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Current Issues
Australia’s settlement services for refugees and migrants
E-Brief: Online Only issued 9 June 2006; updated 19 September 2006
Introduction
Australia’s first federal Department of
Immigration was established in 1945. Since then, almost six million migrants,
including over 645
000 refugees, have settled in the country. Source
countries have shifted from the UK to Northern Europe, to Southern
Europe, to the Middle East and Asia. Today, 24 per cent of Australia’s
population is overseas-born, and 40 per cent has one or both parents born
overseas. Australia’s population
is drawn from about 185 countries and over 200 languages are spoken at
home.
The aim of settlement services is to assist new migrants to participate
as soon and as fully as possible in Australia’s economy and society. Settlement
services and programs have been provided by the Commonwealth government
since the post-war migration program first began. They have expanded and
evolved over the last 50 years as the population has grown increasingly
diverse, and within over-arching policy frameworks that have evolved from
assimilation, through integration, to multiculturalism.
Today, Australia’s multicultural
programs and services are funded via many commonwealth and state agencies,
and cover a wide range of activities and structures, including ethnic
radio, SBS TV, grants to ethnic schools, anti-discrimination tribunals,
advisory committees, community language teaching and inter-faith dialogues.
Multicultural services administered through the Commonwealth Department
of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs include the Living In Harmony initiative, including Harmony
Day; the Access and Equity strategy (see the Fairer
Government Services and Programs
website), and the Diversity
Works! Program.
Australia’s current settlement
services comprise a range of programs and
services such as; English language tuition, interpreting services and
accommodation and health services.
Over the last 10 years, the bulk of permanent migrants have been skilled
and English-speaking, and settlement services have increasingly focussed
on refugees and humanitarian settlers who have arrived under the annual
Humanitarian
Program. These humanitarian settlement services are delivered via
the Integrated Humanitarian
Settlement Strategy.
This electronic brief provides an overview of Australia’s settlement
services for migrants and humanitarian entrants, and a guide to internet
resources, research and comment on current settlement issues in Australia.
It also provides information about the development of settlement and ‘integration’
services overseas.
History
In 1945, the government of the day established Australia’s first Department
of Immigration in order to manage the post-war migration of migrants
and displaced persons. Settlement services began to be developed from
the outset. The most recent official history of the development of Australia
settlement services is in the Department of Immigration’s 2003 Report
on the Review of Settlement Services for Migrants and Humanitarian Entrants,
particularly the first chapter. Some of the background described in this
report is outlined below.
In the early post-war period, migrants and refugees were expected to
assimilate and blend into the population as quickly as possible. The government’s
assimilation
policies were based on an assumption that this would not be a difficulty
for new arrivals. Settlement assistance was limited to the provision of
migrant hostels and some language tuition.
By the 1960s and 1970s, the phrase ‘goals of assimilation’ was replaced
by ‘goals of integration’,
in recognition of the fact that adjusting to a new way of life might not
be easy for everyone, and that new arrivals may not want to lose their
cultural identity. The Department of Immigration expanded language and
other settlement services as a result. The Child
Migrant Education Program, the Translating
and Interpreting Service (TIS) and the Committee
on Overseas Professional Qualifications were all established in these
years.
In 1978, following the Galbally Review
of Post-Arrival Programs and Services to Migrants, there was
another shift in the policy framework for managing cultural and linguistic
diversity, towards multiculturalism.
Existing settlement services (English language teaching, on-arrival accommodation
and orientation assistance, interpreting and translating services, assistance
with overseas qualifications recognition) were expanded, and new programs
and services were introduced (including ethnic radio and the SBS, Migrant
Resource Centres and grants to ethnic community organisations.) The National
Agenda for a Multicultural Australia adopted by the government in
1989 defined official multiculturalism and emphasised the need to both
respect cultural diversity and further assist new migrants to settle in
the country.
In 1991 the National
Integrated Settlement Strategy was introduced to better coordinate
settlement services across commonwealth and state portfolios and departments
and non-government agencies.
James Jupp’s The
Australian People: an encyclopedia of the nation its people and their
origins provides more historical background. Other immigration research is
listed on the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (DIMA)
website.
Review of Settlement Services
In August 2002, the Hon Gary Hardgrave MP, the then Minister for Citizenship
and Multicultural Affairs, announced a Review of Settlement Services for
Migrants and Humanitarian Entrants. The resulting Report
on the Review of Settlement Services for Migrants and Humanitarian Entrants
was released in May 2003. For a concise summary
of the report follow this link.
The review outlined the history
of immigration to Australia since 1945 and the resulting demographic
changes and compared government policies with other
countries with formal migration resettlement programs, such as Canada,
New Zealand and the USA. It is worth noting that currently only about
20 countries participate in the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) resettlement program and accept quotas of refugees on an annual
basis. In 2004, of the main countries which resettled refugees through
UNHCR the USA accounted for 63 per cent, Australia 19 per cent, Canada
13 per cent, Sweden 2 per cent, Norway 1 per cent, Finland 1 per cent,
and Denmark 1 per cent. Taking into account both UNHCR resettlement figures
and other humanitarian intakes, in 2004 the USA admitted the largest number
of resettled refugees (52 900), followed by Australia (16 000) and Canada
(10 500) (Sources: UNHCR, 2004 Global Refugee Trends and Refugees by numbers,
2005). For details on what resettlement means see the UNHCR publication
Refugee
resettlement: an international handbook to guide reception and integration,
written by the Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture (VFST) and
funded by the Australian government in 2002. The latest summary
of Australia’s resettlement policies is in the United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees (UNHCR) Resettlement
Handbook .
The Report
on the Review of Settlement Services for Migrants and Humanitarian Entrants
also discussed cultural diversity and policy implications and outlined
some of the difficulties faced by settlers and their different settlement
experiences.
A taskforce, chaired by the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet,
was established in July 2003 to consider issues arising from the review
and consultation with stakeholders has been ongoing ever since. One of
the major recommendations of the review was that the Migrant Resource
Centre (MRC) and Community Settlement Services Scheme (CSSS) funding program
be replaced by a Settlement
Grants Program (SGP).
In March 2006 the government released the National
Framework for Settlement Planning, followed in August by a national
report on Settlement
needs of new arrivals 2006. The report includes settlement arrival
statistics, specific settlement needs experienced by refugees and a section
on currently funded government settlement programs. State
and territory reports were also produced and are available from the
department's website.
Settlement Grants Program
From 1 July 2006, CSSS and MRC funding will be replaced by the Settlement
Grants Program (SGP). A Settlement Grants Program
Discussion Paper, outlining the general policy framework of the
SGP and the planned consultation process was released in April 2005, and
followed up with community consultations in the states and territories.
A final report, the Settlement
Grants Policy Paper, was released by the department in 2005.
During the Settlement Grants consultation
process in 2005, new national priority settlement
needs were identified by the department in consultation with the
community, the settlement service sector, and local, state/territory and
Commonwealth government agencies. A new National
Framework for Settlement Planning was launched in March 2006 and specific
2006–07
settlement needs for every state and territory are listed on
the website.
The department will administer the new program and every applicant
for funding must sign a funding
agreement and agree to performance monitoring by the department.
Current entitlements for newly-arrived migrants
Any newly arrived migrant may be eligible
for a wide range of settlement services such as assistance in accessing
medical services, Centrelink, Job Network, the First Home Owner Grant
and so on.
Specific settlement
programs funded and coordinated through the Commonwealth Department
of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (DIMA), comprise:
- English language tuition through the Adult Migrant English
Program (AMEP)
- on-site and telephone interpreting and translating, through the Translating
and Interpreting Service (TIS)
- financial grants to community and service organisations/programs
such as Migrant Resource Centres (MRCs) and the
Community Settlement Services Scheme (CSSS), through the Community
Grants Program.
- humanitarian settlement services through the Integrated Humanitarian
Settlement Strategy. The Integrated Humanitarian Settlement Strategy
(IHSS) was established in 1997–98 to provide a more targeted approach
to settlement services for humanitarian entrants. Follow the link to
see the criteria and services provided.
Community-based service providers
A variety of community organisations and service providers are funded,
through the Commonwealth DIMA, to deliver community-based settlement services.
DIMA consults
with these community organisations on a regular basis.
In the case of the IHSS, service providers
are contracted to the department to deliver on-arrival reception, counselling,
and accommodation services. Volunteer groups also work with service providers
to support entrants and assist them to settle into the local community.
The government also provides funding for
the Translating
and Interpreting Service (TIS) which contracts out to service
providers whose professional skills are recognised by the National
Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters (NAATI).
A list of currently funded CSSS service providers
and MRCs is available on the DIMA website by following these links. The
CSSS page gives details of currently funded projects and contact details
of the funded organisations. The MRC page includes details of both Migrant
Resource Centres and Migrant Service Agencies (MSA) that are currently
funded. There is also a list of MRCs by state and territory.
Details on funding allocations are available from the Commonwealth
Budget Papers, particularly the Immigration Portfolio
Budget Statements. See, for example, the Immigration Portfolio
Budget Statement, 2006–07, Section
3.
Current funding
specifically for CSSS
projects and MRC funding allocations are on DIMA’s website.
Current issues
The Review of Settlement Services for Migrants and Humanitarian Entrants
in 2003 identified several areas where Australia’s settlement services
could improve, including a need for better coordination between state
and commonwealth service providers, and less duplication of services.
DIMA also regularly consults with community settlement service providers
and the Refugee Council of Australia on current settlement
concerns and recieves the annual submission Current
issues and future directions: views from the community sector.
Language
barriers, economic difficulties, housing
barriers, unemployment
and cultural
barriers, can pose problems for some new migrants and refugees to
such an extent that the hurdles seem insurmountable. Refugees are particularly
vulnerable and can arrive with very specific health
problems and language or cultural barriers, making it difficult for
them to settle healthily and happily into the community. Some may have
been tortured or experienced other trauma either
before or during their journey here for example. Although migrants usually
have access to our health
services and refugees have access to more intensive health assistance
such as trauma counselling,
some argue that the level of understanding by health
providers and other service providers is inadequate. It should be
noted that refugees with serious health problems that may be significantly
costly to the community might not pass the health requirement
at all and access
to health care for some asylum seekers is very restricted. There are
also specific concerns for refugees settling in regional
areas, including isolation, poverty and vilification.
In spite of the settlement services available to new migrants and refugees,
those who have been in the country for less than five years are often
at a disadvantage when it comes to finding work. In June 2005, there were
36 400 unemployed
migrants who had arrived in Australia between 2001 and 2005, most of whom
were from non-English speaking backgrounds. Those from the Middle East
and Africa,
in particular, have much higher unemployment
rates which may lead to disaffection and community unrest in the long
run if not addressed. Some suggest that the Cronulla
race riots, for example, were the result of disaffection from certain
community groups with low educational and occupational opportunities.
Refugee and humanitarian resettlement from Africa
There are currently specific concerns for African
refugees arriving in the country. In 2004–05, 70
per cent of the offshore humanitarian visas granted were to African
refugees, many of whom are sent to areas where the numbers of African
refugees have swelled from nothing to several hundred in the space of
only two or three years. Previously, our humanitarian
intake was primarily from Europe and the Middle East. Despite the
extra attention the recent refugees from Africa are receiving in the planning
and delivery of settlement services, there has been some concern expressed
by refugee advocates
and other members of the community that Australia has not been adequately
prepared to cope with the special needs of African refugees arriving with
poor education, poor health, poor language skills and a history of brutalisation
and trauma from years of civil wars and refugee camp experiences. A recent
book by Peter Brown, The longest
journey: resettling refugees from Africa, describes in detail some
of the appalling conditions some African refugees have experienced and
outlines attempts by Australia and the international communty to cater
for their specific needs.
Bridging Visa E (BVE) and Temporary Protection Visas (TPV)
Some asylum seekers
(those who have not applied for refugee status within 45 days of arrival,
or who have been released from detention, or who are pursuing appeals
against negative decisions through the courts, or appealing to the Minister)
are excluded from even basic welfare payments. They are in the community
on Bridging
Visa E, and therefore ineligible for most government entitlements.
Concern
for this situation has been expressed by many organisations, and some
are suggesting that their exclusion
from settlement assistance is placing a huge burden on many charities
and community organisations, on whom they are reliant on for assistance.
Refugees on Temporary Protection
Visas (TPVs) (those who have been granted refugee status onshore,
after having arrived ‘unauthorised’ by boat, and spending time in other
countries where they could have sought refuge) have basic welfare and
medicare entitlements, but do not have access to the full range of settlement
services designed to assist permanent settlement. There is widespread
concern
about this situation and the burden on state and NGO agencies. TPV holders
also have no rights to family reunion
which some might argue makes it difficult to settle happily in the country.
Statistics
The DIMA website has several statistical
publications with settler arrival numbers over the years. Immigration
Update 2004–05 provides the latest statistics on settler arrivals
by eligibility category, for example family arrivals or humanitarian entrants.
The Australian Bureau of Statistics
(ABS) website is also a very useful site for migration statistics. Of
particular use is the Migration
Australia series, some of the migration related feature
articles, Australia’s
Most Recent Immigrants 2001, and the Australian
Year Books.
Another important source of research into settlement outcomes is DIMA’s
Longitudinal
Survey of Immigrants to Australia (LSIA). The survey collects and
analyses data from two cohorts; those who arrived between September 1993
and August 1995, and those who arrived between September 1999 and August
2000. The reports
to date are available on DIMA’s website and on the research publications
page.
Overseas policies and services
Integration policy in Europe
There is an increasing awareness and acceptance of the need to integrate
immigrant
populations in European countries.
According to the European
Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE) project, Good practice in the reception
and integration of refugees: networking across Europe, the integration
of refugees must be a dynamic two-way process that begins from the day
a refugee arrives in the host society. ECRE believes that integration
is a continuous long-term process enabling refugees and their communities
to live in harmony with the host population of which they form a part.
Integration therefore places demands both on receiving societies and on
integrating individuals and communities. A synopsis of developments within
the Council of Europe and individual countries, and reports of publications
and ECRE papers and projects are published in the ECRE Integration
Newsletter.
The Council
of Europe’s Parliamentary Assembly in its 2005 report
on the Integration
of Immigrant Women in Europe, called for more effective integration
of immigrant women in Europe. It denounced the two-fold discrimination
that these women face, on the grounds of their gender and ethnicity.
More specifically, it called on member states to protect and implement
full gender equality for immigrant women, and not to accept any form of
cultural or religious relativism in the field of women’s fundamental rights.
The assembly condemned the recent violence in the UK and France (2005),
expressed concern at the numbers of foreigners in Europe forced to live
in ghetto areas, and disagreed with any criticism of the multiculturalism
concept. The focus on women in immigrant societies stems from changes
in the nature of migration flows, where there are an increasing number
of women deciding to migrate alone.
The Assembly calls upon member states to promote the participation of
immigrant women in public, economic, social and political life. Women
should be granted a full legal status independent of their spouses, especially
those arriving under family reunification arrangements, or those subject
to violence.
In its Recommendation 1261 (1995) on the situation of immigrant
women in Europe, the Assembly considered that ‘the member states of the
Council of Europe must do everything possible to eliminate the injustice
and discrimination suffered by immigrant women and adopt measures aimed
at their harmonious integration into society.’ Ten years later, immigrant
women are still faced with particular difficulties in a Europe which continues
to be beset by economic crisis and in which, since the events of 11 September
2001, intolerance and Islamophobia have become more prevalent.
Refugee resettlement and reception
Canada: Canada is most like Australia in terms of its immigration
history and the settlement services it has developed. The Canadian federal
government helps refugees resettle in Canada through its Refugee and Humanitarian
Resettlement Program. This program includes
accommodation, financial and health assistance. Canada’s resettlement
programs include a Government-Assisted
Refugee Program, a Private Sponsorship
of Refugees Program and a Joint Assistance
Sponsorship (JAS) Program. The government produces an orientation
package for newcomers.
New Zealand: In 2003, the New Zealand Government agreed
to a New
Zealand Immigration Settlement Strategy for migrants, refugees and
their families. The Strategy’s goals for migrants and refugees are
that they obtain employment appropriate to their qualifications and skills;
are confident using English in a New Zealand setting, or can access appropriate
language support to bridge the gap; are able to access appropriate information
and responsive services that are available to the wider community (for
example housing, education, and services for children); form supportive
social networks and establish a sustainable community identity; feel
safe expressing their ethnic identity and are accepted by, and are part
of, the wider host community; and participate in civic, community and
social activities.
All publicly provided health services are available to people
from refugee backgrounds. For more detail see The
New Zealand Strategy in Outline. In 2004 there was a review
of the strategy and feedback
from the initial dialogue with stakeholders was published.
United States: The USA does not have a federal settlement
program like Australia; services are delivered at the state level, but
it does have a federal program of assistance for refugees.
The U.S.
Committee for Refugees and Migrants outlines refugee resettlement
services in the USA. Initially, an INS officer approves the refugee's
application for US resettlement, before matching the refugee with an American resettlement organization.
Most of these non-profit organisations rely on professional and volunteer
staff to assist refugees in the resettlement process.
The resettlement organisation that assesses a refugee's case is responsible
for assisting the refugee in the initial resettlement phase. Each resettlement
organisation provides a variety of services to promote early self-sufficiency
and cultural adjustment. The following activities take place within the
first thirty days of arrival: application for a Social Security Number,
school registration, medical evaluation and English language training.
One of the more famous cases of resettlement in the US was the ‘Lost boys’ of Sudan,
many of whom have found it very difficult to settle.
Europe: Refugeenet
(EU Networks on Reception, Integration and Voluntary Repatriation Project)
provided an overview of services available to several European countries,
including language
tuition, access to education,
education tables
by country, and health
services. Please note the project ended in February 2002.
France: French
deputies back divisive immigration bill Wed May 17, 2006. It will
be harder for resident immigrants to bring their families, newcomers will
be forced to take French and civics lessons, and the automatic right to
a long-term residence permit after 10 years in France will be ended. French
Minister Sarkozy
has said the November 2005 riots in France's high-immigration suburbs
— where unemployment is rampant among young males — is evidence of the
failures of France's current system of immigration. ‘The violence which
exploded in our suburbs is not unconnected with the shocking failure of
our policies of integration and immigration,’ he told the National Assembly.
Germany:
New
Immigration Act: the effects on integration. The new Immigration
Act (that came into force on 1st January 2006) aims to regulate
the entry, stay, and economic activity of foreigners and also introduces
new integration measures. Foreign applicants to Germany are legally obliged
to undertake an integration course under the Act, which they must pay
for individually. This course seeks to acquaint foreigners with the legal
system, language, history and culture of Germany. If a person fails to
attend then sanctions will be imposed, including reducing benefits and
removing the right to permanent residence. Under the legislation, the
Ministry of the Interior will also initiate a nationwide integration programme.
Norway: Report No. 49 to the Storting (2003–04) Diversity
through inclusion and participation–Responsibility and freedom. The
Government believes that diversity is positive. The population in Norway
is less homogeneous than it has been in the past in terms of lifestyles,
origin, religion, language used at home and culture. Norway will become
increasingly more diverse, and policies must be adapted to the challenges
this will bring.
The
Government's integration and diversity policies—the Government has
established an introductory programme. The Government's aim
is that newly arrived immigrants will gain access to working life and
society, and that each individual will be welcomed with active measures
when settling in a municipality. An individually adapted introductory
programme will provide basic skills in Norwegian and insight into Norwegian
society, and will also include measures preparing for participation in
working life and/or education. The Government believes that individual
qualifications are a benefit for each person and also for society, which
will gain from the resources immigrants bring. The local authorities
must as soon as possible and no later than three months after settlement
in a municipality offer such a comprehensive (year-round, full day) introductory
programme to refugees of the kind described above.
Sweden: Sweden
does not have a law-based integration programme for refugees. Under the
current system introduced in 1985, the National Immigration Board (SIV)
concludes agreements with the municipalities regarding the reception of
refugees (and certain other aliens) in their area. Each municipality must
establish an integration programme which includes liaising with the local
employment office, the offer of permanent housing after being granted
a residence permit, and the same rights as nationals in accordance with
the Social Assistance Act if they are unable to support themselves.
The
Netherlands: Integration
policy as a priority: 2006 Justice Budget: 20th
September 2005. According to the Integration and Immigration Minister,
integration policy will be a major focus of the 2006 Justice Budget.
This follows the Newcomers Integration Act, which will be introduced in
2006; under this bill individuals must pass a language and culture exam
in order to ensure that they integrate into Dutch society. The successful
completion of this exam will be a precondition for obtaining a permanent
residence permit.
Local Authorities are responsible for housing individuals who have been
given permission to stay in the Netherlands and for teaching them the
basic skills they need in Dutch society. Where appropriate, they also
issue social security payments and housing benefit. On 25 November
2005, The
State Secretary of Social Affairs and Employment, Henk van Hoof, granted
3 million Euros to help refugees find employment to refugee assisting
organisations, such as the Dutch Refugee Council and the
University Assistance Fund. The funding lasts until 2008, and is aimed
to assist refugees to find work. This forms part of the government sponsored
‘Broad-based Initiative for Social Cohesion’; the initiative was launched
in January to co-ordinate organisations in discussing how social cohesion
can be promoted in the Netherlands.
Key resources
- D. Bagnall, ‘Out
of Africa’, Bulletin with Newsweek, 11 April 2006
- A. Beer, Housing
need and provision for recently arrived refugees in Australia, Australian
Housing and Urban Research Institute, August 2005
- P. Brown, The longest
journey: resettling refugees from Africa, 2006
- W. Deane, Australia’s
multiculturalism: time for assessment and renewal, Australian
Children’s Rights News, no. 39, July 2005
- Department of Immigration and Multicultural
and Indigenous Affairs, Immigration:
federation to century’s end, 2001
- Department of Immigration and Multicultural
and Indigenous Affairs, ‘Review
of Settlement Services for Migrants and Humanitarian Entrants’,
a concise summary of the review in Migration Action, vol. 25,
no. 2, 2003
- Department of Immigration and Multicultural
and Indigenous Affairs, Report
on the Review of Settlement Services for Migrants and Humanitarian Entrants,
2003
- Department of Immigration and Multicultural
and Indigenous Affairs, Settlement Grants Program Discussion Paper and
Settlement
Grants Policy Paper, 2005
- E. Gregory, ‘Refugee
background migrants and social and economic exclusion’, Parity,
vol. 18, no. 2, March 2005
- G. Hugo, Migrants in society,
a paper prepared for the Policy Analysis and Research Programme of the
Global Commission on International Migration, 2005
- P. Junankar and S. Mahuteau, ‘Do
migrants get good jobs? New migrant settlement in Australia’, The
Economic Record, vol. 81, no. 255, August 2005
- J. Jupp, The
Australian People: an encyclopedia of the nation its people and their
origins, 2001
- L Lester, Immigrant
satisfaction: what is it, does it matter? National Institute
of Labour Studies, Flinders University, 2005
- B Murray and S. Skull, ‘Hurdles
to health: immigrant and refugee health care in Australia’, Australian
Health Review, vol. 29, no. 1, February 2005
- M. Phillips, ‘Refugee
settlement services: beyond the Settlement Services review’, Migration
Action, vol. 27, no. 1, 2005
- A. Nsubuga-Kyobe, ‘Settlement
services and African countries’, Migration Action, vol. 25,
no. 2, 2003
- L. Olliff and J. Couch, ‘Pathways
and pitfalls’ Youth Studies Australia, vol. 24, no. 3, 2005
- S. Richardson et al, The
labour force experience of new migrants, 2001
- S. Richardson et al, Life in a new
land: the experience of migrants in wave 1 of LSIA1 and LSIA2, 2002
- S. Richardson et al, The
settlement experiences of new migrants: a comparison of wave one of
LSIA 1 and LSIA 2, 2002
- S. Richardson, The
changing settlement experience of new migrants: inter-wave comparisons
for cohort 1 and 2 of the LSIA, 2004
- S. Richardson, The
changing labour force experience of new migrants: inter-wave comparisons
for cohort 1 and 2 of the LSIA, 2004
- J. Salt, Current trends in
international migration in Europe, 2006
- J. Taylor, Refugees
and regional settlement: balancing priorities, 2005
- J. Taylor, Refugees
and regional settlement: win–win? Brotherhood of St Lawrence paper
presented at the Australian Social Policy Conference ‘Looking back,
looking forward’, 20–22, July 2005, University of New South Wales.
- J. Taylor, ‘Refugees
and social exclusion: what the literature says’, Migration Action,
vol. 16, no. 2, 2004.
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs/Population Division, World
Population Policies 2005, 2006
- UNHCR, Refugee
resettlement: an international handbook to guide reception and integration,
written by the Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture (VFST)
and funded by the federal government, 2002
- J. Zubrzycki, Cronulla:
a wakeup call for multiculturalism, New Matilda, 25 January
2006
For copyright reasons some linked items are only available to
Members of Parliament.
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