Party	NLP	Natural Law Party
CP	Country Party	NP	National Party
CRep	Constitutional Republican	NSP	National Socialist Party
CTA	Call to Australia	PCP	Progressive Conservative Party
Dem	Australian Democrats	PORP	Property Owners' Rights Party
DLP	Democratic Labor Party	PP	Progress Party
DOGS	Council for the Defence of Government Schools	SPA	Socialist Party of Australia
DSP	Deadly Serious Party	RARI	Reclaim Australia: Reduce Immigration
FLR	Family Law Reform Party	RPA	Republican Party of Australia
FPA	Federal Party of Australia	SWP	Socialist Workers' Party
FST	Australia First Party	UAP	Unite Australia Party
Grn	Greens	UTG	United Tasmanian Group
Gry	Grey Power	UM	Uninflated Movement
Ind	Independent	UWU	Unemployed Workers Union
GWA	The Greens (WA)	VOTE	Voice of the Elderly

Major Issues

During the period 1949 to the end of March 2001 there have been 80 by-elections for the House of Representatives. Assuming that there are no more by-elections during the life of the 39^th Parliament, this will mean an average of four by-elections for each of the twenty parliaments in the period.

Of the 80 by-elections held during the period, 28 have occurred because of the death of the member, 51 as the result of the resignation of the member and one because the result in the Electoral Division at the previous general election was voided by a Court of Disputed Returns (Lindsay 1996).

On only eleven occasions has the sitting party lost the seat at a by-election. The Labor Party has won five seats from the Coalition (Flinders 1952, Dawson 1966, Corio 1967, Lowe 1982, and Ryan 2001), but has lost three seats to the Liberal Party (Bass 1975, Adelaide 1988, and Canberra 1995) and lost one seat to an Independent (Wills 1992). The Liberal Party has won one seat from their Coalition partners (Groom 1988) while the National Party has won one seat from the Liberal Party (Calare 1960).

Most (60.8%) by-elections caused by the resignation of the sitting member have occurred in safe seats. Only eight by-elections have occurred in marginal seats.

The average two party preferred swing against the government in all by-elections during the period was 4.0%, while the average swing in government held seats was 5.0%. The largest two party swing against the government occurred in Canberra in 1995 (16.1%) while the largest swing to the government occurred in McPherson in 1981 (16.2%). There have been swings to the government of the day in only twelve by-elections during the period.

An increasing tendency over the period has been for the government of the day not to contest by-elections in seats held by the opposition. Since 1989, governments have not contested any by-elections in opposition held seats. In only one by-election during the whole period (Bradfield 1952) has the opposition not contested a government held seat.

Introduction

By-elections are held to fill vacancies in the House of Representatives resulting from the death, resignation, absence without leave, expulsion, disqualification or ineligibility of a Member. The Constitution (section 33) confers on the Speaker of the House of Representatives the power to issue a writ for the election of a new Member. There is no prescribed time period for the issuing of writs following a vacancy and it is possible to avoid a by-election if a general election is pending (e.g. a vacancy in the Division of Wills occurred on 25 November 1992 following a Court of Disputed Returns but no by-election was held pending the March 1993 general election).

This paper provides details of each by-election for the House of Representatives from the 1949 election to March 2001. All swing figures used in the paper are calculated on two party preferred votes except where otherwise indicated.

Schedule of House Of Representatives By-elections, 1949-2001

Date	Division	Member Elected	Previous Member	Reason for Vacancy
28.7.51	Balaclava (Vic)	Joske PE (LP)	White TW (LP)	Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to Great Britain.
28.7.51	Macquarie (NSW)	Luchetti AS (ALP)	Chifley JB (ALP)	Died
22.3.52	Lyne (NSW)	Lucock PE (CP)	Eggins EJ (CP)	Died
18.10.52	Flinders (Vic)	Ewert KWW (ALP)	Ryan RS (LP)	Died
29.11.52	Werriwa (NSW)	Whitlam EG (ALP)	Lazzarini HP (ALP)	Died
20.12.52	Bradfield (NSW)	Turner HB (LP)	Hughes WM (LP)	Died
9.5.53	Dalley (NSW)	Greenup AE (ALP)	Rosevear JS (ALP)	Died
29.8.53	Corangamite (Vic)	Mackinnon ED (LP)	McDonald AM (LP)	Died
29.8.53	Lang (NSW)	Stewart FE (ALP)	Mulcahy D (ALP)	Died
19.12.53	Gwydir (NSW)	Allan AI (CP)	Treloar TJ (CP)	Died
21.5.55	Cook (NSW)	Cope JF (ALP)	Sheehan T (ALP)	Died
11.4.56	Cunningham (NSW)	Kearney VD (ALP)	Davies W (ALP)	Died
13.10.56	Barker (SA)	Forbes AJ (LP)	Cameron AG (LP)	Died
8.12.56	Wentworth (NSW)	Bury LHE (LP)	Harrison EJ (LP)	Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to Great Britain.
14.9.57	Richmond (NSW)	Anthony JD (CP)	Anthony HL (CP)	Died
8.3.58	Parramatta (NSW)	Barwick GEJ (LP)	Beale OH (LP)	Resigned. Appointed Ambassador to USA.
9.4.60	Hunter (NSW)	James AW (ALP)	Evatt HV (ALP)	Resigned. Appointed Chief Justice of NSW.
9.4.60	La Trobe (Vic)	Jess JD (LP)	Casey RG (LP)	Resigned
16.7.60	Balaclava (Vic)	Whittorn RH (LP)	Joske PE (LP)	Resigned. Appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of the ACT.
16.7.60	Bendigo (Vic)	Beaton NL (ALP)	Clarey PJ (ALP)	Died
5.11.60	Calare (NSW)	England JA (CP)	Howse JB (LP)	Resigned
10.12.60	Higinbotham (Vic)	Chipp DL (LP)	Timson TF (LP)	Died
1.9.62	Batman (Vic)	Benson SJ (ALP)	Bird AC (ALP)	Died
1.6.63	Grey (SA)	Mortimer J (ALP)	Russell EHD (ALP)	Died
28.9.63	East Sydney (NSW)	Devine LT (ALP)	Ward EJ (ALP)	Died
15.2.64	Denison (Tas)	Gibson A (LP)	Townley AG (LP)	Died
20.6.64	Angas (SA)	Giles GO (LP)	Downer AR (LP)	Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to Great Britain.
20.6.64	Parramatta (NSW)	Bowen NH (LP)	Barwick GEJ (LP)	Resigned. Appointed Chief Justice of High Court.
5.12.64	Robertson (NSW)	Bridges-Maxwell CW (LP)	Dean RL (LP)	Resigned. Appointed Administrator of NT.
27.2.65	Riverina (NSW)	Armstrong AA (CP)	Robertson HS (CP)	Resigned. Appointed Ambassador to Ireland.
26.2.66	Dawson (Qld)	Patterson RA (ALP)	Shaw GW (CP)	Died
2.4.66	Kooyong (Vic)	Peacock AS (LP)	Menzies RG (LP)	Resigned
22.7.67	Corio (Vic)	Scholes GGD (ALP)	Opperman HF (LP)	Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to Malta.
30.9.67	Capricornia (Qld)	Everingham DN (ALP)	Gray GH (ALP)	Died
24.2.68	Higgins (Vic)	Gorton JG (LP)	Holt HE (LP)	Presumed dead
19.4.69	Curtin (WA)	Garland RV (LP)	Hasluck PM (LP)	Resigned. Appointed Governor-General.
7.6.69	Bendigo (Vic)	Kennedy AD (ALP)	Beaton NL (ALP)	Resigned
7.6.69	Gwydir (NSW)	Hunt RJD (CP)	Allan AI (CP)	Resigned. Appointed Secretary-General Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
30.5.70	Australian Capital Territory (ACT)	Enderby KE (ALP)	Fraser JR (ALP)	Died
19.9.70	Chisholm (Vic)	Staley AA (LP)	Kent Hughes WS (LP)	Died
20.3.71	Murray (Vic)	Lloyd EB (CP)	McEwen J (CP)	Resigned
22.9.73	Parramatta (NSW)	Ruddock PM (LP)	Bowen NH (LP)	Resigned. Appointed a Judge of NSW Court of Appeal.
28.6.75	Bass (Tas)	Newman KE (LP)	Barnard LH (ALP)	Resigned. Appointed Ambassador to Norway, Finland and Sweden
15.10.77	Cunningham (NSW)	West SJ (ALP)	Connor RFX (ALP)	Died
23.9.78	Werriwa (NSW)	Kerin JC (ALP)	Whitlam EG (ALP)	Resigned
23.6.79	Grayndler (NSW)	McLeay LB (ALP)	Stewart FE (ALP)	Died
21.2.81	Boothby (SA)	Hall S (LP)	McLeay JE (LP)	Resigned. Appointed Consul-General in Los Angeles.
21.2.81	Curtin (WA)	Rocher AC (LP)	Garland RV (LP)	Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to Great Britain.
21.2.81	McPherson (Qld)	White PND (LP)	Robinson EL (LP)	Died
11.4.81	Wentworth (NSW)	Coleman WP (LP)	Ellicott RJ (LP)	Resigned. Appointed a Judge of the Federal Court.
13.3.82	Lowe (NSW)	Maher MJ (ALP)	McMahon W (LP)	Resigned
4.12.82	Flinders (Vic)	Reith PK (LP)	Lynch PR (LP)	Resigned
7.5.83	Wannon (Vic)	Hawker DPM (LP)	Fraser JM (LP)	Resigned
28.5.83	Bruce (Vic)	Aldred KJ (LP)	Snedden BM (LP)	Resigned
5.11.83	Moreton (Qld)	Cameron DM (LP)	Killen DJ (LP)	Resigned
18.2.84	Corangamite (Vic)	McArthur FS (LP)	Street AA (LP)	Resigned
18.2.84	Hughes (NSW)	Tickner RE (ALP)	Johnson LR (ALP)	Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to NZ.
18.2.84	Richmond (NSW)	Blunt CW (NP)	Anthony JD (NP)	Resigned
8.2.86	Scullin (Vic)	Jenkins HA (ALP)	Jenkins HA (ALP)	Resigned. Appointed Ambassador to Spain.
6.2.88	Adelaide (SA)	Pratt MP (LP)	Hurford CJ (ALP)	Resigned. Appointed Consul-General in New York.
26.3.88	Port Adelaide (SA)	Sawford RW (ALP)	Young MJ (ALP)	Resigned
9.4.88	Groom (Qld)	Taylor WL (LP)	McVeigh DT (NP)	Resigned
8.10.88	Oxley (Qld)	Scott LJ (ALP)	Hayden WG (ALP)	Resigned. Appointed Governor-General.
15.4.89	Gwydir (NSW)	Anderson JD (NP)	Hunt RJD (NP)	Resigned
11.5.91	Menzies (Vic)	Andrews KJ (LP)	Brown NA (LP)	Resigned
11.4.92	Wills (Vic)	Cleary PR (Ind)	Hawke RJL (ALP)	Resigned
29.1.94	Werriwa (NSW)	Latham M (ALP)	Kerin JC (ALP)	Resigned
12.3.94	Fremantle (WA)	Lawrence C (ALP)	Dawkins J (ALP)	Resigned
19.3.94	Bonython (SA)	Evans M (ALP)	Blewett N (ALP)	Resigned. Appointed High Commissioner to the UK
26.3.94	Warringah (NSW)	Abbott T (LP)	MacKellar M (LP)	Resigned
26.3.94	Mackellar (NSW)	Bishop B (LP)	Carlton J (LP)	Resigned
19.11.94	Kooyong (Vic)	Georgiou P (LP)	Peacock AS (LP)	Resigned
25.3.95	Canberra (ACT)	Smyth B (LP)	Kelly R (ALP)	Resigned
8.4.95	Wentworth (NSW)	Thomson A (LP)	Hewson J (LP)	Resigned
15.6.96	Blaxland (NSW)	Hatton M (ALP)	Keating P (ALP)	Resigned
19.10.96	Lindsay (NSW)	Kelly J (LP)	Kelly J (LP)	Election voided by Court of Disputed Returns
1.2.97	Fraser (ACT)	Dargavel S (ALP)	Langmore J (ALP)	Resigned
6.11.99	Holt (Vic)	Byrne A (ALP)	Evans G (ALP)	Resigned
12.8.00	Isaacs (Vic)	Corcoran A (ALP)	Wilton G (ALP)	Died
17.3.01	Ryan (Qld)	Short L (ALP)	Moore J (LP)	Resigned

Note: Seats changing hands at the by-election are highlighted.

Reasons for Vacancies

By-elections for the House of Representatives held during the period 1949 to 2001 have occurred overwhelmingly because of the death or resignation of the member, only one by-election was caused by the general election being voided by a Court of Disputed Returns (Lindsay 1996). Of the 80 by-elections, 28 have occurred because of the death of the member and 51 as a result of resignation. Vacancy because of the death of the member is by far the most frequent reason for by-elections held in the earlier part of the period while resignation is the most frequent reason in the later part. A significant number of members (21) have resigned to take up government appointments of one kind or another with the diplomatic service being the most popular.

Reasons for By-elections, 1949-2001

Death

Resignation

Other

Total

1949-59

13

3

0

16

1960-69

9

13

0

22

1970-79

4

4

0

8

1980-89

1

17

0

18

1990-99

0

13

1

14

2000-

1

1

0

2

Total

28

51

1

80

Results and Swings

The most striking feature of by-elections held during the period is the small number of times that the sitting party has lost the seat at the by-election. On only eleven occasions has the sitting party lost the seat at the by-election and on two of these occasions a coalition seat was won by the coalition partner. The government of the day has never won a seat from the opposition in a by-election during the period.

It would appear that the electorate is more understanding in the case of by-elections caused by the death of the sitting member than in those caused by resignation. The sitting party has lost the seat in by-elections caused by the death of the member on only two occasions (Flinders 1952 and Dawson 1966), compared to nine occasions when the by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting member.

Seats Lost at By-elections 1949-2001

Division

Government

Sitting party

Winning party

Flinders (Vic) 1952

LP/CP

LP

ALP

Calare (NSW) 1960

LP/CP

LP

CP

Dawson (Qld) 1966

LP/CP

CP

ALP

Corio (Vic) 1967

LP/CP

LP

ALP

Bass (Tas) 1975

ALP

ALP

LP

Lowe (NSW) 1982

LP/NP

LP

ALP

Adelaide (SA) 1988

ALP

ALP

LP

Groom (Qld) 1988

ALP

NP

LP

Wills (Vic) 1992

ALP

ALP

Ind

Canberra (ACT) 1995

ALP

ALP

LP

Ryan (Qld) 2001

LP/NP

LP

ALP

In terms of winning seats from other parties, no political party can claim a great deal of success, as gains and losses are almost equal. The Australian Labor Party has won five seats from the Coalition parties, but has lost three seats to the Liberal Party and one seat to an Independent. The Liberal Party has won three seats, one seat being won from its coalition partner, while it has lost four seats, three to the ALP and one to the National Party. The National Party has fared the worst, winning only one seat (from the Liberal Party) and losing two seats.

It is worth noting that on three occasions where a seat has changed hands at a by-election (Flinders 1952, Adelaide 1988 and Canberra 1995), the party that won the seat at the by-election lost the seat at the subsequent general election.

The fact that so few seats have changed hands in by-elections is probably due more to the propensity for by-elections to occur in safe seats rather than any other factor. Political parties and individual members are only too well aware of the possible political consequences of losing a seat at a by-election and thus try to ensure that by-elections occur only in relatively safe seats. Of the 51 by-elections resulting from the resignation of the member, only eight have been in marginal seats (i.e. seats requiring a swing of less than 6.0% to change hands). By far the largest number of by-elections, 31, have occurred in safe seats (i.e. seats requiring a swing of over 10% to change hands).

By-elections Caused by Resignation by Safeness of Seat

	No	% of total
Marginal	8	15.7
Fairly Safe	12	23.5
Safe	31	60.8
Total	51	100.0

Apart from a party's success or defeat in a by-election the most important aspect of a by-election is the two party preferred swing that takes place. Conventional wisdom holds that there is usually a swing against the government of the day at a by-election. The success or otherwise of a government, opposition, or party leader at the by-election is often measured by the size of the swing in comparison with the average swing recorded in past by-elections. However, by-elections occur in varied and disparate Electoral Divisions, with different numbers and mixes of candidates, and with a variety of local, state and national issues involved. It could be argued that given the variety of factors involved there is no average by-election swing. By-elections are held in such different circumstances that none can be regarded as normal, and it is generally agreed that any swing can be explained by the special factors pertaining to each by-election.

In calculating the swing at a by-election the most commonly used method is to compare the two-party preferred vote at the by-election with the two-party preferred vote at the preceding general election in the Division. However, two-party preferred vote swings are not a perfect measure as they can be affected by the number of candidates, position on the ballot paper, order of exclusion of candidates and the number of different parties contesting the Division.

Average two-party preferred vote swings for by-elections held between 1949 and the end of March 2001 are given below. Two-party preferred vote swings can be calculated for 60 of the 80 by-elections held during the period. Swings cannot be calculated where one of the major parties (i.e. ALP or LP/NP Coalition) did not stand a candidate at the by-election or the preceding general election, or where the Division was uncontested at the by-election or the preceding general election.

Average Two Party Preferred Swings Against Government: By-elections 1949-2001
Per cent

Average swing

By-elections (a)

All By-elections

-4.0

60

Government held Seats

-5.0

42

LP/NP Governments

-3.4

42

ALP Governments

-5.4

18

By-elections caused by death

-2.5

19

By-elections caused by resignation

-4.9

40

(a) By-elections where a two-party preferred swing can be calculated.

The average swing against the government of the day in all by-elections held during the period 1949 to 2001 is 4.0%. The swing against ALP Governments, 5.4%, is somewhat higher than the swing against LP/NP Coalition Governments, 3.4%, while the swing against the government in seats held by the government was 5.0%. The average swing in by-elections caused by the death of the sitting member is approximately half the swing in by-elections caused by the resignation of the member.

Swings at by-elections during the period have varied from a 16.1% swing against the government (Canberra 1995) to a swing of 16.2% to the government (McPherson 1981). The largest swing against an ALP Government was Canberra, while the largest swing against a LP/NP Coalition Government was Werriwa in 1952 with a 12.4% swing. Swings to the government of the day are a rare event in by-elections, with only ten being recorded during the period. The largest swing to an ALP Government was in Wills in 1992 with a 5.9% swing (although the ALP lost the seat to an independent candidate, P Cleary) while the largest swing to a LP/NP Coalition Government was in McPherson in 1981 with a 16.2% swing. It should be noted that in both Wills and McPherson the swing is somewhat distorted by the mix of candidates standing and the distribution of preferences.

By-election Swings 1949-2001

ALP Government

LP/NP Government

Division

Swing

Division

Swing

Parramatta 1973

-6.6

Balaclava 1951

-3.4

Bass 1975

-14.6

Macquarie 1951

+0.1

Wannon 1983

-1.5

Lyne 1952

-8.8

Bruce 1983

-3.8

Flinders 1952

-11.0

Moreton 1983

-1.2

Werriwa 1952

-12.4

Corangamite 1984

-1.3

Bradfield 1952

n.a.

Hughes 1984

-5.0

Dalley 1953

n.a.

Richmond 1984

+0.5

Lang 1953

-2.5

Scullin 1986

-4.4

Corangamite 1953

-6.5

Adelaide 1988

-8.4

Gwydir 1953

-0.4

Port Adelaide 1988

-11.1

Cook 1955

n.a.

Groom 1988

-5.2

Cunningham 1956

n.a.

Oxley 1988

-11.8

Barker 1956

-9.9

Gwyder 1989

n.a.

Wentworth 1956

n.a.

Menzies 1991

n.a.

Richmond 1957

n.a.

Wills 1992

+5.9

Parramatta 1958

-6.4

Werriwa 1994

-6.3

Hunter 1960

n.a.

Fremantle 1994

+1.0

La Trobe 1960

-7.5

Bonython 1994

-7.8

Balaclava 1960

-4.6

Mackellar 1994

n.a.

Bendigo 1960

+0.1

Warringah 1994

n.a.

Calare 1960

+1.0

Kooyong 1994

n.a.

Higinbotham 1960

-9.2

Canberra 1995

-16.1

Batman 1962

n.a.

Wentworth 1995

n.a.

Grey 1963

+4.9

East Sydney 1963

n.a.

Denison 1964

-1.9

Angas 1964

-2.1

Parramatta 1964

-3.0

Robertson 1964

-1.4

Riverina 1965

-0.9

Dawson 1966

-11.9

Kooyong 1966

-3.8

Corio 1967

-11.1

Capricornia 1967

+1.5

Higgins 1968

-0.3

Curtin 1969

-7.1

Bendigo 1969

+2.1

Gwydir 1969

-7.7

Australian Capital Territory 1970

+13.8

Chisholm 1970

-2.8

Murray 1971

-0.4

Cunningham 1977

-0.3

Werriwa 1978

-11.3

Grayndler 1979

-6.9

McPherson 1981

+16.2

Boothby 1981

-1.2

Curtin 1981

-7.5

Wentworth 1981

-6.2

Lowe 1982

-8.5

Flinders 1982

-3.3

Blaxland 1996

n.a.

Lindsay 1996

+5.0

Fraser 1997

n.a.

Holt 1999

n.a.

Isaacs 2000

n.a.

Ryan 2001

-9.7

n.a. not applicable

Timing

There is no legislation that prescribes the time period for a by-election to be held following the seat becoming vacant. Once the election writs have been issued, however, various statutory requirements limit the election period from a minimum of 33 days to a maximum of 58 days. Thus any significant discretion in the calling of a by-election occurs in the period after the seat becomes vacant and before the issuing of writs by the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

During the period 1949 to 2001 the average number of elapsed days between the seat becoming vacant and the by-election date was 51 days. The maximum number of days was for Moreton 1983, 82 days, and the minimum was for Bass 1975, 26 days.

Appendix 1 provides details of the timing of all by-elections held between 1949 and March 2001. It also shows the number of days elapsed between the seat becoming vacant and the by-election date as well as the number of days elapsed since the previous general election and the by-election and between the by-election and the next general election.

Notes on Selected By-elections

Macquarie 1950-By-election held following the death of the former Prime Minister J B Chifley. The ALP retained the seat despite a small (0.4%) swing to the LP/CP Coalition Government.

Lyne 1952-The Country Party, which stood two candidates in this by-election, retained the seat (P E Lucock successful candidate) despite a large swing to the ALP (8.8%).

Flinders 1952-The Liberal Party lost the seat to the ALP as the result of a large (11.0%) swing against the LP/CP Coalition Government. The successful candidate (K Ewert) lost the seat at the next general election.

Werriwa 1952-The ALP achieved its largest swing in the period against the LP/CP Coalition Government (12.4%) at this by-election. The successful ALP candidate was future Prime Minister E G Whitlam.

Bradfield 1952-No ALP candidate contested this safe Liberal seat, previously held by former Prime Minister and longest serving member of the House of Representatives, W M Hughes.

Gwydir 1953-Two Country Party candidates contested this by-election along with candidates from the ALP and Liberal Party. Seat was won by the Country Party's A I Allan.

Cook 1955-The Liberal Party did not contest this safe ALP seat, retained for the ALP by J F Cope. Typical of inner-city electorates there was a low voter turnout (76.0%) at this by-election.

Cunningham 1956-The ALP candidate, V D Kearner, was elected unopposed. This was the only time a by-election was uncontested during the period.

Richmond 1957-Four Country Party candidates contested this by-election, including the eventual winner J D Anthony, the son of the former member, H L Anthony.

Hunter 1960-The Liberal Party did not stand a candidate for this safe ALP seat, formerly held by H V Evatt.

Calare 1960-This by-election was the only time the Country Party (or its successor the National Party) has won a seat from another party at a by-election during the period. The Country Party candidate, J A England, won the seat formerly held by the Liberal Party's J B Howse.

Batman 1962-The successful ALP candidate, S J Benson, was subsequently expelled from the ALP and was elected as an independent at the 1966 general election.

East Sydney 1963-The second lowest voter turnout (71.9%) of the period was recorded at this by-election. The ALP retained the seat. The Liberal Party did not stand a candidate.

Dawson 1966-Prominent ALP candidate, R A Patterson, achieved the second largest swing (11.9%) against the LP/CP Coalition Government to win the seat from the Country Party.

Kooyong 1966-The Liberal Party candidate, A S Peacock, retained this safe Liberal seat in the by-election held following the resignation of Prime Minister R G Menzies.

Corio 1967-A large swing against the LP/CP Coalition Government (11.1%) resulted in the ALP candidate, G G D Scholes, winning the seat from the Liberal Party, following the retirement of popular sporting personality, H Opperman.

Higgins 1968-By-election was held following the presumed death of Prime Minister H E Holt. Retained for the Liberal Party by new Prime Minister (and ex-Senator) J G Gorton.

Australian Capital Territory 1970-Despite a large swing the ALP retained this seat formerly held by popular member, J R Fraser. The Australia Party candidate, A J Fitzgerald, received 17.5% of the first preference votes.

Chisholm 1970-The Liberal Party candidate, A A Staley, retained this seat. The ALP candidate was F X Costigan, later Royal Commissioner investigating the activities of the Federated Ship Painters' and Dockers' Union, and tax evasion matters.

Bass 1975-The second largest swing ever recorded against any government (14.6%) occurred at this by-election held following the appointment of former Member, L H Barnard, to be Ambassador to Norway, Finland and Sweden. The Liberal Party candidate, K E Newman, won the seat from the ALP.

Werriwa 1978-The ALP candidate, J C Kerin, achieved a large swing (11.3%) against the LP/NP Coalition Government in this by-election, held following the resignation of former Prime Minister, E G Whitlam.

McPherson 1981-The Liberal Party candidate, P N D White, achieved a swing to the LP/NP Coalition Government of 16.2%, the largest swing to any government during the period. The National Party candidate (future Senator G Sheil) outpolled the ALP candidate.

Wentworth 1981-The Liberal Party candidate, W P Coleman, comfortably retained the seat despite a 6.2% swing to the ALP candidate, R E Tickner. The voter turnout (69.5%) was the lowest recorded during the period.

Lowe 1982-This marginal Liberal Party seat became vacant following the resignation of former Prime Minister W McMahon. The ALP candidate, M J Maher, won the seat from the Liberal Party with a 8.5% swing.

Flinders 1982-The Liberal Party retained this marginal seat with only a 3.3% swing against the LP/NP Coalition Government. However, new member, P K Reith, was unable to take up his seat in the House of Representatives as the Parliament was dissolved before he could be sworn in and he was defeated at the subsequent general election. Mr Reith was re-elected in 1984.

Moreton 19833/4The Liberal Party retained this marginal Liberal seat with a small swing in its favour. The successful candidate, D Cameron, lost the neighbouring seat of Fadden at the previous general election. The elapsed time between the resignation of the sitting member and the date of the by-election, 82 days, was the longest recorded during the period.

Scullin 1986-The ALP retained this seat with H A Jenkins succeeding his father H A Jenkins.

Adelaide 1988-The ALP lost this seat with a swing of 8.4% against the ALP Government. The successful Liberal Party candidate, M P Pratt, lost the seat at the next general election.

Port Adelaide 1988-An 11.1% swing against the ALP Government was insufficient for the Liberal Party to win the seat. The ALP's R W Sawford was the winning candidate.

Groom 1988-The Liberal Party candidate, W L Taylor, won the seat previously held by the National Party.

Oxley 1988-The prospective appointment of W G Hayden as Governor-General caused the vacancy in this safe ALP seat. The ALP candidate, L J Scott, was successful despite an 11.8% swing against the ALP Government.

Gwydir 1989-Neither the ALP nor the Liberal Party contested this safe National Party seat, retained by J D Anderson.

Wills 1992-A record 22 candidates contested this ALP seat vacated by the former Prime Minister, RJL Hawke. Prominent local identity, P R Cleary, won the seat to become the first independent candidate to win a by-election in the period. The two-party preferred count of preferences resulted in a swing to the ALP Government of 5.9%, the first swing to a government since Richmond in 1984. The by-election result was voided by a Court of Disputed Returns. A subsequent by-election was not held because of the impending general election.

Werriwa 1994-The ALP retained this safe seat despite a swing against the ALP Government of 6.3%. The successful candidate was M Latham.

Fremantle 1994-Former Western Australian Premier, C Lawrence, retained this seat for the ALP with a swing of 1.0% to the government.

Bonython 1994-Despite a swing of 7.8% against the ALP, M Evans retained this seat for the government.

Mackellar 1994-Liberal candidate, ex-Senator B Bishop, easily retained this safe Liberal Party seat. Prominent identity, B Ellis, received 23.1% of the first preference vote in the absence of a Labor Party candidate. The by-election was held after by-elections in Fremantle and Bonython despite Mackellar becoming vacant before both Fremantle and Bonython.

Kooyong 1994-Prominent member of the Liberal Party organisation, P Georgiou, retained this seat for the LP following the retirement of former Party Leader, A Peacock. The ALP did not stand a candidate in this safe Liberal seat.

Canberra 1995-After initially considering not to contest this fairly safe ALP seat the LP ultimately decided to enter the race and promptly won the seat from the government with a record swing of 16.1%. The successful candidate, B Smyth, lost the seat at the following general election.

Wentworth 1995-Despite being classified as a marginal LP seat the ALP did not contest this by-election. The winning candidate was A Thomson for the LP

Blaxland 1996-Former Labor Prime Minister, P J Keating, retired following the 1996 election loss and was replaced by M Hatton for the ALP. The LP did not contest this safe Labor seat.

Lindsay 1996-The 1996 general election was voided by a Court of Disputed Returns. At the by-election the successful Liberal candidate at the general election, J Kelly, retained the seat with a swing of 5.0% to the government.

Isaacs 2000-The first by-election since McPherson in 1981 caused by the death of the sitting member. The LP did not contest this fairly safe Labor seat, retained for the ALP by A Corcoran.

Ryan 2001-The ALP candidate, L Short, won this fairly safe Liberal seat following the retirement of J Moore. The swing of 9.7% against the government was just sufficient for the ALP to win the seat.

Appendix 1 By-election Timing: By-elections 1949-2001

Division	Previous Election	Date Vacated	By-election date	Next Election	Elapsed Time (days)			Reason
Division	Previous Election	Date Vacated	By-election date	Next Election	Vacated to by-election	After previous election	Before next election	Reason
Balaclava (Vic)	28/04/51	20/06/51	28/07/51	29/05/54	38	53	1036	Resigned
Macquarie (NSW)	28/04/51	13/06/51	28/07/51	29/05/54	45	46	1036	Died
Lyne (NSW)	28/04/51	28/01/52	22/03/52	29/05/54	54	275	798	Died
Flinders (Vic)	28/04/51	26/08/52	18/10/52	29/05/54	53	486	588	Died
Werriwa (NSW)	28/04/51	01/10/52	29/11/52	29/05/54	59	522	546	Died
Bradfield (NSW)	28/04/51	28/10/52	20/12/52	29/05/54	53	549	525	Died
Dalley (NSW)	28/04/51	21/03/53	09/05/53	29/05/54	49	693	385	Died
Corangamite (Vic)	28/04/51	10/06/53	29/08/53	29/05/54	80	774	273	Died
Lang (NSW)	28/04/51	13/07/53	29/08/53	29/05/54	47	807	273	Died
Gwydir (NSW)	28/04/51	15/11/53	19/12/53	29/05/54	34	932	161	Died
Cook (NSW)	29/05/54	26/03/55	21/05/55	10/12/55	56	301	203	Died
Cunningham (NSW)	10/12/55	17/02/56	11/04/56	22/11/58	54	69	955	Died
Barker (SA)	10/12/55	09/08/56	13/10/56	22/11/58	65	243	770	Died
Wentworth (NSW)	10/12/55	17/10/56	08/12/56	22/11/58	52	312	714	Resigned
Richmond (NSW)	10/12/55	12/07/57	14/09/57	22/11/58	64	580	434	Died
Parramatta (NSW)	10/12/55	10/02/58	08/03/58	22/11/58	26	793	259	Resigned
Hunter (NSW)	22/11/58	10/02/60	09/04/60	09/12/61	59	445	609	Resigned
La Trobe (Vic)	22/11/58	10/02/60	09/04/60	09/12/61	59	445	609	Resigned
Balaclava (Vic)	22/11/58	02/06/60	16/07/60	09/12/61	44	558	511	Resigned
Bendigo (Vic)	22/11/58	01/05/60	16/07/60	09/12/61	76	526	511	Died
Calare (NSW)	22/11/58	28/09/60	05/11/60	09/12/61	38	676	399	Resigned
Higinbotham (Vic)	22/11/58	16/10/60	10/12/60	09/12/61	55	694	364	Died
Batman (Vic)	09/12/61	21/07/62	01/09/62	30/11/63	42	224	455	Died
Grey (SA)	09/12/61	31/03/63	01/06/63	30/11/63	62	477	182	Died
East Sydney (NSW)	09/12/61	31/07/63	28/09/63	30/11/63	59	599	63	Died
Denison (Tas)	30/11/63	24/12/63	15/02/64	26/11/66	53	24	1015	Died
Angas (SA)	30/11/63	23/04/64	20/06/64	26/11/66	58	145	889	Resigned
Parramatta (NSW)	30/11/63	24/04/64	20/06/64	26/11/66	57	146	889	Resigned
Robertson (NSW)	30/11/63	30/09/64	05/12/64	26/11/66	66	305	721	Resigned
Riverina (NSW)	30/11/63	21/01/65	27/02/65	26/11/66	37	418	637	Resigned
Dawson (Qld)	30/11/63	09/01/66	26/02/66	26/11/66	48	771	273	Died
Kooyong (Vic)	30/11/63	17/02/66	02/04/66	26/11/66	44	810	238	Resigned
Corio (Vic)	26/11/66	10/06/67	22/07/67	25/10/69	42	196	826	Resigned
Capricornia (Qld)	26/11/66	02/08/67	30/09/67	25/10/69	59	249	756	Died
Higgins (Vic)	26/11/66	19/12/67	24/02/68	25/10/69	67	388	609	Presumed dead
Curtin (WA)	26/11/66	10/02/69	19/04/69	25/10/69	68	807	189	Resigned
Bendigo (Vic)	26/11/66	09/04/69	07/06/69	25/10/69	59	865	140	Resigned
Gwydir (NSW)	26/11/66	30/04/69	07/06/69	25/10/69	38	886	140	Resigned
Aust Cap Territory (ACT)	25/10/69	01/04/70	30/05/70	02/12/72	59	158	917	Died
Chisholm (Vic)	25/10/69	31/07/70	19/09/70	02/12/72	50	279	805	Died
Murray (Vic)	25/10/69	01/02/71	20/03/71	02/12/72	47	464	623	Resigned
Parramatta (NSW)	02/12/72	11/07/73	22/09/73	18/05/74	73	221	238	Resigned
Bass (Tas)	18/05/74	02/06/75	28/06/75	13/12/75	26	380	168	Resigned
Cunningham (NSW)	13/12/75	22/08/77	15/10/77	10/12/77	54	618	56	Died
Werriwa (NSW)	10/12/77	31/07/78	23/09/78	18/10/80	54	233	756	Resigned
Grayndler (NSW)	10/12/77	16/04/79	23/06/79	18/10/80	68	492	483	Died
Boothby (SA)	18/10/80	22/01/81	21/02/81	05/03/83	30	96	742	Resigned
Curtin (WA)	18/10/80	22/01/81	21/02/81	05/03/83	30	96	742	Resigned
McPherson (Qld)	18/10/80	07/01/81	21/02/81	05/03/83	45	81	742	Died
Wentworth (NSW)	18/10/80	17/02/81	11/04/81	05/03/83	53	122	693	Resigned
Lowe (NSW)	18/10/80	04/01/82	13/03/82	05/03/83	68	443	357	Resigned
Flinders (Vic)	18/10/80	22/10/82	04/12/82	05/03/83	43	734	91	Resigned
Wannon (Vic)	05/03/83	31/03/83	07/05/83	01/12/84	37	26	574	Resigned
Bruce (Vic)	05/03/83	21/04/83	28/05/83	01/12/84	37	47	553	Resigned
Moreton (Qld)	05/03/83	15/08/83	05/11/83	01/12/84	82	163	392	Resigned
Corangamite (Vic)	05/03/83	18/01/84	18/02/84	01/12/84	31	319	287	Resigned
Hughes (NSW)	05/03/83	19/12/83	18/02/84	01/12/84	61	289	287	Resigned
Richmond (NSW)	05/03/83	18/01/84	18/02/84	01/12/84	31	319	287	Resigned
Scullin (Vic)	01/12/84	20/12/85	08/02/86	11/07/87	50	384	518	Resigned
Adelaide (SA)	11/07/87	31/12/87	06/02/88	24/03/90	37	173	777	Resigned
Port Adelaide (SA)	11/07/87	08/02/88	26/03/88	24/03/90	47	212	728	Resigned
Groom (Qld)	11/07/87	29/02/88	09/04/88	24/03/90	40	233	714	Resigned
Oxley (Qld)	11/07/87	17/08/88	08/10/88	24/03/90	52	403	532	Resigned
Gwydir (NSW)	11/07/87	24/02/89	15/04/89	24/03/90	50	594	343	Resigned
Menzies (Vic)	24/03/90	25/02/91	11/05/91	13/03/93	75	338	672	Resigned
Wills (Vic)	24/03/90	20/02/92	11/04/92	13/03/93	51	698	336	Resigned
Werriwa (NSW)	13/03/93	22/12/93	29/01/94	02/03/96	38	284	763	Resigned
Fremantle (WA)	13/03/93	04/02/94	12/03/94	02/03/96	36	328	721	Resigned
Bonython (SA)	13/03/93	11/02/94	19/03/94	02/03/96	36	335	714	Resigned
Warringah (NSW)	13/03/93	18/02/94	26/03/94	02/03/96	36	342	707	Resigned
Mackellar (NSW)	13/03/93	14/01/94	26/03/94	02/03/96	71	307	707	Resigned
Kooyong (Vic)	13/03/93	17/09/94	19/11/94	02/03/96	63	553	469	Resigned
Canberra (ACT)	13/03/93	30/01/95	25/03/95	02/03/96	54	688	343	Resigned
Wentworth (NSW)	13/03/93	28/02/95	08/04/95	02/03/96	39	717	329	Resigned
Blaxland (NSW)	02/03/96	23/04/96	15/06/96	03/10/98	53	52	840	Resigned
Lindsay (NSW)	02/03/96	11/09/96	19/10/96	03/10/98	38	193	714	Election void
Fraser (ACT)	02/03/96	06/12/96	01/02/97	03/10/98	57	279	609	Resigned
Holt (Vic)	03/10/98	30/09/99	06/11/99		37	362		Resigned
Isaacs (Vic)	03/10/98	14/06/00	12/08/00		59	620		Died
Ryan (Qld)	03/10/98	05/02/01	17/03/01		40	856		Resigned

Appendix 2 Electoral Division Details

Balaclava (Vic)	28.7.51		Enrolled 42823
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Joske PE *	LP	20337	57.0	-6.3
Lewis A	ALP	13279	37.3	+0.6
Stratton GM	Ind	2035	5.7	+5.7

Two Party Preferred Votes
Joske PE *	LP	21355	59.9	-3.4
Lewis A	ALP	14296	40.1	+3.4

Formal		35651	99.2	+0.5
Informal		274	0.8	-0.5
Total		35925	83.9	-12.2


Macquarie (NSW)	28.7.51		Enrolled 39271
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Blanchard WH	ILab	3853	10.9	+10.9
Hannam WH	LP	12356	35.1	-3.7
Luchetti AS *	ALP	18426	52.3	-5.4
Moffit VB	Com	575	1.6	-1.9

Two Party Preferred Votes
Hannam WH	LP	13983	39.7	+0.4
Luchetti AS *	ALP	21227	60.3	-0.4

Formal		35210	99.1	+0.3
Informal		325	0.9	-0.3
Total		35535	90.5	-7.1


Lyne (NSW)	22.3.52		Enrolled 40160
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Cordner TN	Ind	421	1.2	-3.4
Hayes EJ	ALP	13588	37.3	+7.4
Lancaster DJAL	CP	10631	29.2	+29.2
Lucock PE *	CP	10994	30.2	-35.3
Spensley EH	Ind	775	2.1	+2.1

Two Party Preferred Votes
Hayes EJ	ALP	14925	41.0	+8.8
Lucock PE *	CP	21484	59.0	-8.8

Formal		36409	98.5	+0.1
Informal		565	1.5	-0.1
Total		36974	92.1	-4.9


Flinders (Vic)	18.10.52		Enrolled 46748
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Ewert KWW	ALP	22674	53.8	+10.8
Hipwell RA	Ind	453	1.1	-1.0
Rossiter JF *	LP	18384	43.7	-11.1
Stratton GM	Ind	602	1.4	+1.4

Two Party Preferred Votes
Ewert KWW	ALP	23202	55.1	+11.0
Rossiter JF *	LP	18911	44.9	-11.0

Formal		42113	98.8	+0.4
Informal		493	1.2	-0.4
Total		42606	91.1	-5.1


Werriwa (NSW)	29.11.52		Enrolled 55486
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Griffith IR	LP	15706	32.5	-12.4
Whitlam EG *	ALP	32561	67.5	+12.4

Two Party Preferred Votes
Griffith IR	LP	15706	32.5	-12.4
Whitlam EG *	ALP	32561	67.5	+12.4

Formal		48267	98.3	+0.6
Informal		826	1.7	-0.6
Total		49093	88.5	-7.1


Bradfield (NSW)	20.12.52		Enrolled 45442
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Hardie MF	Ind	15336	38.2	+38.2
Potts CE	Ind	569	1.4	+1.4
Simons S	Ind	84	0.2	+0.2
Smith JS	ILab	1070	2.7	+2.7
Turner HB *	LP	22912	57.0	-21.7
Wright E	Ind	225	0.6	+0.6

Formal		40196	98.1	-0.1
Informal		784	1.9	+0.1
Total		40980	90.2	-5.6


Dalley (NSW)	9.5.53		Enrolled 37737
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Cole WL	Ind	8285	24.5	+24.5
Greenup AE *	ALP	23812	70.5	+3.4
Sheean J	Com	1667	4.9	+4.9

Formal		33764	95.4	-2.3
Informal		1618	4.6	+2.3
Total		35382	93.8	-2.2


Corangamite (Vic)	29.8.53		Enrolled 40559
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Mackinnon ED *	LP	19449	52.2	-6.5
McLean AC	ALP	17782	47.8	+6.5

Two Party Preferred Votes
Mackinnon ED *	LP	19449	52.2	-6.5
McLean AC	ALP	17782	47.8	+6.5

Formal		37231	99.5	+0.4
Informal		196	0.5	-0.4
Total		37427	92.3	-4.7


Lang (NSW)	29.8.53		Enrolled 44912
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Boyd RD	Com	1082	2.7	-2.0
Brosnan TJ	Ind	276	0.7	+0.7
Stewart FE *	ALP	21699	53.9	+3.9
Thorncraft HR	LP	17218	42.8	-2.5

Two Party Preferred Votes
Stewart FE *	ALP	22756	56.5	+2.5
Thorncraft HR	LP	17518	43.5	-2.5

Formal		40274	98.6	+0.3
Informal		584	1.4	-0.3
Total		40858	91.0	-6.4


Gwydir (NSW)	19.12.53		Enrolled 39618
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Allan AI *	CP	9823	28.2	-25.0
Howard AM	LP	3584	10.3	+10.3
Kirkby TF	CP	5649	16.2	+16.2
Quinn MTL	ALP	15784	45.3	-1.5

Two Party Preferred Votes
Allan AI *	CP	18409	52.8	-0.4
Quinn MTL	ALP	16431	47.2	+0.4

Formal		34840	98.6	-0.3
Informal		480	1.4	+0.3
Total		35320	89.2	-6.3


Cook (NSW)	21.5.55		Enrolled 33521
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Cope JF *	ALP	21411	86.8	+3.4
Smith JS	Ind	3248	13.2	+13.2

Formal		24659	96.8	-0.6
Informal		814	3.2	+0.6
Total		25473	76.0	-18.9


Cunningham (NSW)	11.4.56		Enrolled 44070
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Kearney VD *	ALP		Unopposed


Barker (SA)	13.10.56		Enrolled 41810
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Crowe BR	DLP	2207	5.8	+5.8
Dettman RA	ALP	14454	38.1	+5.8
Forbes AJ *	LP	18471	48.7	-19.0
McAnaney WP	ILCL	2819	7.4	+7.4

Two Party Preferred Votes
Dettman RA	ALP	16016	42.2	+9.9
Forbes AJ *	LP	21935	57.8	-9.9

Formal		37951	98.0	+1.1
Informal		771	2.0	-1.1
Total		38722	92.6	-3.7


Wentworth (NSW)	8.12.56		Enrolled 42909
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Bartley RJ	ILib	4109	12.2	+12.2
Bury LHE *	LP	13956	41.3	-30.7
Laing AW	ILib	1414	4.2	+4.2
Robson RG	ILib	6414	19.0	+19.0
Sindel CAO	Ind	1470	4.4	+4.4
Starr TJK	ALP	6455	19.1	+19.1

Two Party Preferred Votes
Bury LHE *	LP	22764	67.3
Starr TJK	ALP	11054	32.7

Formal		33818	96.7	-0.1
Informal		1167	3.3	+0.1
Total		34985	81.5	-10.8


Richmond (NSW)	14.9.57		Enrolled 37767
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Anthony JD *	CP	18819	49.8
Gordon RR	CP	4678	12.4
Jackson OJ	CP	1696	4.5
O'Neill RL	CP	1241	3.3
Smith WH	ALP	10276	27.2
Wilson C	Ind	1057	2.8

Two Party Preferred Votes
Anthony JD *	CP	25820	68.4
Smith WH	ALP	11947	31.6

Formal		37767	98.7
Informal		487	1.3
Total		38254	92.3


Parramatta (NSW)	8.3.58		Enrolled 48649
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Barwick GEJ *	LP	22826	54.8	-7.5
Fenwick AV	Ind	920	2.2	+2.2
Mahoney DJ	ALP	17931	43.0	+5.3

Two Party Preferred Votes
Barwick GEJ *	LP	23286	55.9	-6.4
Mahoney DJ	ALP	18391	44.1	+6.4

Formal		41677	98.6	+1.3
Informal		610	1.4	-1.3
Total		42287	86.9	-8.9


Hunter (NSW)	9.4.60		Enrolled 46060
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Brown R	Ind	11876	30.8	+30.8
Dumbrell CO	Com	3895	10.1	+10.1
James AW *	ALP	21978	57.0	-17.4
Murnane K	Ind	826	2.1	+2.1

Formal		38575	97.6	-0.2
Informal		965	2.4	+0.2
Total		39540	85.8	-10.4


La Trobe (Vic)	9.4.60		Enrolled 59644
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Jess JD *	LP	22880	42.8	-10.9
Martyr JR	DLP	6834	12.8	+3.5
Murray J	AR	406	0.8	+0.8
Pritchard D	ALP	23387	43.7	+6.8

Two Party Preferred Votes
Jess JD *	LP	28999	54.2	-7.5
Pritchard D	ALP	24508	45.8	+7.5

Formal		53507	98.4	+0.3
Informal		872	1.6	-0.3
Total		54379	91.2	-4.7


Balaclava (Vic)	16.7.60		Enrolled 42256
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Murray J	AR	865	2.6	+2.6
Ryan JT	DLP	4672	14.2	+2.2
Smith GL	ALP	9519	28.9	+3.6
Whittorn RH *	LP	17859	54.3	-6.8

Two Party Preferred Votes
Smith GL	ALP	10652	32.4	+4.6
Whittorn RH *	LP	22263	67.6	-4.6

Formal		32915	97.9	+0.2
Informal		694	2.1	-0.2
Total		33609	79.5	-16.3


Bendigo (Vic)	16.7.60		Enrolled 45286
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Beaton NL *	ALP	20290	48.0	-0.5
Drechsler WF	DLP	6200	14.7	+1.6
Snell HW	LP	15773	37.3	-1.1

Two Party Preferred Votes
Beaton NL *	ALP	21198	50.2	-0.1
Snell HW	LP	21065	49.8	+0.1

Formal		42263	99.2	+0.5
Informal		345	0.8	-0.5
Total		42608	94.1	-2.6


Calare (NSW)	5.11.60		Enrolled 41434
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
England JA	CP	12039	32.6	+32.6
Meares WA *	LP	8039	21.8	-36.3
Phillips J	AR	113	0.3	+0.3
Proust RJ	DLP	2540	6.9	+6.9
Serisier LD	ALP	14175	38.4	-3.5

Two Party Preferred Votes
England JA	CP	21824	59.1	+0.1
Serisier LD	ALP	15082	40.9	-1.0

Formal		36906	98.8	+0.6
Informal		445	1.2	-0.6
Total		37351	90.1	-5.5


Higinbotham (Vic)	10.12.60		Enrolled 56541
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Chipp DL *	LP	19661	39.1	-10.4
Fowler HG	ALP	23541	46.8	+7.6
McBride E	AP	325	0.6	+0.6
Nugent J	DLP	6756	13.4	+2.1

Two Party Preferred Votes
Chipp DL *	LP	25443	50.6	-9.2
Fowler HG	ALP	24840	49.4	+9.2

Formal		50283	98.1	+0.1
Informal		993	1.9	-0.1
Total		51276	90.7	-5.5


Batman (Vic)	1.9.62		Enrolled 43683
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Benson SJ *	ALP	21776	60.1	+5.2
Davis SE	Ind	302	0.8	+0.8
Little JA	DLP	6811	18.8	+4.4
McLeod DW	LibF	7026	19.4	+19.4
Phillips J	AR	304	0.8	+0.8

Formal		36219	97.5	-0.3
Informal		939	2.5	+0.3
Total		37158	85.1	-10.5


Grey (SA)	1.6.63		Enrolled 46386
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Clark DM	ILab	705	1.7	+1.7
Dyason VH	LP	17494	41.8	+3.6
Kent LF	Ind	1265	3.0	+3.0
Mills RJ	DLP	935	2.2	-1.4
Mortimer J *	ALP	21463	51.3	-6.9

Two Party Preferred Votes
Dyason VH	LP	19203	45.9	+4.9
Mortimer J *	ALP	22659	54.1	-4.9

Formal		41862	98.3	+0.9
Informal		718	1.7	-0.9
Total		42580	91.8	-4.2


East Sydney (NSW)	28.9.63		Enrolled 35736
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Bond LSJ	Ind	1224	5.0	+5.0
Cook HK	PORP	699	2.9	+2.9
Devine LT *	ALP	19704	80.7	+12.9
Luckman VA	ILib	2233	9.1	+9.1
Phillips J	AR	546	2.2	+2.2

Formal		24406	94.9	-1.4
Informal		1305	5.1	+1.4
Total		25711	71.9	-20.0


Denison (Tas)	15.2.64		Enrolled 36825
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Finlay DM	ALP	14367	43.3	+4.1
Gibson A *	LP	16953	51.1	-0.2
Senior HP	DLP	1563	4.7	-1.7
Symmons BH	Ind	277	0.8	+0.8

Two Party Preferred Votes
Finlay DM	ALP	14740	44.5	+1.9
Gibson A *	LP	18420	55.5	-1.9

Formal		33160	98.5	+0.5
Informal		491	1.5	-0.5
Total		33651	91.4	-3.4


Angas (SA)	20.6.64		Enrolled 43356
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Giles GO *	LP	23468	60.3	-1.6
Nielsen R	ALP	15452	39.7	+4.2

Two Party Preferred Votes
Giles GO *	LP	23468	60.3	-2.1
Nielsen R	ALP	15452	39.7	+2.1

Formal		38920	98.4	0.0
Informal		623	1.6	0.0
Total		39543	91.2	-6.2


Parramatta (NSW)	20.6.64		Enrolled 59154
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Beck EJ	DLP	2701	5.3	-0.2
Bowen NH *	LP	26506	52.1	-3.9
Fenwick AV	Ind	248	0.5	+0.5
Phillips J	Ind	152	0.3	+0.3
Wilde BC	ALP	21227	41.8	+3.3

Two Party Preferred Votes
Bowen NH *	LP	29002	57.1	-3.0
Wilde BC	ALP	21832	42.9	+3.0

Formal		50834	98.1	-0.8
Informal		975	1.9	+0.8
Total		51809	87.6	-8.1


Robertson (NSW)	5.12.64		Enrolled 59047
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Bridges-Maxwell CW *	LP	27220	50.1	-0.4
Mollett A	ALP	25432	46.8	+2.3
Taylor VA	ILib	648	1.2	+1.2
Woodbury CMR	DLP	1068	2.0	-3.0

Two Party Preferred Votes
Bridges-Maxwell CW *	LP	28517	52.5	-1.4
Mollett A	ALP	25851	47.5	+1.4

Formal		54368	97.0	-2.0
Informal		1701	3.0	+2.0
Total		56069	95.0	-0.5


Riverina (NSW)	27.2.65		Enrolled 43870
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Armstrong AA *	CP	21371	56.3	+4.6
Ward JTA	ALP	16561	43.7	+2.1

Two Party Preferred Votes
Armstrong AA *	CP	21371	56.3	-0.9
Ward JTA	ALP	16561	43.7	+0.9

Formal		37932	98.8	0.0
Informal		455	1.2	0.0
Total		38387	87.5	-7.2


Dawson (Qld)	26.2.66		Enrolled 41055
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Fordyce J *	CP	16572	44.9	-6.9
Patterson RA	ALP	20372	55.1	+13.7

Two Party Preferred Votes
Fordyce J *	CP	16572	44.9	-11.9
Patterson RA	ALP	20372	55.1	+11.9

Formal		36944	98.8	+1.0
Informal		433	1.2	-1.0
Total		37377	91.0	-5.2


Kooyong (Vic)	2.4.66		Enrolled 49954
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Brereton PA	Ind	781	1.8	+1.8
Cock CB	AR	220	0.5	+0.5
Cooper WD	ALP	12181	27.7	+3.3
Gaynor BW	DLP	5854	13.3	+3.1
Peacock AS *	LP	25012	56.8	-7.1

Two Party Preferred Votes
Cooper WD	ALP	13560	30.8	+3.8
Peacock AS *	LP	30488	69.2	-3.8

Formal		44048	98.0	-0.9
Informal		900	2.0	+0.9
Total		44948	90.0	-5.9


Corio (Vic)	22.7.67		Enrolled 55809
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Bourke PJ	DLP	5418	10.6	-0.2
Cardinal MJ	Ind	486	1.0	+1.0
Hay RJB *	LP	18583	36.4	-8.9
Jones G	LRG	923	1.8	-0.3
Scholes GGD	ALP	25679	50.3	+11.1

Two Party Preferred Votes
Hay RJB *	LP	23893	46.8	-11.1
Scholes GGD	ALP	27196	53.2	+11.1

Formal		51089	98.0	+1.8
Informal		1038	2.0	-1.8
Total		52127	93.4	-2.5


Capricornia (Qld)	30.9.67		Enrolled 41078
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Boyle PH	DLP	2628	6.9	-2.4
Everingham DN *	ALP	20215	53.0	+0.8
Rudd FB	LP	12048	31.6	-6.9
Sheil WG	CP	3279	8.6	+8.6

Two Party Preferred Votes
Everingham DN *	ALP	20937	54.9	-1.5
Rudd FB	LP	17233	45.1	+1.5

Formal		38170	99.2	+0.4
Informal		316	0.8	-0.4
Total		38486	93.7	-2.7


Higgins (Vic)	24.2.68		Enrolled 41425
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Bennett DM	ALP	9601	27.7	+2.5
Courtis FA	Ind	347	1.0	+1.0
Gorton JG *	LP	24067	69.4	+6.1
Weber LC	ARM	662	1.9	+1.9

Two Party Preferred Votes
Bennett DM	ALP	10105	29.1	+0.3
Gorton JG *	LP	24572	70.9	-0.3

Formal		34677	98.6	+1.4
Informal		481	1.4	-1.4
Total		35158	84.9	-9.4


Curtin (WA)	19.4.69		Enrolled 44829
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Garland RV *	LP	17983	50.5	-9.4
Jones HG	ALP	11047	31.0	+0.7
Scoggins RC	Ind	6586	18.5	+18.5

Two Party Preferred Votes
Garland RV *	LP	21276	59.7	-7.1
Jones HG	ALP	14340	40.3	+7.1

Formal		35616	98.3	+2.1
Informal		608	1.7	-2.1
Total		36224	80.8	-13.8


Bendigo (Vic)	7.6.69		Enrolled 44172
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Brennan PG	DLP	5710	12.9	+0.3
Cambridge RW	LP	15106	34.2	-1.6
Candler C	Ind	595	1.3	+1.3
Hutchinson LJ	Ind	2750	6.2	+6.2
Kennedy AD *	ALP	20011	45.3	-6.3

Two Party Preferred Votes
Cambridge RW	LP	21751	49.2	+2.1
Kennedy AD *	ALP	22421	50.8	-2.1

Formal		44172	98.5	0.0
Informal		693	1.5	0.0
Total		44865	93.6	-2.6


Gwydir (NSW)	7.6.69		Enrolled 45104
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Hunt RJD *	CP	21113	53.6	-7.7
Nott RB	ALP	18293	46.4	+7.7

Two Party Preferred Votes
Hunt RJD *	CP	21113	53.6	-7.7
Nott RB	ALP	18293	46.4	+7.7

Formal		39406	99.0	+0.8
Informal		394	1.0	-0.8
Total		39800	88.2	-6.5


Australian Capital Territory (ACT)	30.5.70		Enrolled 64482
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Bellchambers EC	Ind	438	0.8	+0.8
Cawthron RE	NSP	173	0.3	+0.3
Christie TJ	DLP	1857	3.3	+3.3
Enderby KE *	ALP	20132	35.6	-32.1
Fitzgerald AJ	AP	9914	17.5	+12.9
Hermes CL	LP	15900	28.1	+1.3
Pead JH	Ind	8151	14.4	+14.4

Two Party Preferred Votes
Enderby KE *	ALP	32690	57.8	-13.8
Hermes CL	LP	23875	42.2	+13.8

Formal		56565	96.9	-1.3
Informal		1813	3.1	+1.3
Total		58378	90.5	-2.4


Chisholm (Vic)	19.9.70		Enrolled 56737
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Costigan FX	ALP	15335	33.5	-0.6
Morrow AE	AP	1501	3.3	-0.6
Nilsen RN	DOGS	4138	9.0	+9.0
Staley AA *	LP	24767	54.2	+1.3

Two Party Preferred Votes
Costigan FX	ALP	18568	40.6	+2.8
Staley AA *	LP	27173	59.4	-2.8

Formal		45741	98.4	+0.5
Informal		756	1.6	-0.5
Total		46497	82.0	-12.8


Murray (Vic)	20.3.71		Enrolled 49856
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Flynn MT	Ind	535	1.2	+1.2
Hunter WB	LP	9622	21.0	+21.0
Lacey BV	DLP	4316	9.4	-0.2
Lloyd EB *	CP	19710	43.0	-10.2
Riordan JA	ALP	11670	25.4	+2.2

Two Party Preferred Votes
Lloyd EB *	CP	32306	70.5	-0.4
Riorden JA	ALP	13547	29.5	+0.4

Formal		45853	97.6	+0.6
Informal		1116	2.4	-0.6
Total		46969	94.2	-2.7


Parramatta (NSW)	22.9.73		Enrolled 73679
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Aussie-Stone MD	Ind	363	0.6	+0.6
Bellchambers EC	Ind	53	0.1	+0.1
Butterworth JH	AP	3522	5.5	+2.0
Hourihan ME	DOGS	528	0.8	-1.0
Kiernan LJ	Ind	30	. .	. .
Lister GD	Ind	65	0.1	+0.1
May R	NSP	37	0.1	+0.1
McGarrity S	Ind	325	0.5	+0.5
Meares KJ	Ind	25	. .
Pye MN	Ind	575	0.9	+0.9
Ruddock PM *	LP	33506	52.6	+6.6
Whelan MJ	ALP	24623	38.7	-7.3

Two Party Preferred Votes
Ruddock PM *	LP	36228	56.9	+6.6
Whelan MT	ALP	27424	43.1	-6.6

Formal		63652	97.7	-0.1
Informal		1493	2.3	+0.1
Total		65145	88.4	-7.3


Bass (Tas)	28.6.75		Enrolled 46744
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Aussie-Stone MD	Ind	243	0.6	+0.6
Kent P	Ind	904	2.1	+2.1
Macrostie JT *	ALP	15609	36.5	-17.5
Negus SA	Ind	124	0.3	+0.3
Newman KE	LP	24638	57.6	+11.6
Petrosky VK	UTG	1272	3.0	+3.0

Two Party Preferred Votes
Macrostie JT *	ALP	16880	39.4	-14.6
Newman KE	LP	25910	60.6	+14.6

Formal		42790	98.2	+0.2
Informal		773	1.8	-0.2
Total		43563	93.2	-2.9


Cunningham (NSW)	15.10.77		Enrolled 76620
Candidate	Party	Votes	%	Swing

First Preference Votes
Dezelin R	Ind	1136	1.8	+1.8
Griffin TJ	LP	20748	32.1	-4.3
Nixon MF	Com	1236	1.9	+1.9
Sampson RW	Dem	5011	7.8	+7.8
West SJ *	ALP	36425	56.4	-5.3

Two Party Preferred Votes

Current Issues Brief 12 2000-01

House of Representatives By-elections 1949-2001

Gerard Newman Statistics Group 3 April 2001

Contents

Gerard Newman
Statistics Group
3 April 2001